Capital punishment

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Death Penalty

McVeigh, whose attack on the building was the most deadly act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history, became the first federal prisoner to be executed in the United States in 8 years. He has been convicted of murder, conspiracy and mass weapons charges for the April 1 15, blast that destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building and left 700 people wounded in addition to those killed (Gorin 1). This is one example why people are put to death row or executed. Since ancient times people have been executed either by hanging, electric chair, injection or any other way, but in past few years there has been a debate going on about should we still, in our modern times, put people to death penalty. It has been reported that many mistakes, which are now being discovered by use of DNA testing, have been made and that death -sentencing had overall reversal rates that exceeded 68% in past years (Weinstein 1). Also these have been shown that use of death penalty didn't decrease murder rates in US and neither did it lower the criminilism. There fore use of death penalty should be abolished.

The use of death penalty dates back to a long time. It is said that the first known execution goes back to 16 in the Colony of Virginia for the crime of theft. The nation started to make notes and keep records of and about death penalty in 10. Since then until 1, 445 persons were executed. 15 were white race and 7 were black and 55 of other races. The year with most executions was 15 with tremendous 1 executions (Justice Center 1). Between 10 and 167 there has been an average 10 persons executed per year. In 167 last

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Execution happened. Few years after in 17 U.S. Supreme Court decided that death penalty was a …cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eight Amendment to the US Constitution and the due process guarantees of the Fourteenth Amendment (Justice Center 1). In this example we can see that even 0 years ago people and Nations government had doubts about use of death penalty. Few years after this law were changed again. It had two types guided desecration and mandatory death penalty for specific crimes. First execution under new law was in 177. This same year 0 inmates were removed from their death penalty sentencing, because the Supreme Court decided that their crimes were not appropriate for this type of punishment. If this hasn't been done these 0 lives would be put to death for something that they should not be executed for. After something like this happens it would not be possible to go back and fix mistakes since these people are already dead. This example given represents one of big reasons why use of deathlessly should be stopped.

In 184 number of people executed increased dramatically reaching 1 and that is a fast increase considering that 18 had only 5 cases. Since than until today it has been steadily increasing. There are 1 states that do not use death penalty and those are Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin and the DC (Justice Center). People are mostly sentenced to death for the crime of murder. The states with the highest murder rates are Louisiana with 17.5 murders per 100 000 people than its Mississippi with 11.1 per 100 000, Alabama has 10.4 and so on. The fact is that even though these states sentence people to death their murder rate is the highest in the country (Jet 40). China plans to increase use of lethal injection for executing criminals. But even with this in last decade homicide rate rose by more than 50% around the world (Buvinic, Marrrison 58). Many mistakes have been made during past few years

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and sometimes the court has been sentencing people to death even though they are not guilty for that crime. If statistics are any indication, the system may well be allowing some innocent defendants to be executed, said Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her speech in summer of 001 (Weinstein 1). A death row inmate Lonnie Weeks wrote They are killing us like it's a sport (Mintz 1A).

Another important reason for discontinuing use of death penalty is that it is expensive. The millions of dollars spent on capital punishment cuts into resources for other community interests, such as schools, hospitals, public safety and jobs (NCADP 1). For example each execution in state of NY costs about $ million, which is about $118 millions each year. And this results in budget shortfalls and makes cuts in funding for education. In 11 state of New Jersey, which uses death penalty spent about $16 million on their cases of execution and the next year they laid off 500 police officers because they could not afford to pay them (NCADP 1). There were 8 executions in 1 and last one the most known to us today is the case of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City bombing. His case made some people changed the way ther used to think about the capital punishment and brought the number of those in favor up (Willing 1A-A). US as modern civilized country should not base its status and I opinion of capital punishment on one case. NCADP will try to work with church and join attorneys in challenging the constitutionality of the death row in US criminal justice system.

