Pete Rose

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Pete Rose To Be or Not to Be

Pete Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame along with the other great players from Major League Baseball because of his on field credentials and because there is no concrete evidence that he bet on baseball while managing the Cincinnati Reds. A. Bartlet Giamatti suspended Rose based on circumstantial evidence, which is not fair to Pete Rose or his fans. Current baseball commissioner, Bud Selig, is the only person with the power to reverse the decision laid down by Giamatti but chooses not to do so.

Pete Rose may be one of the greatest players in Major League Baseball history. The records, alone, that Pete Rose holds are enough to justify his entrance into the Hall of Fame. The most astonishing record owned by Rose is his record for hits in his career. Pete Rose compiled 4,56 total hits in his career, making him one of only two people to get more than four thousand hits along with Ty Cobb. In Roses twenty-four seasons he set the Major League Baseball record for games played with ,56. This meant that rose averaged more than one hit per game throughout his career. Pete Rose also holds the record of consecutive seasons with a hundred hits or more and ten times had two hundred hits, another Major League Baseball record. From June fourteenth until July thirty-first in 178 Rose hit safely in 44 straight games, a national league record, and second only to Joe DiMaggio's 56. Another record that rose holds in terms of hitting streaks is that he had consecutive game hit streaks of 0 games or more seven times. Some other records that Rose holds are the record for most at bats in a career, 14,05, most wins in a career with 1,7. And he is the only player in league history to play more than 500 games at each of five positions (Cosmic Baseball Association).

Pete Rose was banished from being inducted into the Hall of Fame in 18 when baseball commissioner A. Bartlet Giamatti concluded that Rose had bet on baseball games, including his own team, the Cincinnati Reds. Hall of Fame rule five designates that inductees should be honest, have integrity, and good character more than his playing ability. Giamatti thought that Rose did not qualify because he did not meet these guidelines. Baseball should be honest with itself and delete the character and integrity requirements of rule five. If rule five is so important than why are players like Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb and Gaylord Perry allowed in the hall of fame, while Pete Rose, who was never proven to have bet on baseball, is kept out of the Hall of Fame?

He played the game the way it was meant to be played. Hard-nosed and hustling all over the field(quoted in Lahman). Says Oakland Athletics' Dave Parker, describing Pete Roses style of play throughout his twenty-four year career. His stunning statistics can be attributed to his incredible work ethic on the field and in games and off the field during spring training and personal workouts. When most hitters settled for singles, Rose would stretch his hits into doubles or even triples. Most of the players in the Major Leagues respected the way he played. He was known to wake up early in the morning to take jogs in the brisk Cincinnati winter during off-seasons so he would not be out of physical shape when spring training arrived in March. He was well aware that he was working harder than his opponents. His love for the sport of baseball gave him the strength to carry out his grueling workouts.

Supporters of Giamatti's suspension of Pete Rose believe that his suspension from Major League Baseball is warranted by his gambling on sports. Rose admitted placing bets on football and basketball games, but denied placing any bets on baseball games(Dowd). John M. Dowd and Giamatti conducted investigations into Roses gambling. Baseball started an investigation in February 18 into allegations that Rose had been betting on sports, including baseball. These allegations came from one of Roses friends, Paul Janszen, and bookie Ron Peters. (Both had been convicted of felony drug charges.) Both offered documentary evidence of Roses betting to support their claims(Lahman). Among the evidence that was found was betting slips that Dowd had received from Janszen(Betting Slips). A Federal Bureau of Investigation expert concluded that the betting slips were in Roses handwriting, but Rose hired handwriting experts to examine the slips and they stated that the evidence is either wrong or inconclusive(Lahman).

Pete Rose was put on the banishment list and the only way that he can be inducted into the Hall of Fame is to get off the list. To do so, Rose had to put in an appeal to be reinstated back into baseball. Bud Selig, however, would not meet with Roses lawerys immediately. Finally he agreed to meet with Roger Makley, one of Roses lawyers, to discuss the possibility of reinstatement. Selig said however that he is unlikely to allow Rose back into the league and will not hear new evidence brought into the case including evidence that Rose did not bet on baseball games. This is unfair to Rose. He has the right to plead his case; to determine his innocence and have his status among baseball's elite recognized. Selig is denying him of these rights. Makley said that he would meet with Bob Dupay, Baseball's executive Vice President for administration, and chief legal council in an effort to have Rose reinstated(Blum). It is unlikely that Rose will receive a fair chance to plead his case because Dupay stated that he agrees completely with Bud Selig(Blum).

Many people are under the impression that Pete Rose is the only baseball player to have been caught or accused of gambling on baseball games. Some all-time greats have been strongly suspected of betting on baseball. In 11 several members teamed with known gangsters in an effort to throw the World Series. Eight players, Eddie Cicotte, Joe Jackson, Swede Rinsberg, Fred McMulin, Bruce Weaver, Happy Flesch, Claude Williams, and Chick Gandil, were accused and convicted of deliberately losing the World Series so that the gangsters would win bets and the players would receive a cut of the money.( Schwalbe). Joe Jackson, one of the suspended players, was most likely not a part of the deed. He played terrifically throughout the series, hitting the series' only homerun and finishing with a .57 batting average over eight games of the series(Schwalbe). (In 11 the World Series was a best of nine series, now it is best of seven.) How can a player achieve such great numbers and be trying to lose at the same time? He was, nonetheless, banned from the Hall of Fame, as is Pete Rose. Leo, The Lip, Durocher, manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was removed from baseball after being suspected of, and later admitting to gambling on games played by the Dodgers. His suspension was put into effect in the 14 season and revoked in the 151 season(Baseball Historian). This man admitted on betting on baseball. Rose never has admitted or was proven to have bet on the Reds' games, and yet, he is still banned from baseball. Other famous players have been known gamblers and they did not have any action taken against them. Ty Cobb was known to bet on games that he played in. The only other man with 4,000 or more hits in his career other than Rose, was a known gambler. He is, however, in the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown and known for his playing ability, not his habit. Rose deserves to be known for his on-the-field brilliance just as Cobb is(Americas Library). Tris Speaker is another Hall of Famer who was known to gamble on games that he played in(Angle Fire). Hal Chase was a master of deception on the field. He was known to pull his glove away from the ball when it was thrown his way to make it appear as if his teammate had made an errant throw(Baseball Historian). This man is also a member of the Hall of Fame. Rose did not commit acts of cheating like these men did and there is not enough evidence to keep him out of the Hall of Fame.

The majority of baseball fans feel that Pete Rose should be inducted into the Hall of Fame. He was and still is a tremendously popular player. His selection to baseball's All-Century team this past October backs up the notion that he belongs in the Hall of Fame. In an on-the-field ceremony held at Yankee's Stadium, Rose received the longest ovation from the crowd of any of the players, deceased or living(Kettmann). His selection shows his greatness and popularity among baseball fans. Shortly after the ceremony ESPN and USAToday conducted a poll for its viewing audience on its official website, ESPN.com, to see how fans felt about the status of Rose being kept out of the Hall of Fame. In an overwhelming majority, fifty-six percent said that Rose should be reinstated, while twenty-nine percent said that he should not(ESPN). Bud Selig has stated that he agrees with the suspension and will not reinstate Rose. If Selig does not feel Rose should be reinstated, then the matter can not advance any father or to any other baseball officials. If Rose were ruled to be allowed back into baseball, then he would be eligible for the Hall of Fame. The Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA) would be able to put Rose's name on the ballot and in order to be eligible for the Hall of Fame the following criteria must be met He must apply to the office of the Commissioner for reinstatement to Major League Baseball. He then must be reinstated by the office of the commissioner. Next he would be eligible as a Hall of Fame for the ballot of the BBWAA screening committee. If Rose is placed on the ballot, he will have to receive votes on at least seventy-five percent of the ballots cast in any one election to be inducted(Hall of Fame). Pete Rose has his supporters. Former President Jimmy Carter says, It's time to forgive Pete Rose(Cosmic Baseball Association). This quote was published from Jimmy Carter's article Its Time to Forgive Pete Rose. He believed that the testimony from convicted felons does not come from a credible source and therefore does not deserve to keep Pete Rose out of the Hall of Fame. I absolutely believe that Pete Rose should be in the Hall of Fame. If you exclude Pete Rose you have to exclude many other people beginning with Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb, and others whose behavior would not stand the test of our current moral standards (Ken Burns quoted in Cosmic Baseball Association). Ken Burns is a strong supporter of Pete Rose's crusade to be in the Hall of Fame and he agrees with Jimmy Carter's opinion. If Babe Ruth, who was known to be an alcoholic and a womanizer, is allowed in the Hall of Fame; if Ty Cobb, who was known to gamble on baseball games, is allowed in the Hall of Fame, then why is Pete Rose denied entrance into the Hall of Fame after being only suspected of gambling on baseball? Ken Burns and Jimmy Carter are merely two of Pete Rose's high ranking supporters who have offered help in any way to see that Pete Rose will be inducted into the Hall of Fame.

