What?

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In 16, the Salem Village of Massachusetts fell victim to an outbreak of mass hysteria caused by a fear of witchcraft. This fear of witchcraft was caused by a small group of girls who accused innocent people of the village of being under the influence of the devil and harming them with spells of witchcraft. How would a town so concerned with religion react to such crazy accusations? Arthur Miller describes such reactions to these in The Crucible. In this story Miller describes how different people having different perspectives on the events handle this type of hysteria. Some people join the afflicted girls and participate in the hysteria out of fear for their lives. Others grow suspicious and try to find an explanation on how honest these girls, or victims, are in accusing them otherwise innocent people of witchcraft, if witchcraft is even the cause of the girls' hysteria. Arthur Miller writes the play to demonstrate that human nature is actually good regardless of how easily humans can be influenced by the spread of evil. Miller illustrates how pressure created by fear, intolerance, and frustration can cause people to accept their personal responsibilities.

Although fear often drives people away from their responsibilities in the story, it is shown that a person's fear can push him to realize and accept his purposes and responsibilities. John Proctor, a main protagonist in the story, realizes how dangerous the

witchcraft accusations are when the court officials arrest his wife, Elizabeth, for witchcraft and attempted murder '…The little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!…I'll not give my wife to vengeance!''' (Miller 77). John Proctor is fearful for his wife. Before his wife was arrested, John was really unaware of the extent of danger behind the accusations of witchcraft in the village. At first, he feels suspicious about the hysterical girls' behavior, but the fact that the trials did not directly affect his family makes him handle the events less seriously. Elizabeth's arrest was a wake up call for John because now he is alert and aware that the witchcraft accusations must be stopped because innocent people are being put to death. As he reacts to his wife's arrest, he makes a very important decision. It is up to him to protest against the ongoing trials because no one else will. He then discovers that Mary Warren, the family's servant knows much about the trials because of her role as a officer of the court. 'You're coming with me, Mary, you will tell it in the court…We will slide together into our pit; you will tell the court what you know.''' (80). John discovers that Mary knows that he witchcraft accusations are false. He thin comes to this decision that it is his responsibility, as well as Mary Warren's, to tell the court that the hysteria in Salem is based on lies and false accusations. It is because of a fear for Elizabeth's life that John realizes his individual responsibility to save his wife, as well as to protect other innocent people from being accused and sentenced to death.

The story shows that frustration can not only cause a person to deny responsibility for an action, but also that it can cause a person to realize his errors and take responsibility to redeem himself as a good person, as Reverend John Hale demonstrates

in the play. Reverend Hale first enters the play as a person who is called upon the village of Salem to find a cure for the illnesses caused by the witchcraft. He looks at his calling as a beloved errand for him; on being called here to ascertain witchcraft he felt the pride of the specialist whose unique knowledge has at least seen publicly called for (). He takes his calling as a compliment, thinking that the people of Salem look up to him as a savior bearing good gifts of knowledge. Hale's reputation and his need for respect thrives on the knowledge based on his reading. Therefore, he comes to believe that the answers to all problems come from reading books. Later on in the play, he questions the honesty behind the girls' accusations because of their peculiar behavior and the unfairness of the court officials toward the accused. Hale could not find a cure in his books to prevent witchcraft and soon came to realize that the witchcraft involved in the trials are fake. After struggling with the court officials to understand his views on his trials, he becomes very frustrated and quits the court. He later comes to realize his errors in finding his personal responsibilities and tries to prevent everyone else from doing the same thing 'Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own…beware…cleave to no faith when faith bring blood' (1). He finds that his books and his knowledge based on them have misled him, thinking that they held solutions to the problems in Salem. He now looks into his own heart for the solutions to the cause of the trials, and he does what he can to save the accused from falling victim to the injustices of the court. His frustration in trying to reason with court officials about the trials opens Hale's eyes and make him realizes that it his duty to stop the courts from killing innocent people.

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Trucks

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the essay is on the transformation of toy trucks.trucks are the best type of material that you can supply to your young childrena at sucha young versatile age. children have such great impact in your lives and mean he most too us.IN turn we want to give them everything they need to become their dreams. that is exactly what his inventional truck will provide to these children. children eman the most to everyone. Love them cherish them and wan them more than anything. do what you can do make their childhood everything that makes them who they are and want to be. Raising a child is not easy however, nurishing them adn caring for thme comes instictivly. children are the greatest gift of al, lest we never forget that, love them, cherish thema nad teach them ,conswequectly leaving them room to make mistakes and learn from them

moms and dads have no other athourity figure in there lives than what they are to their growing children in society.in diverce society we offten mis use the word love and treat it as though it has no further meaning that juts a four letter word to express emotional feelings.the word love goes beyond just one simple spoken word. i mena anyone could use it however it foes mena thqt it is true and from the heart. althoug it make consequently distract humamn nature it is illegal and intentional. such shrude behaviour should be abolish from man kind and burned until we see that it is not the right way to live and that life goes on.

shame on me if you foll me one shame on me if you fool me twice youve been a pretty hard case to crack i should have known better but i didnt can i cant go back.. oh life goes on and its only gonna make me strongt hast a fact once you get on bore sing back because you cant go back. live goes on is something that we all need to accept in order to re start ou lives agian and love another

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An extensive literature on the behavioural aspects of budgeting discusses the propensity of managers to create budgetary slack.Based on the above statement, explain three ways in which managers may attempt tocreate budgetary slack and how senior mana

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Budgetary slack or sometimes it is referring to budgetary bias, is a common process where implementer intentionally underestimates revenue or overestimates expenses in the tight budget. Managers may attempt to create budgetary slack in three ways.

Managers may deliberately underestimate the production or sales budget¡¯s potential. For example, the sales budget for the month of July is RM 1 million. If the manager is able to achieve the target budget then the sales budget for the following month will be increases to RM 1.5 million. Manager creates budgetary slack by undervalue the budget so that the budget for August will be easier to achieve although they are able to hit the tight budget.

Manager may also attempt to achieve slack by cost overestimation. They purposely used more than the budgeted expenditure so that the budget will be increases for the following months. After that they spend less than the budgets to shows that they have improve in their performance. For instance, the cost budget is set to be RM 1 million in January. Then the manager spends RM 1. million in their expenditure so that the cost budget will be increase to RM1. million in February. Subsequently, they spend only RM 1.1 million in March which is RM 0.1 million lesser than February to prove that they have better performance.

Moreover, manager may use up all the budgets to pretend that there is no slack in the recent budget. Manager may waste his extra cost budget on non-essential expenses. Let say the cost budget is RM million for March, the manager will try to finish his allowance although he only spend RM1.8 million. This may cause by the fear of the manager that the future budget will be reduces unless the allowance is fully utilise. If the budget being reduces, then this may make himself into difficulty to maintain or attain the reduced budget. Thus they spend money when it is not necessary to do so.

Managers expect overestimations of difficulties happened too. They attempt this so that the sales budget would be reduced and the cost budget would be increased for the subsequent months. This help in easing their job to reach the reduced budget and they would have higher allowances to spend on. For instance, the manager might only face two difficulties in his task in reality, but he overrate the difficulties to four so that the senior manager understand his situation and do some amendments on the tight budget.