All of these examples show that use of death penalty, or also called capital punishment is not right and it should be abolished. Mistakes have been made in sentencing people to death row also, it does not show that it had lowered the crime rate in US and its very costly. If capital punishment is not abolished who knows how many more innocent people would be executed.

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Discuss Lawrence's treatment of relationships in two of the short stories

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Lawrence, during his writing career, had an interest in relationships, situations and ideas for which he explored to aid his story writing. Stories like Odour of Chrysanthemums was based on actual experiences, on his Aunt Polly who lived in the house described in the story and whose husband was killed in a mining accident. But, the emotions explored were drawn heavily on Lawrence imagines in retrospect on his own mother as she waits for the drunken miner, his father, to come home. The relationship between Lawrence's parents was never stable due to his fathers taste for alcohol and the aggression he inflicted upon Lawrence's mother, and she was able to tolerate this. This conflict probably occurred due to the differences of their personalities and background where Lawrence's father was an uneducated man who was an alcoholic and was unable to read and write. Lawrence's mother, in comparison, was from a more wealthy background and had an interest in reading and sometimes wrote her own poetry.

The two main characters in Odour of Chrysanthemums, Walter and Elizabeth Bates were comparable to those of Lawrence's parents, and these fictional characters represented the true characteristics of Lawrence's parents from his point of view. Elizabeth Bates and Lawrence's mother were the responsible, maternal, practical & stern housewife. On the other hand, Walter Bates and Lawrence's father were the alcoholic, selfish and aggressive working-class. This was a traditional stereotype of the early 0th century. But what was striking was the way he portrayed the two fictional characters relationships liken to the one he saw and experience between his father and mother.

Lawrence described the story, similar to the one he experienced with his parents involved, as the kitchen takes on a life of its own, with the help of the fire. But, as the master does not return the fire becomes menacing, the room was dark red. Annie (Walter and Elizabeth's daughter), with her child's innocence, finds excitement in the glowing coals. A disillusioned Elizabeth can only see that it will need making up with coal, another cause for complaint for her awaited husband. Annie's nature and love of beauty through her delight at the flowers in her mother's apron and this led to a conclusion that Elizabeth was once as receptive to beauty as this little girl. Even the scent of chrysanthemums is hateful to Elizabeth because of the connotations of misery it brings including her marriage and the drunkenness of her husband. In the menace of the room as they wait, the children playing but ever on the alert, the mother determinedly sewing, even the flannel makes a wounded sound. These are some of the moments of the story, which leads to the downfall of Walter's and Elizabeth's relationships breakdown as her patience is being driven away. Although she is angry, she is more afraid with her husbands doing, her anger was tinged with fear.

Although the relationship between Elizabeth Bates and Walter Bates was not in an admirable state but the complete opposite, Walters death made Elizabeth realise what sort of relationship they had and how bad it was, ' She had denied him what he was-she saw it now. She had refused him as himself. -And this had been her life, and his life. -She was grateful to death, which restored the truth.' 'Death' was used as a metaphor as it made Elizabeth realise how dead her relationship was. 'Death' restored the truth and made her feel she was not dead and that her husband never existed. To the mother he is the still clear and clean and white, beautiful as ever a child was made. But Elizabeth sees that she has never really known this man as she embraced the body of her husband, with cheek and lips. She seemed to be listening, inquiring, trying to get some connection. But she could not. She was driven away. He was impregnable. She realised that whilst she has been fearing, living and sleeping with this man, she has not been actually realised this man. And towards the end, with Elizabeth's realisation that she is, in fact, powerless to control her life. Life is her immediate master. She winces from death, her ultimate master.

Tickets Please was based on Lawrence's experience in England during World War I when women were left behind to work and men went on to fight and men who were left behind were unfit for active service cripples and hunchback just like Lawrence who had tuberculosis. The protagonists are Annie and John Thomas, a rather good-looking man who enjoys gallivanting. Annie wants her revenge on him as he drops her when she takes too much intelligent interests in him. Lawrence writes about what he saw when women stereotypically inferior to men, began their rise to power over their male counterparts with their newfound jobs.