The ultimate goal to have as a ball player is to be in the Hall of Fame. Now I do not have a chance(Lahman). Pete Rose gave that statement in 17 to USAToday. Anyone who has played the game or followed it as a fan knows that all players have the dream of being inducted into the Hall of Fame. Rose played professional baseball, the game he loved and devoted twenty-four years of his life to, at a level that places him among the best ever to play. Throughout this career, Rose was a generous supporter of the National Baseball of Hall of Fame, donation more that twenty artifacts to the museums collections. Many of them are on display(Hall of Fame). If the Hall of Fame can except gifts from his playing days then he certainly deserves to be enshrined in the Hall of Fame with them. It is not fair to Rose, Major League Baseball, and baseball fans everywhere to keep Pete Rose out of the Hall of Fame. The words of Pete Rose's lawyer, Gary Spicer, sum up the entire situation of Rose's ban It would be good for the fan, good for Pete, good for baseball if they would reinstate him(Lahman). This is exactly how most fans and baseball lovers across the country feel. It is time for action to be taken to get Pete Rose into the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame.

I believe that Pete Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame based on his on-the-field accomplishments. Another player will not approach his record of 4,56 career hits in the near future, or maybe ever. I feel that if Pete Rose is ever reinstated into Major League Baseball it will be after his death just so he will never have the satisfaction of knowing that he was inducted into the Hall of Fame. There is no credible evidence that he gambled on baseball. There are only accusations and circumstantial evidence linking Rose to betting on baseball. I think that this quote by Roger Kahn sums up my opinions of Rose's situation I don't know if Pete Rose bet on baseball, but I know that he was rail-roaded out of the game(Cosmic Baseball Association).

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How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society?

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The role of family has had a significant influence on individuals since the beginning of mankind, and still to this very day. The quality of our social relationships in groups such as family members or friends is the standard against which many of us judge the quality and happiness of our lives. Group connections provide individuals a sense of well being and hence form loyalty and responsibility towards others. The family is the most important one of all the groups that we belong. This essay aims to find the importance of having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society and how definitions of the family can be used to support particular beliefs about what kind of society we should have, and whether we still need families.

Family provides relationships that give an individual a sense of identity and personal history. They also carry out tasks that keep society orderly and stable. The two main functions family perform are primary socialisation and personality stabilisation. Primary socialisation is the process whereby the children learns and internalises the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. The family is especially important throughout their childhood years because this is where their human personality is developed. Personality stabilisation refers to the role that the family plays in assisting adult family members emotionally.

Families can be found in every human society and they all provide societal needs primary socialisation and personality stabilisation. Across cultures however, the way families go about meeting these needs their structure, customs, patterns of authority, and so on differ widely, and hence the ideas about what a family is and how people should behave within it are culturally determined. One cannot speak of 'a family' as if there was only one model of family life that is more or less universal. This is why it is important for sociologists, politicians and the community to understand and use concepts and definitions to help categorise things and consequently make welfare policies targeted to these categories.

Families in societies have seen many shifts in family patterns. Over the past several decades there have been changes that would have been unimaginable in earlier generations. The role of the family has certainly diversified. Each family have their own values, beliefs, norms and attitudes that underpin assumptions about what a family should be like, as evidenced by numerous statistical data on different cultures, such as racial background, lone parent, social class, religion etc. In Britain after World War II, the vision for the British welfare state was predicated on a patriarchal conception of families - the father being the bread winner and the mother being the house wife. Family definitions such as the patriarchal conception of families were important during that time because it helped sociologists, politicians, and policy makers to understand and take necessary action to create welfare programmes designed around this traditional family model. The result was a welfare state that was seen as promoting national solidarity which integrated the nation by providing a common set of services to the entire population. Welfare was a way of strengthening the connection between the state and population. The welfare state managed risks that may occur in life and was like a type of insurance that could be employed against the potential troubles of an unpredictable future. Unemployment, illness and other misfortunes in the country's social and economic life could be managed through the welfare state. Functionalists theorists held that welfare systems helped to integrate society in an orderly way under the conditions of advanced industrialisation. The British welfare system back then not only supported this traditional family model but also provided services for families where the male breadwinner was absent.

In the 180s however, the welfare state was reformed. This was due to the notion of welfare dependency, where people became dependent on the welfare state and were not just materially dependent, but psychologically dependent on the arrival of the welfare payment. and instead of taking an active attitude towards their lives, they tend to adopt a resigned and passive one, looking to the welfare system to support them. The then British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher promoted individual initiatives and self sufficiency as core values. This again stresses the importance of having some sort of definition of the family.

The simple fact that families provide primary socialisation and personality stabilisation shows the need for families. Primary socialisation includes necessary human skills like socially acceptable behaviour, and personality stabilisation where an adult may turn to his family in times of difficulty for emotional support. These days families living in post-industrial societies have become less integrated and connected to each other, due to careers being more mobile and people more readily willing to relocate, and thus more likely to break ties with friends than say, a century ago.

Times have certainly change, the nature of personal relationships, marriage and family patterns have become tumultuous against the backdrop of a rapidly changing world. Families are diverse in structure and have always faced difficulties plays a crucial role in protecting its members from economic hardship, political upheaval and social change. As the world is overwhelming, impersonal, abstract and rapidly changing, love has become increasingly important as Beck and Beck-Gernsheim states, love is the only place where people can truly find themselves and connect with each other. , which is provided by the family.

Giddens, A., Sociology (4th edition), Polity Press, 001

Newman, D., Sociology Exploring the architecture of everyday life, Sage Publications, Inc., 00

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Memory in "Mean Time"

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Discuss ways in which memory is explored

Mean time is, in essence, a collection of poems concerned with history and memory throughout the anthology. Carol Ann Duffy uses many literary and thematic devices to explore the theme of memory such as the dramatic monologue which enables the socialisation of self who can then speak without the fear of censorship; objectivity of viewpoints. It provides disassociation for the poet from the persona in which they are speaking thus making the poetry more universal and accessible, especially due to the different personas that Carol Ann Duffy adopts. These enable her to her to incite different times of life from which memories are, for example, Captain of the 164 team for childhood to Adultery for the pinnacle of adulthood and as the anthology progresses, the poetry becomes darker and less idealistic. The language highlights this; star spangled and burst like a red balloon to language of death throughout the later poetry. The difference of gendered and ungendered voices seems to re-negotiate the boundaries more acutely in love poetry between the lover and the beloved. Carol Ann Duffy uses personal memory with interwoven references to texts such as DH Lawrence's Humming Bird in Captain which contexualise her poetry and add weight to its meaning.

A poem in which Duffy uses the device of evoking idealistic memory through childhood is in Captain of the 164 Team. She underwrites personal memories with external textual references, for example in the progression of language from babyhood to adulthood, which encapsulates the meaning of the poem itself. Humming bird is likened to the DH Lawrence's work of the same name citing that it is Primeval dumb, far back which intensifies the theme of memory.

Within the poems I am using to examine the question of memory in Mean Time, temporal progression is represented by the progression by stanza and word association in Captain and in Moments of Grace where they look for the doing words juxtaposed to peeling an orange. This temporal movement is important in the theme of memory and enhances the poems effectiveness in conveying memory through the sense of urgency or disappointment that it invokes.