Senior manager in many ways can identify the distortion of the budgetary system.

The senior managers can try to compare the recent sales with other similar departments. For example, if the manager in Accounts Department is able to fully use or spend less in his cost budget, the manager in Finance Department should be able too and not over spend or overestimate.

Besides, senior manager can make a review on pass trends to measure the sensibleness of budget. The comparison of current figures with previous record must consider the market growth and market share. For instance, if formerly the manager was able to reach the tight budget, he is supposing able to achieve the same budget at the same activity levels and working practices.

Senior manager should also consider the environment changes. Changes in government policy may have changes in business environment. Inflation, efficiency level, movement of interest rate as example, may affect sales volume. For instance, as the inflation rate increases, consumer might reduce their consumption, which then affected the quantity of sales.

A proper meeting should be held between managers and senior manager. Senior manager may use their knowledge on the management style of managers to identify the area of slack introduced. During the meeting, senior manager should discuss with budget holders about the sales reduced and how they determined to pick up their performances. This indirectly builds the awareness of those managers that distort the budgetary system.

Senior manager can discover these manipulations by investigating the sales and spending behaviour of managers around the budget period end. The growing of complexity of business, as example will enhance the difficulty implicated in determining the interaction between different elements of business. Therefore it is depend on the behaviour of managers on how they take it.

Senior manager may also attempt issue of transparency where all the departments coordinate and cooperate among themselves. Each and every task of all the departments will be report to one another, so that their jobs are transparence and managers do not have the chance to slack the budget. For instance, if Account Department is doing task A, then the task will be transparent to all the departments.

Zero based budgeting (ZBB) approach may be used where all expenditures must be justified each new period, as opposed to only explaining the amounts requested in excess of the previous periods funding. For example, if an organization used ZBB, each department would have to justify its funding every year. That is, funding would have a base at zero. A department would have to show why its¡¯ funding efficiently helps the organization toward its goals.

A detailed review of the complete draft budget needs to be performed by senior manager to ensure its rationality. Then compare the draft budget with external data, the information published by competitors and information from trade associations as examples. If the draft budget is not complement with the references, then there is a high possibility that managers attempt slack.

Senior manager should do study on the background of managers too. Some managers are likely to introduce slack because they are not well trained regarding the system. For instance, those managers who are fresh graduate and do not have the knowledge on the budgeting system of the organisation may be unable to plan the budget well. The burden of managers should also be review. Sometimes managers are loaded with too many tasks and lead them attempt budgetary slack.

Senior manager may also study the budgetary system that he expected managers to achieve. Sometimes the budget might be too high and hardly to attain in the competitive market. The low actual results might be the best performance from managers. For instance, the senior manager set the budget for RM15 million for the year 00. This high budget may be successful when economy rises but not during the economy crisis. Then the senior manager should improve in planning the system.

In conclusion, the budgetary system is vital for every organisation for strategic planning. Hence, the senior manager should have co-ordinate the managers correctly towards the organisation¡¯s goals.

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Animal Cloning

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Animal Cloning

Each day thousands of lives are threatened and sometimes lost from food-borne illnesses, or waiting for organ donations. It is reported by the Center for Disease Control that each year there are approximately 76 million cases of people infected with food-borne illnesses. (Food-borne Illnesses, 1) Another source, The Gift of Life Foundation, indicates that over eighty thousand patients are currently on waiting lists for transplants. (Organ Donor Awareness, 1) Which makes me wonder why anyone would protest or question animal cloning as a viable solutions to these problems.

First of all, of the thousands of men, women and children on waiting lists, only twenty two thousand people received organ donations. From the remaining fifty eight thousand, six thousand died and the rest are still waiting for a life saving organ. (Organ Donor Awareness, 1) The solution for organ shortages lies in the continuation of research of using animal organs in human transplant patients. One goal of the Human Genome Project researchers is to reproduce organs suitable and compatible for humans. This occurs by genetically altering organs created from single cells and adding human proteins. (Cloning Fact Sheet, ) Without this research, we will never know how many lives could have been saved.

Secondly, another benefit of animal cloning would be improving the quality of the food we eat. As I stated earlier, many people have suffered from food-borne illnesses, some leading to death. The cause of these illnesses are bacteria's found in many meats. The bacteria's result from improper slaughtering, handling of meats, and undercooked meat. Many of the illnesses are left untreated, because people pass the symptoms off as the flu or minor indigestion. One bacterium in particular, Campylobacter, often found in chicken, can lead to a severe neurological disease called Guillain Barre Syndrome. (Food-borne Illnesses, ) With animal cloning, animals will be raised and processed in a well-controlled and more sanitary environment. Although the United States Department of Agricultures Food Safety and Inspection Service conducts testing of meat processing plants, the rising number of recalls of contaminated meat reveal that their techniques are lacking. This leaves little confidence that we are buying and consuming a clean product.

Some people may say that animal cloning is wrong. As a result, many people are protesting the use of cloning for many reasons. Because of the untested waters that still remain, many people are fearful of what the outcome will produce. Therefore, they want to prevent the research for continuing. Over the past couple years I have read newspaper articles and had conversations with several people about cloning. Some of the reasons for protest are beliefs that it is not humane to create and kill animals for any purpose. For this I argue that we have been creating, killing and using animals for centuries to benefit humans. They have clothed us and fed us; provided us with transportation and have even been used for our entertainment in sports such as the Polo. Religious individuals argue that cloning is tampering with God's creations. However, it was the same God that gave man the will to survive and the intelligence to find new avenues to achieve this. Others claim that it will lead to human cloning. Although I agree that human cloning is going too far, that comes down to a regulatory issue on what can be cloned, and should not prevent all types of cloning.

Personally I love animals. I have owned pets my entire life, and they have all come as a result of some type of rescue. However, I feel that if it comes down to saving humans, it is human instinct to do what we can to improve the quality of human life. If I were approached with the choice of creating an animal to produce a lifesaving organ or letting the individual die, I would create the animal. I feel the same about the food I consume. In the past, I have worked in a pig processing plant, and I know first hand that the environment is not clean enough, and not all abscesses in the meat are discarded. I have always believed there had to be a better way. I also believe that a lot of the health problems with humans are partially caused by the poor quality of food consumed each day.

As quoted by Peter Marshall, Let us not be content to wait and see what will happen, but give us the determination to make the right things happen. If the research is stopped we will never know what could have been. There is no magic crystal ball that can show us the result. To complete the research is a great leap of faith, yet I think if it's succesful it will provide great benefits. To turn our back on the possibility to maintain and improve life would go against our nature.

Works Cited

McGuigan, James J. Organ Donor Awareness. Gift of Life Foundation

00 http//www.giftoflifefoundation.com

Hamilton, Doug. Food-borne Illnesses. Frontline.

00 http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/meat/safe/foodborne.html

Adamson, Anne E. Cloning Fact Sheet. Human Genome Management Information System.