The prominent male character, John Thomas, is involved with a series of women and he was 'tall and agile' and 'good-looking'. There was a considerable scandal about John Thomas in a half a dozen villages. His flirtatious behaviour is well known. He is a philanderer and enjoys moving from one woman to the next, Walks out with the newcomer. John Thomas has a nocturnal presence in the lives of women. He belongs with the ladies because when Laura Sharp said ladies only, John Thomas replies with That's me! John Thomas had all the arts of love making and he was especially good at holding a girl. This shows his seductive charms and how experienced he is. But John Thomas is still shallow and lacks commitment and hates intelligent interest which is why he left Annie and remains a nocturnal presence. He consciously works his way through the women working on the trams and leaving them distraught. There was an imperious refusal to share Annie's affections. John Thomas didn't want to become an individual to Annie. Still he shows Annie that he has moved on to his next women by his actions, Letting her see by the movement of his head that he had gone away to somebody else for the time being. The story is more based around short-term relationships caused by John Thomas as he is consciously hurting women. Annie is well built and manly. She is perfectly at ease, independent and makes a good job of working on the trams. She was assertive, forward, liberated, strong and powerful as defied convention. But on relationship front, Annie who wanted to move the relationship further with John Thomas and wanted to consider him a person but she gets turned down because of John Thomas determination to remain a nocturnal presence, Annie is staggered and she then weepy with fury, indignation, desolation and misery. And finally she felt despair towards him before feeling vicious, angry and maybe regretful as she tells the girls to shut up. But she was quite excited and happy during her time with him and feels obliged to let John Thomas draw himself closer, She could hardly for shame repulse him when he put his arm around her. She feels this because he has paid for all of her rides and she feels she can be complaisant. This sort of attitude shows how the women used to melt in his presence. Even though Annie knew John Thomas she was foolish enough to pride herself that he could not leave her. When he did leave, she was determined to have her own back. When John Thomas arrived at the waiting room Muriel says, Shut the door, boy. She is treating him like a child. Usually it would be John Thomas giving the orders, as he is the chief. This is a suggestion of the switch of power. The climax in the story is when the prominent male is faced with the situation that he has to choose one of the female characters. Tickets Please is vengeful, violent and vindictive and the women are ruthless. The women seem to behave hysterically as they start to giggle wildly and helplessly. This shows them losing their power. All of the women hoped he would look at her. They all secretly wish to be chosen. Milly accepts however Annie declines. It would be humiliating for Annie to accept as she feels she has to decline for the girls as the whole point of beating John Thomas so they could prove a point to him and to accept John Thomas would undermine it all. But when John Thomas chose Annie he was hopeful that he could get himself out of the situation and he would gain victory. Annie immediately let go off him like he was a hot coal. She felt a kind of agony in her as something was broken in her. The girls have lost control and are stupefied by their unnatural behaviour. Even after all the taunting, tormenting and goading John Thomas would undermine it all. John Thomas asserting his authority while being cornered like an animal gets him nowhere but by choosing Annie he turns the tables. Despite the sheer violence they thought would ensure victory, but they were wrong when, this lead Annie to feel very undermined.

Tickets Please was not really about relationship but the shift in power and the internal battle of the sexes due to bad treatment. But John Thomas lost no matter how superior he was it was number that beat him. Relationship was not taken seriously in John Thomas mind, which lead to heart broken women. Odour of Chrysanthemums was truly based on relationship where it never existed. A false presence which only been found when a life was taken.

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Critique

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Tony Schwartz's article Going Postal summarizes the negative effects that email has had on people's lives. No one (unless they haven't experienced email) can deny the impact that it has on lives and the time it takes to manage it. These problems are real, however everyone needs to find a balance between life and e-mail.