This is clearly illustrated in Moments of Grace where reflection is the force behind the poems effectiveness. Word association within it of staggering suggests disorientation further heightened by imbalanced lines and complex similes that Duffy uses to evoke remembrance. Dusk suggests an indistinct memory and a close to a light era juxtaposed to an italic yes where the voice of the present can interrupt the reverie of memory and sharpen it. The technical importance of the language is unequalled in other poems with Duffy citing verbs as the most imperative parts of poetry; verbs have the ability to further a theme as opposed to remaining static. This has the paradoxical effect of being an effective way of conveying the feeling of loss within life at never finding that first love by reduction of the actions to being uncontrolled by reason (they are based only in memory) in order to justify the reasoning. However, when Moments of Grace is compared to first love it appears weaker at conveying the exploration of memory due to the preoccupation with the reduction in the penultimate verse whereas in First Love the themes are consistent and based on emotion which the reader can freely empathise with as it leaves room to project one's own memory within an acceptable framework.

First love is one of the most effective poems in terms of relating memory as it talks, not just of love but also of the impact that it has upon one, thus by contrast emphasising the theme of love and memory within it. The evocative mood is created by the rhythm and equality of the stanzas showing a balanced remembrance rather than a disjointed justification of pain in adulthood, which is what is seen in both Captain of the 164 Team and Moments of Grace. The intimacy of the language close to my lips as lipstick introduces an almost voyeuristic element into the poem; a theme that continues in the first and last stanza, pierced by a retrospective past in stanza two. The power of memory is explored in through light which can be seen in Mean Time, suggesting revelation while evoking the past in terms of theological happening in the juxtaposition of light to dark, increasing its intensity and the innocence of what it stands for.

Such faithfulness in the last stanza compared to a star which returns the reader to the power of loss, although this is later challenged by unseen flowers suddenly pierce and sweeten . This invisible scent is reminiscent of memory and the dual pleasure and pain that it invokes. The supernaturalism and invisibility of this is epitomised in Moments of Grace where the present haunts the past. This adds an element of fear and the inability to understand the importance and the ideals that memory contains. In Captain of the 164 Team Duffy allows only a simplified memory to be remembered, perhaps due to the fear of reality seen briefly at the end of the poem by which past and present are measured,

Fear is present as a judge of memory in Mean Time, the last poem to be examined in the light of memory. This poem is unique in charting absolute loss, epitomised in the title itself and the language used throughout. Unmeasurable rain also evokes pathetic fallacy to exacerbate the feeling of loss for the poet and her audience. I felt my heart gnaw, suggests her insecurity and impotence at expressing through words how she actually feels. The animal allusion by association reverts humankind to animals capable of intense feeling while being unable to articulate precisely what is felt. There is movement through Mean Time is darkening sky and the references to future but we will be dead, unique to Mean Time as the anticipation of the only certainty in life adds gravity and resignation to the tone and shows the power of memory exacerbated in endless nights.

Mean Time is an appropriate poem to end the chartered journey of memory throughout the anthology as especially each poem that I have chosen to look at examines a particular part of Carol Ann Duffy's, and indeed of the audience's life. The progression from Captain of the 164 Team 's Do Wah Diddy through First Love, Moments of Grace and Mean Time all represent an important parts of life and experience which memory is vitally important in reliving and indeed making the present slightly more bearable. Memory is a focus for each individual poem and while Carol Ann Duffy uses language persona and form to illustrate each one's individuality, memory links each one through its fundamental importance within the collection.

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Gerald O'Neil and space travel

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A plan already exists to build a city in space which could house several hundred thousand inhabitants and boast an environment identical to Earths. This city is part of what will become a space colony orbiting the moon. The colony will have air and water, lakes and mountains. If this project becomes a reality, people born in the space colony can perhaps one day take a vacation on Earth.

The idea of creating a space colony where mankind could live in an artificial city was first proposed by Gerard K. ONeil. ONeil proposed the project soon after astronauts from the Apollo Project landed on the Moon in 16. When scientists gathered together to the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration to discuss ONeils plan, they decided the project was feasible and even came up with an idea about how the colony could be built. The scientists were influenced by the world population problem, then already topping 4 billion and estimated to reach over 0 billion within 100 years. The scientists believed that if the worlds population continued to grow at the same rate there would not be enough food or resources to cope.

Location and Designs

A space colony is seen as one of the most important options available to the continuation of mankind in the future. Prior to 176, the most helpful perturbations, in the best-studied orbits, were thought to involve what are called libration points or Lagrangian points. They are locations where a spacecraft can be placed so it will always remain in the same position with respect to the earth and the moon and the gravity of the Earth and Moon is balanced. The French Mathematician Lagrange showed in 177 that there are five such points. Three of them lie on a line connecting the earth and moon; these are L1, L, and L. They are unstable. The other two are L4 and L5. They lie at equal distances from earth and the moon in the moon's orbit, forming equilateral triangles with Earth and the moon. In the earth-moon system, these points are stable. L5 was decided upon to be the location of the first space colony.

The actual look of the colony is dictated by the needs which the colony must meet. If people are to live in a space colony, they will need an environment similar to Earths. The atmospherical structure, air pressure and temperature must be similar. Gravity should also be like that on Earth. The colony must rotate to create artificial gravity, in the sense of a 'down' toward which they will fall. This is not real gravity of course, but is centrifugal force. Artificial gravity will not be a precisely identical substitute for the real thing, but it will be good enough. It is desirable to make the colony as comfortable and earth like as possible. Space colony designers have tended to agree that the colony should provide normal Earth gravity, one g. This requires a limit to be put on the allowable rotation rate. At first O'Neil believed that the limit would be three rpm (revolutions per minute) to suit his cylindrical colony with petal shaped mirrors, its tracking of the sun, its reliance on solar energy, and its property of being a warm habitat for life in the cold of space (characteristics reflected in its name Sunflower).

A more advantageous design was later thought of, with a one rpm limit. The Stanford Torus space colony, an enormous inner tube with the tube 400 feet wide and bent into a circle with a circumference of some 4 miles. In the 170s, NASA scientists used this plan to formulate a means to build the colony. According to their plan, light would be provided by a massive reflective mirror that would shine the sunrays into the colony. The living quarters would be a donut-shaped area. It was the lightest design yet studied and offered the possibility of making effective use of interior space since there could be terraces for homes and agriculture. The colonists would have unobstructed lines of sight of half a mile or more. The colony would also contain areas for agriculture, animals and plants and would weigh about 10 million tons. The estimated cost of the project at the time it was devised was about 50 billion dollars and was calculated to take about 0 years to build. Without the support of the worlds people, such a massive project will never become a reality.

Mining the Moon It would be more efficient to bring materials from the Moon to create the space colony

If the space colony was to be built at a point between the Earth and the Moon, it is thought better to transport the necessary building materials from the Moon. The lunar gravity is only one-sixth that of the Earth and rockets taking off from there would require less fuel. Even before O'Neil and others suggested the use of lunar materials as building blocks for colonies at L5, other scientists argued for similar colonies on the moon. As it happens, the moon itself provides a wealth of minerals, some of which are already becoming increasingly hard to mine on earth.

The fundamental idea of space colonisation is the use of lunar and other extraterrestrial resources. With only the resources of Earth, there is no hope of building the colonies. With the resources of the moon, space colonies may soon become inevitable. The lunar rocks are not rich ores, but they are adequate. They contain sources of aluminium. Lunar rocks also contain silica- on earth a useless waste product, but of value in space. To build the colony, about 1 million tons of this rock must be shipped each year from the moon into space. The task will be the project of a group of perhaps 100 people the moon miners. Their task will to gather the necessary lunar material and to launch it into space where it can be caught. To do the first they will have bulldozers and power shovels built to operate in the lunar vacuum. To do the second they will build a device called a mass driver.

The mass driver will be an electrically driven launcher, a sort of electromagnetic catapult. It will accelerate masses of lunar material to escape velocity, 1.5 miles per second. There masses are to be launched, one or two per second, day in day out, indefinitely. They will fly out into space, curving in the moon's gravity and slowing down as they go outward. Two days after the launch they will reach the catching point, 40,000 miles above the lunar far side. There they will be intercepted. Nothing like the mass driver has been built yet. Nevertheless, it rests upon such long-understood principles, such as well-established engineering designs, that already can be described in detail. There designs have been prepared for use in high speed trains. For a number of years there has bee considerable interest in building railroads which could compete for speed with airliners. In recent years, most attention has been directed to magnetic levitation and to propulsion by linear electric motors. It is this technology which will serve to build the mass driver.