Nov. 1, 00 www.ornl.gov/hgmis/elsi/cloning.html

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Michigan's no-Fault laws

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Michigan should continue utilizing its No-fault insurance system. The no-fault concept is one of the most controversial and misunderstood plans in insurance history. No-fault insurance is exactly whats its name suggest theres no-fault placed in the event of an accident. when an accident occurs under no-fault, your insurer automatically pays for your damages, regardless of fault. The no-fault concept came into existence in 171 after the tradional fault-based system caught flak due to its high cost and lengthy delays in settling claims of accident victims. The no-fault system simplified things there are no lawyers, judges, or juries. You are guaranteed immediate compensation without the lenghty court battles. By reducing the number of auto accident cases in court, drivers will be rewarded with lower premiums down the line. lower rates mean that auto insurance is accessible to people of lesser means. it has been stated that under no-fault laws drivers are barred from suing another driver for damages, thats not true.Youre allowed to sue if your damages exceeds your policy limits. Heres an example, lets say the damages from an auto accident totalled $0,000 but your policy only covers $15,000, you the driver than have the right to sue for the difference. Not all states using the no-fault plan have seen successful results. However a recent article in Consumer Reports states Michigans no-fault system has effectively held down cost while still allowing people with grave injuries accessto justice. Accident victims are promptly compensated for their losses. Severly injured people no longer have to bear devastating financial burdens while waiting for lawsuits to be settled.

Please note that this sample paper on Michigan's no-Fault laws is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Michigan's no-Fault laws, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Michigan's no-Fault laws will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The 30-Second President

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Little, if any attention was given to political advertising until 15, when Eisenhower effectively competed for the U.S. presidency. Advertising executives, rather than politicians lead Eisenhower's presidential campaign. Since 15, marketing on television has played a more important and even unimportant role in political campaigns. My views somewhat conflict with those represented in the video and textbook, along with my views the textbook and video contradicted themselves on media's portrayal of politicians.

I felt the video contradicted itself because Roser Reeves used two completely different ways of describing what he was doing with political advertising. He called what he was doing as, Partipulation, participation in your own manipulation. However, he also said, Commercials do not educate the public, it is not their purpose, but instead to tell the candidate's position. I believe Reeves is trying to say that the public is so uneducated when it comes to politics that they will stick with whatever idea is presented more often with the simplest terms. However, telling the candidate's position is not exactly, in any form, manipulative. If advertising were simply just telling the candidate's position, then we would not have tons of commercials that slander opposite political competitors. I doubt, however, that advertising is manipulating the public; I do however suppose that advertisers manipulate the facts.

Most of the evidence portrayed in The 0-second President was new and very surprising; still some of it was formerly and previously accepted. I was shocked to hear that, Unpopular commercials do not equal bad sales. I recognize the fact that I purchase things based upon how I perceive them in commercials. If I do not like a commercial, I will not buy the product because I feel that by buying the product, I then endorse the commercial and therefore I will once again see the commercial. I did not find it interesting that even in the 160's, a politician standing on the busiest street corner, shaking hands with everyone that passed for ten seconds that it would not compare to the amount of people television reaches. Nine out of ten people have televisions. The textbook is correct in saying television is the First true mass communication medium.

The textbook and video conflict each other on a few points but for the most part agree that televisions is a great way to reach an audience. In the textbook, UP CLOSE How to Run for Office, they state, Be prepared to define you opponent in negative terms. Negative advertising works. Emphasize his/her positions that clearly deviate from your districts voters' known preferences. However, the video said that negative commercials are no good. Stevenson tried to use negative ads against then president, Dwight D. Eisenhower. People resented the mean commercials against their president, and Eisenhower ended up winning with 58% of the popular vote. I believe that the textbook is just saying what we want to hear. The textbook does not really publish that guide for politicians, and they are just showing what uneducated American's think politicians do. I believe the video is correct in their observation that negative commercials do not work. While disagreements did occur between the book and video they both agreed that television was a great way to induce emotions. The power of television derives not only from its large audiences but also its ability to communicate emotions, the video agrees. The video concluded that they could use sayings stored in the public's mind and it would evoke them. For instance, the use of the little girl not being able to count, and then zooming into her eye and seeing an atomic weapon explode, without even saying a name reminded the public about their fear and needed prevention of atomic warfare. I also found it interesting that the book and video both agreed that it was not the purpose of commercials to educate the public, however they did not agree on what its true intentions are. The textbook said, Television does not tell people what to think but rather what to think about. Whereas the video said, TV commercials do not tell people what to think, rather what the politicians think. I believe both inferences are correct when it comes to this issue. I do however believe they are not telling the whole truth, they should admit that political commercials are aimed at manipulating the fact to make one politician look better than the other.

I always thought mass media was not that important. I am current with public, political speeches, and I prefer to do my own research on politicians or parties and their ideas and concerns. I did not realize that over two-thirds of people say then receive all or most of political news from media sources. In addition, the majority of people consider television as the most believable way of communicating news. The American public must realize that politicians depend on them being uneducated and only judging a candidate on their 0-second commercial. Not until the public educates themselves, will there be any major changes in our politicians.

Please note that this sample paper on The 30-Second President is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The 30-Second President, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The 30-Second President will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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MER

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on MER. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality MER paper right on time.

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Q. Australian Microeconomic Reform

·The meaning of microeconomic reform

·The objectives of competition policy

·Microeconomic reforms that have occurred in Australia during the last two decades

·Industries and sectors that face future microeconomic reform and structural change

Microeconomic Reforms are the actions taken by the government to improve resource allocation between firms and industries within the economy, in order to maximise output from scarce resources. Microeconomic reforms have played a central role in economic policy in Australia since the early 10s, as Australian governments recognised that extensive structural change was needed to deal with the structural problems in the economy. If these microeconomic reforms are used well, Australia's economy will experience a shift in the supply curve, which is known as supply side economics. Supply side economics… should have the effect of providing more goods and services at the same prices.

Draw demand supply curve supply curve shift to right

Competition policy refers to policies implemented by the government in order to maximise the level of workable competition in specific markets in the economy. Competition policy aims to reduce barriers to entry in industries by eliminating monopolies and uncompetitive behaviour by businesses. The RBA bulletin from June, 17 says that the initial focus has been in sectors such as electricity, gas, water and road transport and government business enterprises, with the reforms then being addressed in government trading entities, the professions and other entities such as the statutory marketing authorities.

Over the last two decades there have been many actions taken by the government to improve the allocation of goods and services. Some microeconomic reforms include

·Deregulation of markets

·Privatisation of government assets

·Labour Market Reforms

·National Competition Policy

·Industry policy

·Tax Reforms

Microeconomic reforms bring out structural changes in the economy. The most important microeconomic reform the government has implemented was the National Competition Policy in 15 following the recommendations from the Hilmer Report. Although a 5.5% boost in economic growth was expected, the National Competition Policy has contributed to a higher productivity growth since 15 averaging around %. Furthermore individual industries have benefited from the reforms, with most facing lower costs for electricity, water and telecommunications and having access to new markets both overseas and locally. The National Competition Policy removes price fixing, enhances competition within government agencies and encourages privatisation, corporatisation and deregulation of markets. However the competition policy is still unpopular in rural areas of Australia, as they have experienced decreased service levels, higher costs and increased unemployment.

The government has deregulated many markets during the last two decades. Beginning in 18 where the Australian dollar was floated and interest rates were controlled by the financial sector. In 18, the RBA became responsible for the levels of interest rates.