In his article, Schwarz concedes that email has an addictive quality and the more it is experienced and used, the more time it takes to manage it. Many people learn to multi-task and manage email while talking on phones or to others. It is hard for us not to resist the urge to feel good about the amount of emails we receive although much of it may be junk mail or jokes of bad taste. We secretly enjoy the number of emails we receive as it reaffirms our importance and we keep coming back for the reward.

Email has made our life more portable so that when we're away from the office we can still be in touch as we find it hard to resist the urge to stay away from the computer and out of contact. Email takes away the personal communication in a way according to Schwartz; it allows us to give an immediate response often with high emotions that if given time we would respond after we had time to digest the sender's thoughts. It allows a response the recipient cannot get the entire message, as the message doesn't contain our body mannerisms or tone of voice.

Schwartz touches on the many negatives of email, but doesn't give suggestions on how to manage it or other solutions to the growing problem. He almost describes the issue as an out of control toddler that keeps on growing and is unmanageable. Schwarz did visit with several people during his article who themselves have tried various ways to manage it, but with little success. Overall, no real solutions were provided.

This is a good article for someone who has had none or a little experience with email as it provides a good summary and understanding of the evils of email as well as some of the addictive qualities.

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Shakespeare and Petrarch

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Using imagery and simile, Shakespeare, Petrarch, and Billy Collins show the problematic journey each individual must endure in the complex ways of love, which pain and love coexist, through sonnets by the use of imagery, diction and alliteration.

Despite being labeled as a romantic poet, Shakespeare was a great satirist in his time, and was ironically found poking fun at the romanticists' tradition of comparing one's beloved to all things that are beautiful and divine. Despite this, his descriptions of one's fair beloved are without peer, as he describes her beautiful tresses or a particular mannerism. In sonnet 10, Shakespeare wants to convey the image that even though his mistress is not as fair as one would hope for, they seem to share some affinity or bond that no other could share with him. Though the woman's hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head is certainly not soft, he is still truly captivated by her (line 4). It is often said that the praise of his mistress is so negative that the reader is left with the impression that she is almost unlovable, though in the contrary he loves her fully despite her lack of feminine qualities. While neglecting her lack of grace for when she walks, treads on the ground, he still cherishes her imperfect, clumsy strides (line 1). He is clarifying the fact that he does not necessarily want a mistress who is the perfect epitome of a woman, a woman every male pines for; rather he wants for only what his mistress possesses despite her imperfections. Thinking of his love as rare…she belied with false compare, clarifies more for his love of the woman (line 1-14). This simply means that he cannot believe he loves a woman regardless of her flawed appearance, imperfect in some extent, but she offers something more than just good looks companionship.

As one of the great writers in the world of poems and sonnets, Petrarch seems to channel much of his energy into love poems that does not intend to persuade the subject of his love, but at the same instance, he inserts into his prose paragraphs his contempt for how men are continually hurt by women. One of the great works Petrarch has shown the world of art is sonnet LXXXVII. Petrarch's use of diction greatly projects the emotions of love and surrender with which the characters endures. Wishing upon the shot with which he hopes will go toward the destined goal and mark the spot portrays the character's determination to winning the woman he loves (line ,,4). In every plan for reforming ones life, it is especially important to keep in view that we are to guide ourselves not by idle wishes but by character and predisposition, and that we are to follow not the road which looks most attractive but the one which best suit to our needs. Neglecting the outcome of the situation he has placed upon himself, the character unknowingly situates his heart to a chance that can conceivably injure him. Setting his heart on the line, the man by grief I am made tame, what my enemies do is not to make me die, but suffer pain (line 1,1,14). It is without question the nature of the mind that when it is earnestly applied to one interest, it must neglect others like the sound of caution. Hence, it is those who cultivate expression that are often so inept for action but that men who engage in important affairs are less accomplished in expression. In this connection, I require that a man should be particularly honest in passing judgment on himself and not prone to be led astray by the delusive temptations of the eye and heart. It is in this that men and women are often prone to the damages of their hearts.