One of the early tasks in the space colonisation effort will be the building of the lunar base. Only when this is functioning properly will it be possible to begin construction on the space colony.

Terraforming Changing bodies in the Solar System to make them inhabitable

With a number of people concerned about the possible failure of a space colony, the suggestion of terraforming arose. Terraforming first became a topic of discussion in 161 after Carl Sagan, an astrophysicist at California Polytechnic, proposed transforming Venus to make it inhabitable. In our Solar System, there are several planets and satellites that are believed capable of supporting life. Terraforming would require to change planetary environment entirely.

If solar energy can be adequately harnessed it would hold the key to the success of terraforming. Planets like Mars and Venus currently have environments that are quite different to Earths. Looking at these two planets shows that Venus is a red-hot, high-pressured, planet while Mars is cold and dry. These problems are caused by the planet mass and how much of solar energy they receive. As such, the environments of these planets are directly affected by the Sun. Carrying solar energy to cooler planets and removing it from hotter ones is the basis behind the idea of terraforming.

As a result of the probes to Mars, a number of detailed terraforming projects have sprung up. There are two ways that Mars could be terraformed. One would be to increase the amount of sunrays absorbed into the planet, thus raising its temperature. The other way to terraform the planet would have sunrays absorbed by black, carbon objects on the surface. The objects would be fractured and distributed all over the planet, where they could absorb the Suns rays and heat Mars.

Introducing algae has also been discussed as a possible way to change Mars environment. Algae helped give the Earth oxygen, changed its environment and helped maintain it. If Mars can be heated and water maintained in liquid form, bacteria carried to the planet would perhaps help to create and increase the amount of oxygen available there. Some genetic engineers are trying to change algae so that they would be able to survive and thrive on Mars.

Along with Mars, Venus has been proposed as another site for possible terraforming. To make Venus inhabitable, the amount of energy it receives from the Sun would have to be reduced, its carbon dioxide eliminated, its rotation speed increased and water introduced to its surface. Terraforming either Mars or Venus would be a gigantic project. While we may have the technical ability to perform such a project, it seems that the first place that man progresses into space is more likely to be Mars than Venus.

Hazards to life on the Space Colony some people have expressed misgivings about ONeils plan

The space colony is the largest plan for creating an area for man to live in space. However, some people have expressed misgivings about ONeils plan. Mostly, they doubt the system will really be able to become self-supporting merely by the power of the people and creatures living in it and whether an actual living environment can be set up and maintained. In short, some people worry that those living in a space colony would be in open space, well away from the Earth, living under completely different conditions and subjected to life influenced by strong cosmic waves.

There would be some dangers in the colony. The colonists would have to take strong precautions against fire since it could knock out machinery essential for survival. But enough safeguards, including duplication of key equipment, could be built into the system to reduce the risks. Meteoroids might also be an occasional hazard, but an extremely small one. Most meteoroids are microscopic in size and could not penetrate the colony's tough skin. If the occasional rock did crash through a window, there would be no real cause for alarm. It would take at least a day or so for the colony to lose its atmosphere, giving repair crews plenty of time to fix the problem. But the chances of such a hit are very small; about once in ten million years. In any case getting hit by a moderate sized meteoroid would probably be more like being struck with an easily pulverised snowball than with a hard rock.

Cosmic rays would represent a somewhat greater danger, but the colony's heavy shielding and atmosphere should provide adequate protection under normal conditions. If the flow of cosmic rays suddenly become more intensive the colonists could retreat to special chambers with heavy walls until the menace passed.

There is a chance that the cylinder's artificial gravity might trouble some people. If the colony's rotation is too rapid, it will intensify the Coriolis force and possibly disturb the body's sense of balance. The result might be a space version of sea-sickness characterised by dizziness and nausea. There might also be more subtle long term damage that might affect the ability of colonists to cope with Earth's gravity and environment, assuming they wanted to return occasionally or even quit space altogether.

In any case, whatever the hazards might be, they would be offset by certain overwhelming advantages. Unlike earth, the colony would not experience divesting earthquakes or hurricanes or volcanic eruptions, all of which cost millions of lives over the centuries. In addition, slowly but inevitably Earth would recover from the assaults of the past. Rivers and the air would become clean again; dead lakes would spring back to life. Threatened animal species like the great whales might survive. Indeed, as more people decided to make homes for themselves in space indeed, industrial pollution and other ecological ravages would decline and Earth would become in O'Neil's view, a worldwide park, a beautiful place to visit for a vacation.

Colonies in Space the Next Giant Leap, Golden, Frederic 177

Colonies in Space, T.A Heppenheimer 177

The High Frontier, G.K. O'Neil, 175

http//spaceboy.nasda.go.jp/note/kouso/e/kou10_tera1_e.html

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Lysistrata- Fantasy or Real

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Aristophanes' Lysistrata is a masterful comedy about sex, war and gender. Its main comedic device partly fails in our modern interpretation because of our more balanced views of women in the 1st century. The plot is shown to be fantasy, an absurd idea to the ancient Athenians. This then is the root of its humour. However, a few points in the play relate directly to the original audience's lifestyle during the Peloponnesian war, and therefore are the plays link with reality, its dramatic landline for the audience.

Lysistrata deals with the sensitive and possibly offensive subject matter by parodying it. Aristophanes dodges the seriousness of war, a subject close to home for all Athenians, by making crude jokes - There isn't anyone to have an affair with - not a sausage! - ll. 10. This shows the fictional element of the play, as in Aristophanes time in Athens, both women and men were known to have numerous adulterous affairs, and if the sex strike were to be successful, then the mistresses and all such people would have to be striking also. This plays on the real life frustrations of the war torn Athenians without bringing to light the darker aspects of war. In some ways, Lysistrata was designed as a form of escapism for the audience, and to poke fun at the very things causing them pain. Aristophanes ignores possible plot problems in order to present the delightfully comic idea of a sex strike. In 'Aristophanes and Athens', Douglas McDowell remarks that the genuine problem of the continuing war is solved by a fantastic scheme which in real life would be impossible.#

Another way Aristophanes turns grief into laughter is by describing things in terms of the human body. This is a common method in Aristophanic plays, as metaphors or simply to talk around the subject. For example, towards the end of the play, Reconciliation is personified into the form of a beautiful young woman whom the men cannot take their eyes off. The Spartan equivalent of Lysistrata, Lampito, is another example. Special attention is paid to her bodily attributes, which differ greatly from her Athenian counterparts, mostly in reproductive areas - And such marvellous tits too. - ll.81. This is a foreshadowing of the main plotline, in which the women, using their only real source of power orchestrate the sexual starvation of the men. This allows the audience to further switch off from the traditionally grim motif of war and enter a fantasy where war is dismissed as being second to sexual satisfaction.

The center of Lysistratas comedy is that it shows women acting bravely, even aggressively, against men who seem resolved on ruining the city. In ancient Greece, women were looked at as property, something beautiful to own, and did not have any redeeming social values. To even consider putting a woman into a position where she was required to think outside her domestic purposes was laughable. Some argue that Aristophanes portrayal of Lysistrata is a somewhat proto-feminist idea. However, this play clearly does not promote women taking political power. The only intended outcome of this situation is humour. Aristophanes relies on his male dominated audience's predisposed ideas about women, which at the time would have been along the lines of the Homer verse quoted in line 515 of the play - Go and attend to your work let war be the care of the men folk. Role reversal is Lysistratas true humour because to imagine a woman in a multifaceted role was insane.

The view of politics in Lysistrata is somewhat different. In the only really true political scene in the play, a quasi-agon takes place between a magistrate, who represents male authority, and Lysistrata. This scene is unusual in a number of ways the women beat and subdue the men physically in a very masculine manner, and the ensuing debate was regarded to be a strictly male only action. Therefore we see women taking over traditionally masculine roles, another situation that could only be described as fantasy to the original audience.