Competition policy reduced barriers to entry and exposed many industries to full competition, such as the telecommunications industry. During the early 10s, the industry was dominated by the government monopoly Telstra and until 17 only Telstra and Optus were allowed to offer a full set of customer services. Since 17, prices have fallen substantially with many more competitors in the industry forcing firms to cut costs and maximise outputs. The fact that competition policy forces Telstra to give other phone companies access to their local call networks its critical in making it possible for them to offer long distance and other services.

But the agricultural industry has experienced adverse effects from the government's national microeconomic reforms. Deregulation in QLD and NSW areas have forced many farmers in the sugarcane, fruit and eggs and dairy industries out of business. The dairy industry is currently going through a major structural change, which is expected to see between a third and a half of dairy farmers exit, their industry. In the short term this leads to an increase in unemployment, but in the long term it leads to the creation of larger and more efficient farms, which are more internationally competitive.

The domestic aviation industry was deregulated in the early 10s, which saw Ansett become Australia's second international carrier. The government privatised many of Australia's airports after breaking the Federal Airports Corporation's monopoly over air terminals. But during the late 10s the outbreak of Virgin Blue and impulse saw airline prices drop to an all time low. But now with Ansett declared bankrupt and Impulse bought by Qantas, once again there remains only two competitors in Qantas and Virgin blue but Qantas is in a virtual monopoly position with over 80% of the aviation market.

An Industry that faces future market economic reforms is the labour market. Although the government has implemented some changes, there is still more to come. The Howard government's current policy to reduce unemployment focuses on the labour market reform, because of the belief that structural problems and inefficiencies plague the labour market. From this, the government have pursued the deregulation of the market to encourage employment. The government have also restructured the employment services market by privatising most of these firms, with the aim of supplying training and employment more quickly. These policies have obviously helped in reducing unemployment, Morgan Mellish from The Financial Review commented, An unexpectedly large surge in new jobs in November has provided more evidence that the Australian employment market is improving. The number of full-time jobs rose by 57, 00 to 6.7 million. The annual rate of jobs growth now stands at .5%… above the long-term average of %.

Taxation reform has had the most extensive changes since the Second World War. The Howard Government's tax reform package, which was implemented in July 000 aim to benefit the entire economy, although they have had different impacts on individual industry sectors. The tax reform package consists of the introduction of the 10% GST with minimal exemptions covering basic necessities such as food, water and shelter, the abolition of the Wholesale Sales Tax and the entire revenue from the GST allocated to state governments. The government claims that it will bring substantial economic benefit such as reducing average business costs by % and reducing costs for exporters by .5%. Ross Gittins says that introducing the GST was to give us a broad and sturdy indirect tax capable of generating revenue as fast as the economy grows and thereby helping to finance growth in the state governments spending on education, health and all the rest.

The major indirect policy initiative to promote exports and trade was the reform of industry assistance. The dismantling of tariffs and quotas aimed to promote import competition, raise efficiency and increase the volume of exports although decreasing the export base. The Mortimer Report recommended that the government adopt an industry policy with a high growth objective as the central focus of all its business programs. The government has to find a balance between encouraging international competitiveness through reforms and ensuring competitiveness by providing protection. The government's new reforms incorporate many of Mortimer's suggestions. Increasing support of business research and development, increasing foreign investment and measures to increase the opportunities for access to global information revolution.

The aims of microeconomic reforms are to increase the effectiveness of the markets in order to

·Maximise output (supply side economics)

·Improve resource allocation

·Increase productivity

·Increase the flexibility of labour

·Increase international competitiveness

·Initiatives to promote structural change

·Increase competition

·Decrease demand for imports

Microeconomic reforms have increased productivity up to 5% during the 10s and enables consumers to buy more and better products. Most importantly, microeconomic reforms increase community welfare and living standards but there are some disadvantages, such as increases in short-term unemployment and an increased inequality in the distribution of income. In order for microeconomic reforms to work effectively, they must be complemented with deregulation, the process of removing protection levels and a flexible labour market.

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Communication Process Paper- Mgt 331

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Communication Process Paper

The importance in being able to effectively communicate with others is essential in the world that we live in. Although everyone participates in some process of communication, not everyone knows how to communicate well. Communication is a process involving the encoding and decoding of messages being sent and received by a source and receiver, respectively. Messages are sent through various channels, such as face-to-face interaction, electronic mail, or telephone. Depending upon the channel used to communicate a message, it may allow for the communication to be transactional or unilateral. All of this occurs within a certain context, and it may also include noise factors, such as cultural differences or physical distractions, that may disrupt the effectiveness of the message being communicated. The more knowledgeable one is of the multiple factors involved in the communication process, the better the chances of effective and efficient communication.

In Organizational Behavior, John Schermerhorn et al believes that it is useful to think of communication as a process of sending and receiving messages with attached meanings (10). At (My job), where I work, vast amounts of messages are sent and received daily, and depending on its availability, certain channels will be utilized. Due to the high volume of different messages, there is always the chance that some messages will be successful while others are not.

An example of an unsuccessful message, where the source of the message was unable to effectively communicate the tasks that were to be completed, involved a voicemail that (My boss), my boss, had left for her assistants. In this certain situation, (My boss) had called and left a message listing about 0 tasks that needed to be completed and she did so by leaving a message on the voicemail. We, my co-workers and I, were required to transcribe her encoded directions before performing the tasks. However, some of the directions were unclear and we were unable to decode them. There were times when the reception on the phone she called from was filled with static, preventing us to clearly decode her message. There were also times when she asked us to fax out information regarding a property listing, yet she did not specify which details were to be included and which details were to be excluded.

Since (my boss) message was through the voicemail, we were unable to ask for clarification or give her feedback. We tried calling her on her cell phone, but it was off. Nevertheless, we proceeded to perform the tasks only to find out later that some were not done to her liking. Some of her intended messages were perceived incorrectly by us. In one instance when she asked us to fax out some information to a client, we misinterpreted the name Thompson with Johnson. Thus, Thompson did not receive the time sensitive information he needed and instead we incorrectly faxed out unnecessary information to Johnson. To this misunderstanding, we lost a one million dollar contact.

In another instance, we were to prepare disclosure packages. However, it was not clear what (My boss) wanted us to include in it. Unable to ask her to specify which documents, we just included everything regarding the property. When (my boss) checked it the following day, she informed us that it was done incorrectly because we included more than was needed. Thus, we had to go back and remove the extra documents, which was ineffective time spent and lost.

On the other hand, an example of a successful communication process at work was when my boss was present at the office and delegated work to us verbally. (My boss) announced to all of the employees that she needed us to work together to help her with advertising. She effectively and efficiently communicated what she wanted in the ad. Schermerhorn et al states that effective communication occurs when the intended meaning of the source and the perceived meaning of the receiver are virtually the same whereas efficient communication is low cost in its use of resources (1). Having (my boss) present made such a difference. She effectively communicated to us that work needed to be done by telling us step by step instructions of what needed to be done. Also, we were able to ask her any questions if we were not clear about the issue. Furthermore, by having all of the employees present and her explaining the tasks to us as a group, she efficiently communicated to us what needed to be completed.