Billy Collin's poems gain recognition by obtaining a distinctive way of turning from a straightforward simplicity, en route for a complex meditation, or from an ironic twist to a lyrical euphoria. Often seen in his works, he uses humor to lure readers into deeper, more serious places. While others such as Sonnet, enclose humor directing toward the iambic pentameters worldly known for its usage in sonnets. Many writers explore and exploit the blues until there are few surprises left, whereas Collins investigates the form with wry detachment, which gives him a fresh perspective on the genre. With great examples of alliteration, Collins combines past and future readers. During the process of writing you get Elizabethan and insist the iambic bongos must be played upon the consistent argument of love and detestation (line 5-6). In the era during Queen Elizabeth I reigns, love and pain were vastly practiced in poems and sonnets. The iambic bongos known throughout the world attaining the heartfelt lines of misery cannot be forgotten where it holds much impact and effect towards the audience. With each beat of the bongos, the characters in the moment live within those rhythms, creating a bond from text to man. In every sonnet and poem where longing and heartache will find an end, where Laura will tell Petrarch to put down his pen, connection from characters to reality end, though only memory remains (line 11-1). In writings found in books, there is a source of inspiration notorious or unfamiliar, exceedingly affecting aid in the anguish or ecstasy felt by the author. In this inspiration, confessions or rejection plays a part in the complex ways of love where we walk through with intent.

There are countless people in the world also hoping to find that one who will fill the holes in their hearts, much like poems or movies heard around the world. The journey to finding that perfection is a troublesome learning experience for everyone.

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Beleifs

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Many people who believe in something or someone will go quite far for that belief. But when it comes to risking life and limb for a belief, people automatically drop that belief. For example, many people with faith will tell you that they believe in God or Buddha, or some other god but if they are asked life or faith they will almost always choose life. Also, many environmentalists stand up for the protection of animals and the environment but if they could be injured or kill while doing it they too would give it up. Anyone who believes in the death penalty would give up their belief if a loved one or if they are on death row. I believe that people should stand up for their beliefs no matter what the cost.

First off, if someone believes in death penalty, do you think they would still believe in it if they were on death row? Probably not, if you really believe in eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth then you would accept the death penalty . Most people who believe in death as a sentence wouldnt think twice about putting a killer or rapist to death, but what if it was their father, or brother? They would instantly drop their belief.

Also, environmentalists like green peace stand up for what they believe in no matter what the consequence is. The members of green peace stand in front of bulldozers, chain themselves to trees and use rubber rafts to stop oil ships. They know what they really believe in and they stand up for it.

Lastly, people who believe in God or Allah or any other god tell you that they have faith in that god. But if they are threatened and told they will be killed unless they deny their faith they would rather live than die with faith. If someone asked me right now if I believed in God and would shoot me if I did I would not deny him but glorify his name and die doing it. I would stand up for my beliefs regardless the cost.

When I believe in something strongly enough I would go to jail or be killed or injured standing up for that; and thats why I think people stand up for their beliefs no matter what may happen to them.

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Immigrants from the Dominican republic discover New York