The proceeding debate is interesting and poses many questions about Aristophanes political stance. Women are not mentioned actually taking into action any of the advice given by Lysistrata. She simply addresses the magistrates as you, referring to the male population and goes on to complain about some major blunder of yours - ll.500. This gives the impression that Aristophanes is in fact giving serious advice to the city of Athens using Lysistrata as a mouthpiece. He may be making a serious practical proposal of how to clean up Athens political affairs and this is why the 'fantasy' of women in positions of political power is omitted. Douglas McDowell writes

Maybe the weaving metaphor is a serious piece of criticism towards Athenian politicians, more so those who collaborate to get one another elected to office #

But on the other side of the argument is a point, which does indeed fit in with the comic style of the play. Lysistratas weaving metaphor seems to be a good model for the city's workings, but how seriously can we take this? The advice within the passage is so shrouded in metaphor that it is almost impossible for there to be any serious political advice in it whatsoever. It seems that in saying this speech, Lysistrata believes that the women will finally be seen as capable of managing Athenian finances - again, an absurd idea for the original audience.

However, to truly tap into the audiences minds, Aristophanes needed to include something that they all had in common and were familiar with. This is not only war, and it is not the dangers and horrors of war, but the real life frustrations of the Athenian people. The women in Lysistrata complain that the men are away at war for too long, and that they are being deprived of sex - this scenario is not merely fantasy, but must have been a familiar feeling to most, if not all adult Athenians. This is Lysistratas one main connection with reality besides its central subject of war, and it is in this way that Aristophanes keeps the audience inside the fantasy world of Lysistrata. It is easy to see why early Athenian women would get tired of their men leaving. Most of them were married in their teens and never knew what it was to be on their own. And if the husband was killed in warfare, a widow in ancient Athens had few good prospects.

In conclusion, the plot of Lysistrata demonstrates that the overriding mode of Aristophanic comedy is fantasy. For an audience at war, this play was the ultimate form of escapist entertainment. Albeit in Lysistrata the women are shown as revolutionaries rising up against the men, women in classical Greece were never like that. Aristophanes created the play as a comedy, showing what the world would be like in the times of the Peloponnesian war if women tried to do the impossible.

Please note that this sample paper on Lysistrata- Fantasy or Real is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lysistrata- Fantasy or Real, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Lysistrata- Fantasy or Real will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"Only the strong can cope with difference"

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Only the strong can cope with difference

Discussed by Emily Uzzell

Difference, whether it is racial, sexual, or economic is an issue with which everyone must cope, one way or another. Society as a majority constantly discriminates, and this theory, Only the strong can cope with difference, suggests that only those who are considered strong will reject this attitude of discrimination. First of all, any theory, which classifies people as either weak or strong, is problematic, as such a simplification of something as complex as the human condition is easily challenged on its own.

Consequently, the concept that solely people who are strong have the ability to fight intolerance is flawed. There are so many valid, though conflicting viewpoints on this theory it is difficult to produce a clear-cut conclusion. In reality, we are all essentially discriminatory, if not in one way, then another. So is it merely a persons strength that causes them to retaliate against this bigotry, both within themselves and in society? Though, whether they are strong or weak, is it not a persons individual circumstances and consequent values that decide how they respond to the majorities prejudice? Both these concepts are explored in three texts, Mississippi Burninga film directed by Alan Parker, To kill a Mockingbird, a novel written by Harper Lee and I Have a Dream, an address by Martin Luther King.

In the novel, To kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch, a young girl growing up in a prejudiced, 140s America said;

Atticus had used every tool available to free men to save Tom Robinson, but in the secret courts of mens hearts Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man the moment Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed.

Although her community was one of racist and ignorant people, Scout was taught by her father to be unprejudiced in her attitude to racial difference. Like most children, she was for some time oblivious to all beliefs outside of those expressed in her home environment, and the realisation above was a significant moment in her life. The communities attitude to black people was a testament to the belief that to cope with difference, people must accept faults within themselves, however difficult this proves to be. So before they are able to reject prejudice within society, people must reject prejudice within themselves.

The amount of personal strength necessary to reject this prejudice is also evident in the immense lack of rebellion against decades of racism, sexism, and almost every possible kind of discrimination in all aspects of our society. Deep down, most people are suspicious and intolerant of those who go against the grain. Mans desire for conformity is greatly responsible for its inability to feel compassion for those who look or act differently, whom they usually associate with illegal or immoral activity. It takes strength of character and a willingness to make great sacrifices in order to actively campaign against the majority.

This strength is conveyed in To Kill a Mockingbird by central character, Atticus Finch, the father of Scout Finch. The novel is centred on family and morals, but also the story of a black man accused of a crime he did not commit. Atticus believes this man is innocent, and so takes on the case, despite all warnings to the contrary. He staunchly condemns prejudice in any capacity, he is an exceptionally strong person, and this is reflected in his willingness to risk his own personal interests in the ambition to change peoples prejudice, and this book is based in an environment where prejudice is rarely even questioned as an attitude.

As well as being basically prejudiced, there has always been a human tendency to scapegoat people, to blame others for our own shortcomings, or hardships, because it is easier than accepting our own faults, and easier than actively changing ourselves. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Bob Ewell harasses and abuses Negroes as a result of his own feelings of inferiority. He uses what society sees as his only advantage, the colour of his skin, and exploits it.

The magnitude of rejecting prejudice within ourselves is ascertained in I Have a Dream an address by Martin Luther King, which introduces this idea in a slightly different context, voicing that a persecuted black man should not be tempted into prejudice against the white majority. King believed that all men were created equal, and stated The marvellous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people...Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.

This attitude, from someone who suffered greatly from the shameful condition of a racist America in the 50s and 60s, is commendable. Immense moral strength would be crucial in accepting any majority that had so cruelly exploited and mistreated your ancestors. Such strength was also central in his optimism about the future and the belief in an inevitable time of justice. Subsequently he inspired millions of persecuted African Americans into upheaval with his hopeful words; We refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt...And so weve come to cash the cheque, a cheque that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.

The majority of humanity does not control their predisposition to discrimination, and so we have created a society in which the common attitude to difference is persecution. To stand alone against a majority takes great strength of character, as well as moral beliefs solid enough to warrant great personal sacrifices. It takes strength to put morals over emotion and feel compassion for those who seem so different from you. It is easy to let yourself slip in a world full of people who think a certain way, and it is easy to be careless over such matters that do not appear to affect your own life.

The distinction between weak and strong in coping with societies differences is manifest in the Film, Mississippi Burning, by the relative courage shown by people on opposing sides of the issue of apartheid in the deep South of America. The film, based on a true story, follows two FBI agents investigating the murder of three activists, two whites, and one black. The difference in attitudes of the two agents is evident from the first scene, where the older of the two utters his first in a string of controversial attitudes, If you aint better than a nigger who are you better than? This highlights the issue of scapegoating, which is a recurring issue in this particular film, with the community at large persecuting blacks as a result of their insecurities regarding ignorance, stupidity and poverty.

The manner in which the FBI and the racist police in the South cope with difference, which is in this case racial, is obvious. But what is slightly less obvious is the essential strength or weakness demonstrated by these people. The FBI give an impression of moral fibre, diligence and tolerance, all typical characteristics of strong people, while the prejudiced people are weak when unaccompanied, buckle under pressure, ignorant and unruly. These racists are weak in every sense of the word.

Mississippi Burning has an underlying message, and this is that the stance this hideous community has on Negro people is much more violent and dangerous than first thought by those living in relatively liberal areas of America, this naive attitude being represented by character Mr. Ward, the younger FBI agent

Unlike the key emotions in the previous texts, pain and suffering are at the heart of this film. The director forces us to look at these persecuted people in their pain and grief, close up shots ensuring the audience feel their bitterness, but also their courage and their hope. This emphasizes the strength, which is a basic requirement in fighting prejudice, for to cope with difference, we must be strong enough to accept it within ourselves.

On the other hand, individuals who cope with societies differences may do so with their intentions influenced, possibly inadvertently, by their individual circumstances and subsequent values, as opposed to their strength. It may be a belief in their own, or selected minorities rights rather than universal human rights that shape their response to societies discriminating mind-set. So often those who reject attitudes of prejudice may be regarded as weak in other aspects of their beliefs.