Messages are constantly being sent back and forth within every organization. Thus, effective communication is an essential part of every organization. Undoubtedly, there will always be some sort of miscommunication that may occur. To combat this problem, or at least to minimize it as much as possible, all members within the organization should understand the basics of the communication process.

Works Cited

Schermerhorn, John, James Hunt, and Richard Osborn. Organizational Behavior 7th Edition. New York Wiley & Sons Inc., 00.

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The Diary

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There are many stereotypes of masculinity and femininity presented in the Diary, which is written from Adam's point of view. The stereotypes are shown through Adam and Eve. The woman is portrayed as being overly talkative and bossy. Eve always names everything the way she wants it to be and this upsets Adam, but he cannot do anything about it I wish it would not talk; it is always talking. () Adam clearly shows his feeling of superiority to Eve as he calls her It. Eve is portrayed as being weaker than Adam. When I tried to put it out it shed water out of the holes it looks with…made a noise such as some of the other animals make when they are in distress.() She also follows him wherever he goes, presenting yet another stereotype of women being dependent on men. Another stereotype of femininity is shown through Eve's constant complaining about Adam and nothing seems so please her. The women is portrayed as being more intelligent than man. She engages herself in many foolish things; among others, to study out why the animals…live on grass and flowers…(1) The stereotype that women are very self conscious with their appearance is also shown. She fell in the pond yesterday when she was looking at herself it, which she is always doing. () Adam seems to only want to rest and not do any work, stereotyping men's laziness. Lastly, the stereotype of men being in charge and more capable to be in charge is shown through Adam being the one superintending Eve's work.. If this Diary had been written by Eve, it would be written completely different. Most of the feministic stereotypes would not be revealed. Eve would probably think of Adam as worthless and having no interest to learn. She would most likely share her thoughts about his lack of compassion and thoughtfulness. Either way, whether written by Adam or Eve, one will criticize the other.

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Fredrick douglas

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Fredrick Douglas Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas, An American Slave

Fredrick Douglas has made the accomplishment of surviving the slave era and becoming a well-known author. His book Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglas An American Slave, illustrates his life throughout his life as a slave until manhood. He could not have accomplished this without bravery. This paper will consist of biographical information of how Fredrick Douglas's bravery and personal experiences as a young boy in a society that was full of slavery and unfairness, helped him to become an educated man, author and leader in the black community.

Fredrick Douglas was an emancipated slave who passed from one master to another. He went through almost as many names as masters(McFeely 410 ). His mother's name was Harriet Barly. His father was thought to be a white man named Aaron Anthony. As a young boy Fredrick grew up with his grandmother, but at age six he moved on a plantation with the rest of his sisters and brothers. After witnessing and experiencing the cruel treatment of slavery, he later became a free man. It was when he came to New York City, where he changed his name to Johnson. He later went to New Bedford, where he changed his name to Douglas (40 ). That's when the name Fredrick Douglas was established. This was the name that gave him a sense of identity.

Fredrick Douglas not only transformed his name but he became educated and he started to focus on the issues of racism and slavery. Douglas lived in a time when things were being reformed. He was viewed as a blessing for abolitionist(41). In their struggles so far, there had been many skilled arguers but few who could convincingly portray the evils of slavery, and to demand little first hand experience, but which also required a clear understanding of it (41 ). Douglas had proved himself an incredibly powerful weapon for reform.

The life of a slave was full of hard times along with sadness. Slaves were bought and sold at random. There were slaveholders who had consistently whipped their slaves until they had calluses all over their backs. When they were transported, the slaves where ranked together with the horse sheep and swine (45 ). They were breed for size and strength.

Fredrick Douglas has also been described as bicultural. In other words, he occupied a middle ground shared by whites and blacks( 47 ). His mother was black and his father was white, so he was able to speak multiple languages and was able to translate in a well-spoken manner between the worlds of a black man and a white man.

The story of the American Dream, where a young man, born into a hostile world, never loses sight of one goal, is not all that distant in theme from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas. The story of the American Dream has been embedded deeply in our culture from the beginning. Similarly anchored in the American consciousness is the presence of a slavery-complex (47). Along these lines Douglas' role is a major one, for relatively few first-hand accounts of slavery as powerful and representative as his exist, in light of the magnitude of the crime, and few voices have been as far-reaching. More recent heirs of this office such as Malcolm X have carried the torch further, just as America's racial sickness still clings to our collective consciousness (Ernest101).

Douglas embraced the New World that he found himself in and learned from it. He also continued to carry the weight of his past so that he could interpret it to others. Douglas learned and mastered the power of dialect and used it to show the very same group who invented and hoarded it, the evil that they and their withholding of language caused (110 ). In a world where knowledge is sat on by the have's language is power, and language was Fredrick Douglas first key to freedom, then his armor and finally his sword (115). He turned on his oppressors and raised it against them. Douglas and his gift of language underwent yet another transformation, and his words became a healing balm and a fixer of wrongs (Andrews 1 ). Douglas continued to use his gift of language in his book, Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas. In this book, he revels his freedom of expression, during his life from a slave to a free man. This narrative shows the many ways that Douglas demostrate's his bravery throughout his lifetime.

The first incident where Douglas demonstrated bravery is when his aunt was whipped. His aunt was told not to see a certain person, but she went to see him regardless of what the master said. Douglas watched his master beat his aunt from the closet (Douglas 54 ). It takes a very brave boy not to interfere when a loved one is enduring pain.

Douglas also demonstrated bravery through his ambition to learn. When he goes to live with the Auld's, he is taught his ABC's by Mrs. Auld. In this era, it was unheard of for slaves to become educated. If slaves were caught educating themselves, they would be beaten and whipped. Douglas knew the consequences and decided to risk his life for the chance to be educated. He took another risk of being caught when he asked the street children to educate him. This is the biggest act of bravery that Douglas demonstrates as a boy. Not only does he try to learn, but he also tries to do it in a public place with white children.

However, some situations contribute to Douglas carrying out his bravery in a more physically aggressive manner. Chapter 8 in Narrative of Fredrick Douglas, An American Slave, is when he foreshadows his bravery. When captain Anthony dies, Douglas is left to ponder whom he will live with, Andrew tries to instill fear in Douglas. He does this by knocking his brother to the floor and kicking him in the head. This incident would make Douglas more aggressive and less fearful. This aggressiveness becomes the building block of his bravery.

Douglas demonstrated remarkable bravery when he lived with Mr. Covey. Mr. Covey being an abuser, told Douglas to take a pair of unbroken oxen to the forest to get firewood. Most people would not have taken wild oxen for fear of being hung. However, Douglas took the oxen without any doubts. As he entered the forest, the oxen ran away and broke his cart. Mr. Covey not only punished Douglas through beatings and whippings, but also through starvation. Mr. Covey would not give proper amounts of food to Douglas causing him to become malnutrition. This entire behavior by Mr. Covey drives Douglas to become immensely brave.

Douglas finally said to himself that it is timed to stand up to Mr. Covey. This forces a dramatic turning point in his life. After becoming very sick from working, Mr. Covey beat Douglas because he could not continue. Douglas used his bravery to tell his master how his overseer was abusing him. However this did not accomplish anything, but only to build up courage and bravery in Douglas.