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The Dominican Republic is a small island that is 18,816 square miles, located off the coast of Florida. The island is shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The island has a subtropical climate, mountains, rolling hills, and fertile river valleys. Between the early 80's and 0's many Dominicans come to The United States for more opportunities and a better life, but they soon learned that they would face many of the same cultural, racial and ethnic problems. It was nearly impossible for them to get a skilled job opportunity due to poor education and being discriminated against. New York City's fastest growing immigrant groups are Dominicans. In 180 the Dominican population in NYC was 15,80, in 10 it was ,71, today it is estimated that there are well over 600,000. The only problem with this through the years of their migration to America is that their capital as a whole decreases. The source of these severe economic problems according to Internet site, Latino Link, is from a lack of a proper education and skills, and their unusual young age. 6 out of every 10 Dominicans in the U.S. reside in New York City. Washington Heights, located in upper Manhattan houses the largest Dominican population nationwide. Dominicans make up 7% of NYC, but their children make up 1% of elementary age kids. On average Dominicans are much younger in comparison to American's age in NYC. The average age for a New Yorker is 6, compared to 4 for someone of Dominican Heritage. This plays a large role in the problem they face when looking for skilled jobs. Most Dominicans work full time here around the age of 16 or 17, no time for a proper education. 55% of the Dominican-American population has not graduated from high school, and only 4% have obtained some type of college degree. Dominican-Americans even have a relatively low education and skill level when compared to that of Dominicans in the Dominican Republic. Like most other ethnic immigrants Dominican adults need literacy and English language instruction while their children need better schools. As a people striving for identification here in America, Dominican-Americans have had to endure improper racial labeling, as had most people of color in American society. / of Dominicans are of Afro-European decent and the smaller 1/ of mainly African decent. The key word in both descriptions of their ethnicity refer back to Africa for its roots. But yet when having to identify with a racial group here in America, because they are a Spanish speaking people society forces them to choose Hispanic or Latin, and deny their African/Black heritage and roots. Physically Dominicans can range in color, from hues possessed by the darker featured African-Americans, to the lighter toned Mexican-Americans. With such a disparity in range of color and features, America has not only made them deal with their lack of education, skills, and economic prowess, but also with the stigma of separating and dividing them based on their difference of appearance. Only recently here in America, have Dominicans now begun to separate themselves along color lines. Dominicans of more European features and lighter skin tone have had the privilege of the white advantage because they can pass for white, whereas their darker featured Dominicans have had to suffer racial injustices typically impressed upon Latinos and African-Americans.

Regardless of all the major setbacks and obstacles Dominicans have had to face, they still have had a positive impact on American society. The easiest most recognizable contribution Dominicans have made is in the field of baseball. Many Dominicans have come to play major roles in American baseball. One such player that stands out is Sammy Sosa of the Chicago cubs, who was running neck and neck in the home run race with Mark McGwire. Also Ozzie Virgil became the first Dominican native to reach the major leagues, joining the Giants in 156. Since that time, nearly 00 Dominicans have made an impact on the major leagues. In 18, Juan Marichal became the first Dominican native to be named to the Hall of Fame. The legacy of Dominican players in the major leagues is very rich, and there are still many making history now. Red Sox pitcher Pedro Martinez, 7, signed the most lucrative contract in baseball in 18, getting $75 million over the next six years. But Dominican contributions are not only found in the sports arena. In New York City and New Jersey there are over ,000 business owners, 6,000 grocery stores, 500 supermarkets, 1,00 beauty salons, all Dominican owned. Dominicans have also began to show their political power. Guillermo Linares has become the first Dominican-born elected official in the United States. In 17 he developed the first Dominican non-profit organization, the Community Association of Progressive Dominicans. He was also elected three times to the school board, where he advocated for construction of schools. In the last five years, 10 of those schools have been built. Also New York State Assemblyman Adriano Espaillat won a narrow victory over John Muraugh last November, thus becoming the first Dominican-American to be elected as state legislator. His victory was credited with the growing political influence of naturalized Dominican citizens in the area. Dominicans are taking charge of their communities by running for public office and becoming more involved with American politics to help better Dominican life in this country.

Please note that this sample paper on Immigrants from the Dominican republic discover New York is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Immigrants from the Dominican republic discover New York, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Immigrants from the Dominican republic discover New York will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Anzac Square analysis

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Analysis of Anzac Square

In this essay I am going to apply the analytical concepts of Text and Culture to the war memorial of Anzac Square in Brisbane. In doing this I would like to depict the representative qualities of the Square itself and the various memorials within it, and the landscape of the Square and its surroundings. I will analyse what it is they symbolize and signify, and the signs and features that achieve these representations.