The issue of anti discrimination in society is akin to a snakes and ladders game, where one minority will rally for equality, only to be just as bigoted on the subject of another. Ignorance may play a part, hence people stand up for minorities they happen to know about, or that appeal to them or that they can relate to. So this is actually self-interest coming before morals, a classic aspect of a weakness. The church, or any other organization may fight for the acceptance of black people into our society in the efforts to create more followers, but have strong views against homosexuals, and vice versa.

The majority of our society falls under this category. The majority of Australian society, including the government, do not agree with Hitler on the subject of the Holocaust, but where were these self-confessed tolerant people when the Afghanistan refugees came to our shores in desperate need of shelter? Hiding behind their collective ignorance, judging once again on the colour of these peoples skin. All political parties, even the government was afraid to speak up. If it takes such strength to stand up to intolerance, how can the majority of these people consider themselves tolerant, civilised and educated people? They are not tolerant. They merely happen to be born into a society which has built up such an unquestionable impression of relative acceptance it is blind to its own ignorance.

An instance of this selective tolerance in To Kill a Mockingbird was in schoolteacher Miss Gates. Miss Gates believed in equality for the Jewish community and condemned Hitler. She stated that over here we dont believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced. This was a belief that earned her Scouts respect, as in this basic human right Atticus also believed. However, Miss Gates completely contradicted this in her attitude to Negroes. She was heard to express that Negro people were getting above themselves and needed to be taught a lesson. This provoked doubt in Scouts mind, who asked, How can you hate Hitler so bad an then turn around an be ugly about folks right at home?

This issue is also dealt with in I have a dream, again in the context of Prejudice against the majority. Martin Luther Kings dream, as a persecuted black man, was not that black people should become dominant, his dream was that one day everyone will become equal, that one day The sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood It takes great strength to refute prejudice. It does not take much strength to stand up to one, or a number of prejudices. The issue of selective charity is not handled in Mississippi Burning, as it is not so much prejudice in general, but racism, and the reluctance to change, which highlights accordingly the importance of change, that is at the core of the film.

Where all the texts have a common thread is in the hope they preach. In To kill a Mockingbird, the style of the novel is such that it finishes much the same way it began, with family life. This creates an air of both change and constancy, as the children have grown older and with this they have grown wiser. In I Have a Dream, the speech ends with the hope that we will all one day sing, Free at last, and we are free at last. God Almighty we are free at last. In Mississippi Burning, where the films great strength lies, is that although the case is solved, theres no real sense of triumph, no sense that racism has been dispensed. The mood of the film as it moves to its close shifts between despair and hope. The texts have a significant message which influences them all, and that is that all these battles against prejudice take great strength, and that all these battles will have to be fought again and again and much harder than before. Strength plays an eminent part in fighting prejudice. It is easy to say only the strong can cope with difference, but like all theories this creates exceptions, like Miss Gates, or the government, or well, the majority of the world. But therein lies the real distinction and that is that only the truly strong can cope with all aspects of difference, both within themselves and within society. To overcome any superficial differences humans may boast, and feel compassion, empathy and acceptance for all is a quality only the strong may possess, but all should aspire to.

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Acceleration of Free-Falling Masses

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SPH UAcceleration of Free-Falling Corey McCormick

Masses 0/14/0

Purpose What effect does the mass of a free-falling object have on the objects acceleration?

Independent/Dependent Variables The independent variable in this lab is the free-falling objects mass, while the dependent variable is the free-falling objects acceleration.

Hypothesis If the mass of the free-falling object is doubled then the acceleration will be the same because everything falls at the same speed no matter its mass. A free-falling object can be defined as an object whose acceleration depends solely on the ¡§acceleration of gravity¡¨, which is measures at .8 m/s/s [downwards].

Materials

„h Ticker Timer

„h x - Ticker Tape (~0 cm long)

„h x - A piece of scotch tape

„h 100g mass

„h 00g mass

„h School bag

„h A table

Procedure

1. The ticker timer was plugged into an outlet on the wall.

. One of the pieces of ticker tape was inserted into the ticker timer (shinny side up).

. The 100g mass was taped to the end of the ticker tape with one of the pieces of the scotch tape.

4. The ticker timer set up was then placed near the edge of the table.

5. The school bag was placed under table (directly below the edge of the table where the ticker timer set up was placed). (The school bag was used simply to stop the mass from hitting the floor when it was dropped from the table).

6. The ticker timer was turned on and set to 60 Hz.

„³ The set up looked like this

Top view

Side View

7. The 100g mass was dropped from the edge of the table allowing the ticker timer to mark the ticker tape every 1/60th of a second showing the objects position every 1/60th of a second.

8. The ticker tape used was labeled ¡§100g mass¡¨.

. Procedure steps # through #8 were repeated using a 00g mass to replace the 100g mass.

10. Using time intervals measuring 0.017 seconds each, the displacements of the 100g and 00g masses were recorded, up to the 10th time interval (0.15s ¡V 0.170s).

Results

100g Mass

Time Interval

(s)Time Change

(s)Displacement

(m) [down]Average Velocity

(m/s) [down]

0.0 - 0.0170.0170.0010.058

0.017 ¡V 0.040.0170.000.176

0.04 ¡V 0.0510.0170.0040.5

0.051 ¡V 0.0680.0170.0070.41

0.068 ¡V 0.0850.0170.010.706

0.085 ¡V 0.100.0170.0150.88

0.10 ¡V 0.110.0170.0171.000

0.11 ¡V 0.160.0170.011.176

0.16 ¡V 0.150.0170.01.4

0.15 ¡V 0.1700.0170.041.41

00g Mass

Time Interval

(s)Time Change

(s)Displacement

(m) [down]Average Velocity

(m/s) [down]

0.0 - 0.0170.0170.0010.058

0.017 ¡V 0.040.0170.000.176

0.04 ¡V 0.0510.0170.0060.5

0.051 ¡V 0.0680.0170.0100.588

0.068 ¡V 0.0850.0170.010.765

0.085 ¡V 0.100.0170.0160.41

0.10 ¡V 0.110.0170.0181.058

0.11 ¡V 0.160.0170.01.4

0.16 ¡V 0.150.0170.011.5

0.15 ¡V 0.1700.0170.071.58

All of the x and y values on all of the graphs are shown at ¡§# x10e-¡¨ for better clarity.

Analysis (For each mass)

1. Create a position-time graph

. Create an average velocity-time graph. Draw a line of best fit

. Use the average velocity-time graph to calculate the acceleration. Show your work.

100g Mass

Line of best fits coordinates (0, 0) and (0.180, 1.600)

=y ¡Vy1

x ¡Vx1

=1.600 ¡V 0

0.180 ¡V 0

=1.600

0.180

= 8.888

=The acceleration of the free-falling 100g mass was 8.888 m/s/s.

00g Mass

Line of best fits coordinates (0, 0.050) and (0.175, 1.600)

=y ¡Vy1

x ¡Vx1

=1.600 ¡V 0.050

0.175 ¡V 0

=1.550

0.175

= 8.85714

=The acceleration of the free-falling 00g mass was 8.857 m/s/s.

4. Write a conclusion to answer your question.

The mass of a free-falling object has no effect what so ever on a free-falling objects acceleration. Merriam-Websters definition of ¡§free-falling¡¨ is ¡§The condition of unrestrained motion in a gravitational field.¡¨ In Laymens terms, this means that every free-falling object on this planet has the same acceleration due to Earths gravity, .8m/s/s [down]. .8 m/s/s [down] is also called the ¡§acceleration of gravity¡¨.

Evaluation

1. Use the information in your textbook to find the accepted value of the acceleration of a free-falling object. Calculate the percent error.

The accepted value of the acceleration of a free-falling object is .8 m/s/s [down] (The acceleration of gravity).

=100¡V Labs acceleration valuex100

Accepted acceleration value

=100 - 8.888 x 100

.8

= 100 - 0.8058 x 100

=100 - 8.058

=10.4

The percentage error of the value for the acceleration of a free-falling object that was obtained in this lab experiment was 10.4 %.

. Suggest at least three possible sources of error for this investigation.

1. Ticker Timer not Accurate

Using a ticker times is not an accurate way of measuring position or displacement.

The ticker tape tends to slide to the left and the right, while it is running through the ticker timer during the experiment, affecting the line of dots on the ticker tape (they do not form a straight line). Since the dots are crooked , it is much more difficult to measure the displacement between each one of them. Instead, some sort of automatic machine that not only counts the time intervals, but also records the displacements between the time intervals, should have been used. The calculations would have been much more exact.