The next and final stage of his irrepressible bravery occurred when Mr. Covey tried to kill Douglas. Douglas finally fought back. After Douglas fought Mr. Covey, his bravery lead him to the idea that with bravery, he could accomplish anything. He used this method of thinking to escape from slavery.

Since Douglas has found his bravery, he tries to teach other slaves his remarkable quality. Douglas develops a plan to escape and persuades fellow slaves to follow him. He quotes his bravery, With us it was a doubtful liberty at most, and almost certain death if we had failed…, I should prefer death to hopeless bondage(Douglas 86). Knowing the consequences of death, would make any man hesitant. Consequently, Douglas and his colleagues were caught trying to escape. Douglas teaches his colleagues bravery at this point. If they do not destroy their protection note, then they would be in serious trouble. Douglas acts as a leader and throws his note into the fire, and soon the other slaves destroyed their notes. Douglas is a remarkable man because not only does he have bravery but also he knows how to teach it to others.

Douglas has demonstrated irrepressible bravery in his narrative through his life experiences. These contributing elements changed American attitudes towards slaves. Douglas has endowed bravery into every one that was able to read his book. This eventually leads to the civil war and then the emancipation proclamation. Douglas should be viewed as a role model of bravery.

Works Cited

Andrews, Williams L. Critical essays on Fredrick Douglas Boston G.K. Hall

11.

Douglas, Fredrick. The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas, An American Slave.

American edition, Massachuesetts Anti Slavery Society Boston 1845.

Ernest, John. Resistance and Reformation in Nineteenth -Century African-American

Literature Jackson University Press of Mississippi, 15.

Mcfeely, William. Fredrick Douglas New York Norton 11

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North American Squirrels

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Squirrels are one of the most easily recognizable animals and widely distributed animals in North America. They are popular for their liveliness and natural curiosity. It is hard to imagine that squirrels were running around North America between 54 and 7 million years ago. Squirrels are characterized by any of a group of small to medium-sized gnawing mammals with a long cylindrical body, a furry tail, and powerful jaws. The word squirrel comes from the Greek, and means shadow tail.

Squirrels have many similarities between species and just as many differences. Similarities include the sharp incisor teeth and powerful jaw muscles. They are well suited for gnawing through hard-shelled nuts and thick pine cones. Their sharp claws and flexible bodies help them grasp branches and leap from tree to tree. Their tails act as a balancer when leaping and climbing. It also serves as a blanket and as a signaling device when waved vigorously from a high perch.

Some of the squirrels differences between species will be evident when broken down into categories of squirrels in North America. Member of the squirrel family in North America can be divided into three groups; ground squirrels, tree squirrels, and flying squirrels.

Ground squirrels are compact, short-tailed, burrowing rodents that are especially abundant in open country, such as grasslands and tundra. Ground squirrel include chipmunks, thirteen-lined ground squirrels and prairie dogs. Chipmunks, which range from length from ½ to 6 ½ inches are ground-dwelling squirrels. Chipmunks that are the smallest are also among the most active. They spend most of their lives at or below the surface, although they will also climb trees. Their extensive burrows are up to 1 feet long and may include many rooms and several concealed entrances. The pantry hold up to a half a bushel of nuts and other food, all carried there in the chipmunks outsized cheek pouches. Eastern chipmunks partially hibernate in winter. They wake frequently and feed. Females give birth to between two to eight young. Like all other members of the squirrel family, chipmunks are naked, blind, and helpless at birth.

The thirteen-lined ground squirrel is also know as the federation squirrel because of his unusual markings. He has many stripes on his sides and back. Some are broken into small dots. It gives the illusion of stars and stripes. They are active throughout the day and they retreat to their burrows at night and on overcast days.

Prairie dogs are much larger than the other ground squirrels. They are not a dog at all. They are a stocky rodent that takes its names from its bark. The bark is used as an alarm that signals all others return to their burrows. A prairie dog burrow is an elaborate network of tunnels at the base of shaft. It can be more than a dozen feet below the surface. They are a very social animal and known for their colonies. What is so amazing about this is that the colonies can cover many square miles and contain millions of inhabitants. Members of this social animal, groom each other, and communicate through a variety of gestures and sounds.

The more common squirrels in this area are tree squirrels. They include the eastern gray, and the red squirrel. These squirrels are all larger than the chipmunks. The gray squirrel which is the most prevalent in Florida, have nests high in the branches of trees. Their litters are smaller than the chipmunk, with an average of three babies. Males play no role in raising the young. Gray squirrels do not hibernate, and stay active year round. They rely on buried food and stolen birdseed for winter sustenance.

A smaller tree squirrel, the red squirrel is known for its harsh call when announcing an intruder. These noisy rodents spend much of their time cutting cones from pines, spruces, and other trees. The seeds in the cones will serve a food during the next winter. Red squirrel are able to eat certain mushrooms that are deadly to man. Their diversified diet include buds, sap, and even bird eggs and nestlings. These squirrels, in turn are an important food source for birds of prey.

The only nocturnal squirrel in North America is the flying squirrel. These tree-climbers have folds of skin between their front and back legs which enable them to glide long distances. They do not fly at all, but can glide 0 to 0 feet. To become airborne, this mammal leaps and spreads its legs; to control the glide, it moves its legs and uses its tail as a rudder. Being nocturnal, these tiny squirrels are seldom seen.

Many species of squirrels may become used to people and seem quite tame. A few species of squirrels may damage food crops, trees, and pastures, or invade houses or storage areas. Some occasionally carry plague and other diseases that can spread to human beings. Most people, however, enjoy watching squirrels and their antics. They enjoy squirrels as neighbors and want to protect them. Nevertheless, the major threat to the squirrel species worldwide is the destruction of their forest and grassland homes by human beings.

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The Good Life – Bertrand Russell

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The Good Life Bertrand Russell

A Precis

Russell believes the good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge.

Knowledge leads us to benefit those we love while love leads intelligent people to seek knowledge, so love and knowledge are interconnected. Love is divided into two poles pure delight in contemplation which is love for those you care about and pure benevolence which is helping others without any element of aesthetic delight. Love at its fullest is an indissoluble combination of the two elements, delight and well-wishing. If one of these elements is without the other, there is no longer love. We desire affection in order to escape from the feeling of loneliness, in order to be, as we say, understood. We ought to attempt to have the compounded delight of benevolence and understanding towards all the sentient beings whom we encounter. However, benevolence has its limits, hence in all descriptions of the good life here on earth we must assume a certain basis of animal vitality and animal instinct; without this, life becomes docile and boring. Delight, the most emphasized element in the best love, is unavoidably selective and prevents us from having the same feelings toward all mankind. Knowledge is another ingredient in the good life. There is no such thing as ethnical knowledge but only scientific knowledge and particular facts because ethnical notations only influence desire. They do this through the desire for approval and the fear of disapproval. Since all behaviour springs from desire, more desires will be satisfied when there is more love and more knowledge therefore living the Good Life.

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How does the opening of the 'Lord of the Flies' prepare the reader for the rest of the novel?