I would like to start by looking at the landscape of Anzac Square- not only of the Square itself but also of the immediate surrounding area. It is situated in Brisbane's Central Business District, so the circum-textual framework of Anzac Square consists of high- rise buildings and the hustle and bustle of busy city life. It s directly opposite Central Station on Ann Street, so many commuters pass by it. The significance of this is that the park is visible to many people, who while going about their busy lives should be reminded that what they are doing is made possible by the sacrifice of those soldiers commemorated at Anzac Square. It is also a small area of peace and tranquility set in the hectic framework of city life. The contrast between the peace and the surrounding hustle is a poignant sign of the sadness of the loss of life of the men and women soldiers.

The built landscape of Anzac Square materializes the memory of these soldiers. Thus we can say it is a landscape of memory, immortalizing the bravery and sacrifice of Australian troops. It is also a landscape of sorrow, because it is in effect representing the deaths of many people. The landscape offers these elements to the public, allowing them to consume the various meanings in what way they will. Thus Anzac Square operates as an important landscape of consumption, allowing visitors to consume not only the statistical information of Australian battles, but also the emotional side of it- the sorrow, the memory. If we look at the built landscape one can see that both sides of the square perfectly mirror each other. This is to signify that this a place for reflection, for deep thought on what is being represented (www.brisbanelivingheritage.com).

Let's look at some more important representations in Anzac Square, in particular how the concepts of metaphor and metonymy work amongst the memorials. Throughout the square there are numerous statues portraying scenes from battles Australians have been involved in. Each statue speaks metonymically for the similar scenes that took place in the wars. For example in the memorial for the Vietnam War there is a statue of an Australian soldier directing a chopper towards his wounded mate. This was a war fought largely by helicopter, so it is an apt metonymical representation of the whole war. The statues also speak metaphorically, because each statue represents the whole of the commemorated battle, not just the particular or similar scenes. Thus the statues are metaphors for the wars.

There are many other symbolic representations in Anzac Square. It is formally planned; so much of what is symbolized is intended by the architects or architects. The Shrine of Remembrance, perhaps the most striking features of the Square, consists of 18 columns built in a circle to represent the year of peace, 118, when World War 1 ended. In the same vein there are 1 steps leading up to the shrine on the one side, and 18 on the other- again referring to 118. In the middle of the shrine an urn, with a flame that never dies burning out the top, is situated. This urn traditionally denotes life after death, and is there to represent the gratitude of Australians to their servicemen and women (www.brisbanelivingheritage.com). The Grecian architecture of the shrine metaphorically adds to the historical implications of the Square. Its old style reminds us that the history of war extends far further into history than just the battles commemorated there. So in effect it pays homage to all wars of the past. Other representations exist the three paths that lead up to the shrine in a symmetrical, radial fashion stand for the three armed services of Australia. The palm trees represent Australian successes in the wars in the Middle East- they are also of a variety that in biblical times represented victory.

One of the more touching metonymical representations lies in the Crypt under the shrine. A rifle pushed vertically into the ground with a steel helmet placed on top of it represents the many temporary, makeshift graves of Australians that have fallen in wars around the world. Close to it is the base of the central pillar of the Shrine above. Around this base are boxes containing soil from the cemeteries around the world where Australian soldiers are buried. These metonymically represent all the buried Australians who have died for their country and never been buried at home. The somber, cathedral- like atmosphere created in the tomb adds to the sadness and reverence inspired by these memorials.

The range of representation of Anzac Square and what it means to Australians is greatly enhanced by the memorials' ability to speak denotatively as well as connotatively. The denotative signs are physically visible to us- the statues of servicemen and women; the plaques bearing the names of those lost in battle; the Shrine of Remembrance. These pay tribute to fallen soldiers, but connotatively they conjure up different feelings- those of sorrow and of loss, and also of gratitude to those who gave their lives. These connotations will be different for different people, for example older people who remember the actual battles taking place will feel a greater sense of loss than a younger person, who may feel a greater sense of gratitude to the fallen. Such connotations are what make Anzac Square special to the individual Australian. They also add to the aura of reverence surrounding the Park. The fact that we are remembering the dead will usually connotate feelings of quiet reverence and thought amongst viewers. This adds to the peaceful and tranquil atmosphere of the Square.