.Ruler not Accurate

Using a ruler is not an accurate method of measuring displacement for this lab. In this investigation, a setting of 60Hz was used. This means that the time intervals being used were 0.017 seconds. When working with very small numbers, using the naked eye to estimate the measurements of positions and displacements using a ruler is not very accurate at all, especially in cases such as this one, where being 0.001 meters off will affect the final readings. Instead, some sort of automatic machine that not only counts the time intervals, but also records the displacements between the time intervals, should have been used. The calculations would have been much more exact.

.Line of Best Fit not Accurate

Since there are no specific equations or steps to reach an exact location, a scientist can only estimate where to place a line of best fit on a graph. When estimated variables are used in an experiment, the end results will almost never be exact, especially when working with detailed numbers, where if an estimation is off by even a very small amount, the final calculations are skewed. Instead, several instantaneous accelerations should have been calculated to help find the average acceleration rate. At least that way, exact numbers would have been used instead of estimations.

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Dell Computers, a New Future

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A coming of age for the planet continues on as the digital world develops into the norm. Children, adults and the elderly all make use of machinery originally used for government and business. The importance of the latest technology is a critical element for any user in today's society; where modern conveniences help the lives of all people. Dell Corporation has made a commitment, Dell is building its technology, its business and its communities through direct relationships with our customers, our employees and our neighbors (Dell 1). This proclamation basically displays how Dell brings a sense of value to all people and by utilizing the latest technology they transport the notion of a digital world into any setting. From educational institutions to business and back to the home world, Dell indeed focuses its efforts to creating technology for virtually everyone on earth.

The schools of tomorrow without a doubt are developing into the schools of today. Many schools equipped with computers and accesses to the internet have certainly made an impact on education itself. Yet Dell brings a little bit of the future now with the introduction of an innovative educational network that is used in Dell standards-based servers. This type of new technology referred to as an OpenManage Server Administrator allows customers to easily manage individual servers from virtually any location. The server provides an important administrative solution for managing Power Edge servers. Storage and wireless networking give students access to the software applications, projects and information on a school district's network. This notion that high school students and teachers all across the district can make use of technology can only lead to prominence. School officials indicate, since the installation of an innovative school network, students in the Beacon City New York School District have shown improved test scores, attendance and overall pride in their schools. The network is the result of an alliance between the Beacon City School District and Dell. Technology has had a tremendously positive impact on our school district, and since installing our new educational network...the kids are proud of their schools because they have the latest technology and because the technology is Dell(DiCesare 1). To cause that sort of an effect truly is reward in itself. Dell certainly receives high marks in this area; however they indeed excel at making businesses more successful as well.

Businesses can only go so far before a realization is made that any chance to cut expenses and more importantly upgrade efficiency embodies a viable solution. As the PC platform continues to evolve, many enterprises plan on phasing out the diskette drive. Ford Motor Company has recently been upgrading their systems to increase efficiency and productivity. Dell and Ford worked closely to resolve the technical challenges. Probably the most prevalent gain and use of Dell's newest technology stems from the removal and acquisition of all floppy drives from their workstations and use Dell Memory Keys instead. A memory key is just a small device with a USB output and acts as a mini storage device. With these keys the transfer of larger files are accomplished without the need for a floppy drive. Therefore this capability enables companies such as Ford Motor Company and their IT managers to transition from obsolete devices to smart devices that require modest computing experience. On a more recent note, Dell announced an agreement with T-mobile that will make for easy admission for Dell's notebook computer customers to get high-speed wireless internet for an affordable price. At such places where hotspots of the internet are located, a consumer can log on the internet from places outside the confines of their home or office. This type of technology presents an outlet for Dell with T-Mobile to revolutionize how people stay in touch and conduct business through the internet. As indicated by the General Manager of T-Mobile, Dell's promotion of T-Mobile Hotspot clearly demonstrates how quickly Wi-Fi is becoming a technology mainstay for wireless broadband connectivity in places where people already go(Sims 1). Wireless internet access is just another of Dell's contributions to the creation of a global union of all people; including the normal consumer.

Personal computers represent the most important digital product in the home. Average consumers desire a strong change to ensure they also receive the best in what the latest technologies offer. Dell claims that the company already is taking steps to give the normal everyday user what businesses and the government now enjoy, which is to simplify, enrich and most importantly lower the cost of the networked home computing experience. By driving industry standards for consumer technologies and services that are easy to deploy, this leads to the move for home end users to shop more efficiently and with less anxiety. Consumers want to connect their computer, home networks and consumer electronics under an open, standards-based manner. As with personal computing, high-performance workstations, server computing, services, storage, and the data center, standardization is inevitable. With standardization comes another certainty; customers always win through lower costs and freedom from proprietary products at unreasonable prices. Dell currently offers thousands of consumer technology products through its catalog and online, ranging from digital camera and MP players to TiVo digital video recorders and wireless access points. Dell publicized the introduction of its own line of printers, the Axim X5 handheld computer, and redesigned a wireless-ready Inspiron notebook. Dell's primary goal in its push to standardize consumer electronics will focus on the company's product development efforts, as well as direct involvement with industry groups into developing digital rights technology, media format and network connectivity standards for the digital home of the near future. Mr. Dell commented, That it would be the development and emergence of an IP-based digital home network that will allow for devices to talk to each other, share information, and make customers' lives easier (Dell ). Approximately 85 percent of all Dell's sales are to businesses and government, yet for Dell to represent the home user as a center focal point now near future definitely demonstrates their willingness to unite all people with the desire for a digital environment.

Dell Corporation justly embodies an organization whose purpose and commitment to unite all facets of computer technology to all types of users really makes them a leader. There focus on the development and use of the latest technology allows them access and control over the computer industry as a whole. With this type of clout the future of computer technology and all the advances there in seem boundless.

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DISCUSS THE CHANGING ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF MALAYSIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE IN 1957

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DISCUSS THE CHANGING ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF MALAYSIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE IN 157

INTRODUCTION

Malaysias economic success has seemed like a miracle to many observers. Malaysias economy has successfully weathered the depression of the 180s and the currency crisis of 17 and emerged stronger. Today, Malaysia is regarded as a Newly Industrialising Country and is one of the most successful developing countries. This miracle has not occurred overnight but has been the result of the hard work and sacrifices of the Malaysian government and its people.

At the time of independence in 157 the Malaysian economy was a lopsided economy heavily dependent on rubber and tin for 70% of total export earnings, 8% of government revenue and 6% of total employment. The economy has diversified to an industrialised economy. By 10, rubber and tin no longer dominated the economy and the manufacturing sector accounted for 7% of the GDP and surpassed agriculture and forestry. In 170, agriculture share of GDP accounted for % declining to 18.7 % by 10. Rubber exports, which accounted for % of commodity exports fell to 1. % in 18. Oil accounted for 1. % of gross exports in 10.

SCOPE

This paper will discuss the changing economic structure of Malaysia since independence in 157. The economic structure will be discussed with reference to the structural changes in the economy reflected in the changes in the sectoral contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is defined as follows -

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an estimate of income accruing to residents and generated within the country only. It is Gross National Product (GNP) excluding net property abroad. Although GNP is the more global statistic, GDP is used in reference to sectoral industrial analysis. GDP like GNP can be calculated at either factor cost or at market cost like GNP. It is sometimes referred to as Gross Value added.

The figures for analysing the changing economic structures have been extracted from various financial reports published by the Government of Malaysia. The figures are all with reference to the 178 prices unless mentioned otherwise.

ECONOMIC PROGRESS

The economic progress of Malaysia can be seen from the average annual growth rate of GDP in Table 1.

Year156-60161-65166-70171-75176-80181-85186-011-518000

1.1.46.10.011.66.1.-

.56.1.0.47.86.05.4-

0.55.54.11.76.76.8.-

44.55.810.48..7.88.7-

5.5.65.00.87.4-1.1.8-

Avg.4.15.05.48.08.65.6.88.7-7.55.0

Table 1 - Average Annual Growth Rate (%) of GDP at Constant Prices

The dip in the growth of the GDP in the early 80s was due to the depression being faced by the world and the negative growth was recorded in 18 due to the economic crisis of 17. However, the economy is on the path to recovery as indicated by the 5 % growth recorded in 000. Table gives the major economic indicators from 170 to date.