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The opening passage of the 'Lord of the Flies', by William Golding, gives the reader an

idea of the events to come in the rest of the novel. With the use of foreshadowing, which

is used throughout the novel, Golding gives clues that become clearer once the reader

finishes the novel. The descriptions of the boys also set up their characters and

personalities that become known as the novel develops.

The novel is about a group of boys who become stranded on an island without any adults

and therefore without any sense of order or discipline. The boys are excited about this and

begin their adventure with rules and organisation but as the novel progresses they soon

forget about the importance of the rules. The island is no longer a paradise and they

Golding is illustrating that

Ralph is introduced at the beginning and becomes a main character. He is described as

'The boy with fair hair'. The word 'fair' shows that Ralph is a kind, honest person, which

is revealed throughout. Ralph is popular straight away with the other boys. He shows

leadership as 'every hand' went up to elect him. When the boys agree to three people

exploring the island Ralph takes 'Jack and, and… Simon' with him for a reason. He takes

Simon to make him feel better after he fainted when they all met. He asks Jack along to

compensate for not being leader. He also gives Jack leadership over the choir for the

same reason. Giving Jack this power though leads to trouble as Jack has different ideas.

He wants to have fun rather than find away to get off the island, which is Ralph's priority.

A main theme of the novel is the boys' decent into savagery. The boys gradually loose all

sense of civilisation. The 'school sweater' reminds us that this boy is from a civilised

world where there is discipline and order. Ralph had 'taken off his school sweater' and

later the other boys remove their clothes showing that they are already starting to abandon

civilisation. When Jack forms his tribe they live like savages. They have 'painted faces'

and hunt violently for meat.

The boys have forgotten about the outside world and are no longer worried about getting

off the island. Jack soon believes that hunting is more important than the fire, which is

their only way of being rescued. There is an incident when the hunters let the fire go out

in order to go hunting and a ship comes along. Ralph is devastated but Jack doesn't seem

to understand. This is the beginning of the relationship between Ralph and Jack

deteriorating.

Piggy is the next character to be introduced. He is described as 'shorter', 'very fat' while

wearing 'thick spectacles'. He is a complete contrast to Ralph who is an attractive boy

who could 'make a boxer'. Later while Ralph is running around and swimming, Piggy is

watching and complaining about his 'asthma'. There are clear differences between them,

as they don't appear to get on at first. When Piggy asks Ralph his name, Ralph doesn't

pay him the same interest. By the end of the novel though, they stick together once the

tribes have split and when Piggy is murdered Ralph realises he has lost a good friend;

'Ralph wept for…his wise friend called Piggy.' The fact that Piggy is described not by his

name but by his size is significant throughout the novel. He is different straight away and

unlike Ralph he doesn't fit in with the other boys. Jack and the others often laugh at him

and pick on him. He is later known as 'fatty' and then 'piggy' but his actual name is never

known.

At first impressions the island appears to be a paradise but there are certain things that

suggest the island has a darker atmosphere. The 'scar' is the first negative image that

appears. 'A bird' appears that is described as 'a vision of red and yellow' but has a

'witch-like cry'. It looks pretty but it has a harsh sound so what appears to be positive on

the outside isn't.

Initially the island appears to be a paradise. There are many positive adjectives to suggest

this such as 'dazzling', 'tropical' and 'glittering'.

As soon as the novel begins there are signs that 'man' has already damaged the island. It

appears to be a paradise and yet the crash caused the 'long scar'. This is the start of the

destruction of the island that is to come. The scar is 'all round him'. The alliteration 'scar

smashed' emphasises the harsh image. As the novel progresses the boys abuse the island.

An example of this is when the boys set the island on fire.

Please note that this sample paper on How does the opening of the 'Lord of the Flies' prepare the reader for the rest of the novel? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on How does the opening of the 'Lord of the Flies' prepare the reader for the rest of the novel?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on How does the opening of the 'Lord of the Flies' prepare the reader for the rest of the novel? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"The concept of modernity with reference to sociological contributions of those representing the modernization school"

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I would like to define the concept of modernity or modernization as a continuous change in the mindset (and life style) of a person, with regard to its social, legal, economic, political and technological environments. A person or a group of people (a society) to be modern refers to a process of development (or becoming mature/organized) enabled through mass media. Where one turns from its traditional ways of thinking and doing things to a more advanced/more developed or in other words modern way of thinking and doing things.

Thus, modernity is a product of development. And development is made possible through effective mass media.

The development of communication & the concept of modernity strongly came about during World War II. With World War II came dozens of new, very poor, countries, left by their former colonial overseers with little infrastructure, education, or political stability. It was widely accepted that mass media could bring education, essential skills, social unity, and a desire to modernize.

Daniel Lerner, Walt Rostow, Everett Hagen & David McClelland are some of the representatives of the Modernization school.

Daniel Lerners study, The Passing OF Traditional Society (158) refers to modernization. The study was conducted in Middle East after the World War II.

To him, the society was of two parts, traditional & modern. According to Lerner what makes one part traditional and another modern depended on how much they were willing to accept information on development and how far they made use of it.

Thus under-development to him was a 'people-problem' and not merely fatalism or lack of alternatives!

Lerner, identifies a modern person as a person with a 'mobile personality'. Mobility in identifying & understanding changing environments, participating in those changes positively and rationally. And such people were called to be 'empathetic' persons.

Lerner suggested that exposure to Western media would create empathy for modern culture, and a desire to move from traditional to modern ways.

He believed that it was the responsibility of mass media to convey information about the changing environment to the society effectively. As a matter of fact it was considered as a pre-requisite to participate in a modern society. Also a similar emphasis was given to the policy makers/planners, as persons who control the media and was held responsible in educating, directing the society towards embracing modernity and driving towards development.

Walt Rostow, another sociological contributor to the modernization school, theorized that, societies progress through specific stages of development on their way to modernity, what he termed as the age of high mass consumption.

Stages of development were vividly explained by an analogy of an airplane to the process of development.

The traditional economy was seen as a stationary plane on the ground waiting to take-off. And the pre-requisites to take-off was a clear vision of the destination, a scientific mind-which is positive and rational that has an action plan.

The taking-off period refers to executing the action plan in an enterpreneuval manner using all resources such as media to the optimum. Forces making for economic progress, which yielded limited bursts and enclaves of modern activity, expand and come to dominate society (Rostow, 160)

Drive to maturity is the final stage referring to the maintenance of development. This is also where high mass consumption comes to play, when people increasingly consume goods and services well in excess of their basic need. Thus, according to Rostow, the process of development is a step by step growth pattern.

Psychologists & economists, had also contributed greatly to the building up of modernization school as given below.

In traditional societies, the style of life inhibited the formation of a creative or innovative personality so that life went on the same generation after generation. If so, how was the change possible? Since the 150s this has been seen as a puzzle to be solved. In explaining the origins of development, Everet E. Hagen and David McClelland concentrated on psychological changes occurring within the individual. HOW DOES PERSONALITY INFLUENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?