17018010151000

GNP/ Capita (US $)601680740554

Unemp (%)7.85.65.1.8..0

Inflation (%)1.66.7.1.5.0.0

RM/US$.08..71.5.8.8

Table ¡V Major Economic Indicators

Reasons for Economic GrowthMalaysia did not really have to fight for her independence. There was a lot of goodwill for the British when they left. Peace and Stability, which ensured the safety of the citizens and the foreign investors and security of property were the major factors that allowed the economy to grow and prosper. The synergy between the proactive policies of the government and the private sector was another reason for the economy to prosper.

The other factors that helped in the economic growth were as follows -

„The liberal foreign exchange regulations

„Malaysias tradition of relatively open and free trade.

„The fair treatment of the business community.

„Openness to Foreign Investment.

„The mixed economy model which was followed.

ECONOMIC PLANNING

The development process from independence in 157 has gone through the following major periods , namely,

„A period for growth and transformation from 157 ¡V 16.

„A period of growth and distribution from 170 ¡V 10.

„A period of growth and consolidation from 10.

The initial economic plan (156-60) was basically a development expenditure plan. This was basically concerned with building infrastructure, agricultural land development and diversification in agriculture. New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced in 170 following the racial riots of May 16, which placed far greater emphasis on equity and redistribution through growth, with the twin objectives of eradicating poverty irrespective of race, and the restructuring of society to correct the identification of race with economic functions.

The initial economic plan has been followed by the five-year plans. Malaysia is currently in its 8th Malaysia plan (001-005) which is a comprehensive and integrated macro plan with detailed sectoral analysis and socio-economic programmes. This socio-economic planning gives direction and focus to the economic development. Based on these plans, the private sector and foreign investors can carry out long term planning in congruence with the governments plans. These five-year plans are part of the overall perspective plans which cover 0-year periods. The five-year plans are revised and reviewed every 1/ years by the mid term reviews.

STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY

Economic Structure in 157

The economic structure at the time of independence in 157 was that of a highly trade oriented economy exporting mainly rubber and tin and dependent on outside sources for essential foodstuffs and manufactured products.

The primary sector accounted for 45 % of the GDP. The tertiary sector consisted of supporting activities for the primary sector accounted for about 44 % while manufacturing activities, consisting largely of the processing of estate type agricultural products in factories off the estates, made up the remaining 11 %.The Gross exports constituted nearly 47% of the GDP dominated by the rubber and tin industries. These two industries alone accounted for 85 % of the gross export earnings. The imports consisted mainly of consumer goods (66 %) while the capital goods accounted for only 8 %.

Such an economic structure was highly economically unstable being very susceptible to the price fluctuation of the primary commodities i.e. tin and rubber.

Sectoral Contribution to GDP

Table gives the sectoral contribution to the GDP from 156 to 1 The average share of Primary, Secondary and tertiary sectors in the GDP were respectively 4., 8. and 41.8 during 147 to 157. The inter-sectoral changes following the NEP during 170 ¡V 1 is quite conspicuous as can be seen from Figure 1 which shows the trend of sectoral contribution to GDP. The structure of the economy underwent major changes resulting in a better balance between agriculture, industry and services.

The growth of the nations output was led by the expansion in the manufacturing and mining sectors, mainly oil and gas fuelled by the discovery of new oil and gas fields off Sabah and Terengganu in the 170s. The manufacturing sector grew rapidly at a rate of 10. % per annum during the period of the NEP and its share in GDP rose from 1. % in 170 to 7 % in 10. The agriculture sector which traditionally provided the growth impetus to the economy, continued to languish, and its share of GDP fell from % in 170 to 18.7 % in 10.

The share of the Primary Sector in GDP fell from 46.8 % in 160 to 17 % in 1, whereas the secondary sector increased from 11.5 % to 5 % in 15. The share of the tertiary sector has increased from 41.7 % in 160 to 50.1 % in 1.

Sectoral Contribution to Exports and Imports

Exports/Imports have also been reflecting the changing structure of the economy. Agriculture products were the primary exports at the time of independence as it was an agrarian economy. In 000, the agriculture goods are estimated to only account for 6 % of the total exports and manufactures have taken the lion share of 81.8% of the exports reflecting the changed nature of the economy. The imports have also reflected the changing nature of economy. The consumption goods share in imports have been decreasing and investment goods share increasing.

Figure 4 shows the change in the export structure and Figure 5 shows the change in the import structure between 10 and 000. This change reflects the maturing of the economy.

Figure 5 ¡V Changing Import Structure

Intra Sectoral Changes

The structural change in the economy has been accompanied by substantial structural changes in the composition of output within sectors.

Primary SectorThe primary sector has undergone a structural change. It can be seen from the graph above that the contribution of mining and quarrying to the Primary sector has increased while the contribution of agriculture has steadily declined.

In agriculture, the changes in output were the direct consequence of the vigorous pursuance of the diversification efforts aimed at broadening the agricultural production base. The 160s witnessed the active cultivation of a whole new range of crops to exploit the world demand including oil palm, pepper, paddy, pineapples, coconuts and cocoa.

The mining sector also experienced substantial structural changes in output. The share of tin, bauxite and iron ore declined due to the depletion of known reserves. The discovery of crude oil ensured that the mining sector account for .7 % of the GDP in 10. This has declined thereafter due to the stagnation of oil production and increase in the services sector.

Secondary SectorThe secondary sector consisting of the manufacturing and construction sub sectors also underwent major changes. The manufacturing sector recorded the highest rate of output growth expanding at the rate of 10. % from 170 to 10 during the period of OPP1.The manufacturing sector contribution to GDP has been steadily increasing, and in 187 surpassed agriculture to account for .5 % of the GDP. In the early stages of industrialisation , this sector was dominated by industries oriented primarily towards the domestic market. Subsequently, the growth was fuelled by the export-oriented industries such as textile and electronics. This transformation occurred with the expansion of resource-based industries ¡V tobacco, wood, palm oil, footwear, rubber and plastic goods. The eighties saw the emergence of heavy industries established by the Government, including the national car, methanol, sponge, iron ore and paper. The 180s also witnessed the active development of small and medium scale industries as the government sought to promote industrial deepening and inter-industry linkages. The construction sub sector also recorded a substantial contribution to the GDP due to the construction boom in the 80s.

Tertiary SectorThe development in the services sector has been satisfactory. The sector grew at a rate of 7.6 % during the period of OPP1, the most rapid growth being in the communication, gas and water, electricity and finance and banking sub sectors. This sector has been able to provide the necessary support for the growth of the leading sectors and has grown largely in consonance with these sectors

CONCLUSION

The dependence of the Malaysian economy has shifted from primary sector to the secondary sector in the 180s and there is a further trend of shifting to the tertiary sector in the 10s. The focus of economic planning has shifted from economic diversification and modernisation towards macro economic stability. This is reflected in the changed emphasis and the goals of the NEP, NDP, the OPPs and now the Vision 00. The economic crisis of 17 led to a slow down in the economy but it led to a greater emphasis on macroeconomic stability. The emphasis on social restructuring along with the economic development has ensured that there has been no major racial tensions in Malaysia since the 16 racial riots and the atmosphere for economic development has been fostered.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

David Lim (ed.), Readings on Malaysian Economic Development, Kuala Lampur Oxford University Press, 175

Ramon V Navaratnam, Managing the Malaysia Economy, Selangor Pelanduk Publications, 17

SE Stieglar & Glyn Thomas (eds.), A Dictionary of Economics and Commerce, Suffolk,UK Pan Books Ltd, 176

Sham Sani, Environment and Development in Malaysia Changing Concern and Approaches, Kuala Lampur ISIS Malaysia, 1

Teh Hoe Yoke & Goh Kim Leng (eds.), Malaysias Economic Vision Issues and Challenges, Selangor Pelanduk Publications, 1

VV Bhanoji Rao, Malaysia Development Pattern and Policy 147 ¡V 171, Singapore Singapore University Press, 180

Various Malaysia Plans

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