Early studies of Everett E. Hagen. 16 On the Theory of Social Change. Hagen inquires into the forces which disrupt the great stability of traditional society and cause groups to emerge which abandon traditional ways and turn their energies to the tasks of modernization. His question is What does influence some individuals to alter their cognitions, needs, and values? What are the social bases of innovational and creative personality? It corresponds to this dimension of personality that is usually identified with openness to experience. It defines it terms of drives and needs. Hagen's answer is formulated in the concept of withdrawal of status respect. Hagen finds that innovational and creative personality is a deviant individual who belongs to a rejected group. This individual is a member of some marginal group which perceives that its values are not rightfully acknowledged by other groups. People from this group tend to change their situation and in the process of adaptation develop innovative and creative personality and, as a result, engage in entrepreneurial behavior. Finally, this behavior leads to economic development.

David C. McClelland. 161 (The Achieving Society) McClelland introduced a new concept characterizing psychological functioning of individuals a need for Achievement (nAch). An achievement motivation is defined as the need to perform well or the striving for success, evidenced by persistence and effort in the face of difficulties. Achievement motivation is a recurrent preference or readiness in thought and behavior for experiences of attaining excellence--of competing with a standard of excellence (McClelland. 185. Human Motivation) McClelland contends that the persistence of individuals with a high need for Achievement is antecedent to entrepreneurship and economic growth.

Both Hagen and McClelland based their work on the concept of motivation (Hagen implicitly, McClleland explicitly). Motivation has been traditionally conceived of in terms of stable individual differences in the strength of motive dispositions. A motive disposition refers to a cluster of affectively pursued goals/values. Motives energize, direct, and select behavior. In contemporary individual and social psychology, considerable literature have developed around the Big Three Motives (1) Achievement () Affiliation/Intimacy () Power.

To Hagen and McClelland personality is the independent variable and the social structure, or that part of it which is related to the economy, is the dependent variable, Changes occur in the minds of people with the result that economic development is likely to follow through which modernity is created. For a number of researchers the opposite is true.

Alex Inkeles. 16 Alex Inkeles and D. H. Smith. 174. Becoming Modern Individual Change in Six Developing Countries.

The characteristics of modernity include - a disposition to accept new ideas and try new methods; - a readiness to express opinions; - a time sense that makes people more interested in the present and future than the past - a better sense of punctuality; - a greater concern for planning, organization, and efficiency; - a tendency to see the world as calculable - a faith in science and technology; - a belief in distributive justice. These characteristics embrace more than the need for Achievement, but modern people, as Inkeles describe them, clearly are achievement oriented. Inkeles finds that elements of the social structure change individuals.

In a nutshell the representatives of the modernization school views that; Modernization is the goal of development. It is characterized by a change of society from a traditional culture to a modern culture through certain stages of development. Therefore, modernization is a unilinear process. This linear process is facilitated by modern and efficient communication.

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Lady macbeth

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In Shakespeares Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is made to act as the main cause in Macbeths evil doings. Even though Macbeth is generally the one to have the final say in the many killings that take place in the play, Lady Macbeth plays the role of a villain alongside him. She mocks him throughout the play to do something she has instructed him to do, saying he would be less of a man if he does not follow through on their plan (I. vii. 56-57). She gives Macbeth a short lecture in deceptiveness when they are planning to kill King Duncan (I. vi. 7-78). She also prepared the daggers for Macbeth to kill Duncan in advance (II. ii. 15-16). Though he was still having doubts, she was in a way, ready to go in for the kill.

Lady Macbeth shows the fear of getting caught when she unintentionally gives herself away in her sleep (V. i. , 7-4, 44-47, 5-55, 65-67, 6-7). Though her fear can suppress itself during a conscious state of being, she can do nothing about it when she is asleep.

Throughout the play and leading up to her suicide, Lady Macbeth slowly weakens. However, in the beginning of the play, she acts as if she is ruthless and unstoppable. When Macbeth has his doubts and fears about murdering the Duncan, Lady Macbeth chastises him, calling him everything from a coward to a helpless baby (I. vii. -4, 5-67). She even offers to do it herself, possibly to make Macbeth feel that hes even more cowardly because a woman is offering to do his job. This pushes Macbeth to kill Duncan, and later deaths in the play. Macbeth tries to convince Lady Macbeth, as well as himself, that she is wrong by I dare do all that may become a man. Who dares more is none. (I. vii. 50-5) He indeed goes through with the murder anyway.

Not only does Lady Macbeth push her husband to do things he does not want to, but she also informs him that his face is too easy to read. Of course, she does not want her husband or herself to get caught, so she gives him advice. When she tells him to look like th innocent flower, But be the serpent under t (I. vi. 76-78), not only is she doing this so that Macbeth will not give himself away, but so that he will not give her away in the meantime. Even before that early point in the play, Lady Macbeth has already demonstrated that she is two-faced. When Duncan first arrives at the castle, Lady Macbeth acts as a welcome hostess, when in reality she has different plans for Duncan than she lets on. Lady Macbeth manages to manipulate her Macbeth so that she may get what she wants. This being a dead King Duncan in her house basically. Indeed, Lady Macbeth does get what she wants, and ultimately what she deserves, as the play progresses. Usually, though she has to push Macbeth a little before he takes action, Macbeth is pretty much obedient. Lady Macbeth seems to realize that her husband probably will not go through with the murder of Duncan until she pushes him to the point of insanity, so she prepares everything in advance. All Macbeth has to do for his part in the murder, is actually kill Duncan; Lady Macbeth sets out the daggers and gives the guards enough alcohol so that they pass out. She was so eager to have Duncan dead that she almost killed him herself. Had he not resembled/ My father as he slept, I had done t (II. ii. 16-17). Yet she still had her husband commit the crime, whether it was because she was actually scared to do so, or because she wanted him to feel empowered. Either way, Lady Macbeth was definitely ready for Duncan to die.

Despite her excitement earlier in the play, Lady Macbeth seemed a bit afraid that she might get caught later in the play. When she sleepwalks and talks in her sleep, she demonstrates a fear that clearly represents the fact that she is scared of being caught. She talks of going to bed and washing her hands with the famous Out, damned spot, out, I say! (V. i. 7) phrase. When she yells about ridding herself of Duncans blood, she is presenting a metaphor she does not truly want to be rid of Duncans blood itself, but rather the fear and guilt that his murder has forced upon her. The constant nightmares she has and the fear and guilt she must live with will eventually become too much to handle. She commits suicide, proving that she is a villain because she cannot deal with the consequences of her actions. William Hazlitt, (Characters of Shakespeares Plays, 1817) states that She is a great bad woman, whom we hate, but whom we fear more than we hate.... She is only wicked to gain a great end. Samual Taylor Coleridge, (Coleridges Shakespearean Criticism; edited by Thomas M. Raysor, 15) states that she shames her husband with a superhuman audacity of fancy which she cannot support, but sinks in the season of remorse, and dies in suicidal agony.

As a result of her and Macbeth's actions, Lady Macbeth meets her death at the end of the play. However, most of what happened was because of Lady Macbeth. If she didn't push Macbeth so hard to do something that he did not originally want to do, then Duncan would have lived and Lady Macbeth would not have gone through such anguish. She was too eager to kill. She seemed to be only interested in her own personal gain and possibly her husbands gain. Lady Macbeth was indeed the villain in Macbeth who intended on winning, but in the end, ultimately lost.

Please note that this sample paper on lady macbeth is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on lady macbeth, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on lady macbeth will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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