On a similar vein to the above point is the concept of 'preferred' and 'negotiated' readings. Many of the separate memorials in Anzac Square have distinct preferred readings- the woman tending to the wounded soldier in the World War memorial has a distinct message that illustrates the bravery and usefulness of women in the war. This is enunciated by the insignia of women's services around its base. The preferred reading is one of admiration and respect for the part women have played in Australian battles. A negotiated reading will arise from someone's personal interests or beliefs on the matter- for instance if someone does not agree to the concept of women going to war then they will disagree with the scene that is depicted. Thus for different people different readings can be garnered from the memorials.

Preferred readings can be very important in monuments like this in helping to contribute to the Australian ideology on their involvement in wars around the globe. Many Australians were probably not even aware of their country's involvement in some of the battles shown, for instance the Boer War, but the memorials create a national identity for them to relate to. They see images of suffering, images of heroism, and constant reminders of sacrifice. The fact that these are Australians being shown gives the nation something they can relate to together- it is an identity they can all associate with.

Strong ideological values underlie this identity. A lot of these have to do with Gallipoli. Australians have a deep sense of pride in their brave soldiers who united and fought the Turks there in the First World War, and Anzac Square is a symbol to that pride. On a local scale it is a centre of pride for Queensland- as many of the monuments are to Queensland soldiers. Perhaps a negotiated reading we can get from this pride is a sense of trust in our armed forces of today. We can see that they have achieved great and brave things in the past, so they will be able to do it again in the future.

So to return to landscapes, we can say that a landscape of identity is created in Anzac Square. This is heightened when we consider the locality of the artists and materials that contributed to it. The steps leading up to the Shrine of Remembrance compose of Queensland granite, and the shrine is made of Helidon sandstone from Queensland. The Shrine itself was built by the Queensland Patriotic Front. The Queensland Women's War Memorial was designed by a Brisbane sculptor, Daphne Mayo. Examples like these show why Anzac Square is so important to Australian identity.

Perhaps the most stirring piece of text in the whole Square is this message from the Queensland Cameron Highlanders in the Crypt 'When you go home tell them of us and say, for your tomorrow we gave our today.' In effect these few words sum up the whole representative meaning of Anzac Square- it commemorates those Australians who were willing to pay the ultimate price to ensure following generations could prosper and enjoy peace and happiness. It also ensures we won't forget- it allows Queensland and Australia to continue forging their identity on the heroics and bravery of these men and women.

References.

•www.brisbanelivingheritage.com

•www.anzacday.org.au

•Don Mitchell, 000, Cultural Geography A Critical Introduction, Blackwell Publishers Ltd., Oxford

•Chris Healy, 17, From the Ruins of Colonialism History as Social Memory, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne

•Fiona Jean Nicholl, 001, From Diggers to Drag Queens Configuration of Australian National Identity, Pluto Press, Annandale NSW

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Life

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Blair warned against using Mandelson

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Transport and General Workers general secretary Sir Bill Morris said that would be a recipe for chaos.

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Soldiers bodies are returned home

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Grieving family members were joined at the sombre repatriation ceremony by Armed Forces minister Adam Ingram and the Duchess of Gloucester.

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A British Army officer has been cleared by the Ministry of Defence of mistreating prisoners of war in Iraq.

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Muwaffak al-Rubai said that his efforts had proved very successful.

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Humans as Machines in Hobbes

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Humans as Machines

Thomas Hobbes (1588-167) theorized that all men act as machines, as if they were programmed to be mentally limited and inherently selfish. It is these traits that force men, in the absence of fear, to remain in a constant state of war. Hobbes' argument is centered on the assumption that we are not creatures of logic nor reason, but programmed to be creatures of emotion, motivated by pride and vanity. He begins his argument by mechanistically describing the human body's physical characteristics, which he uses as a precursor to describe the mechanistic nature of the human mind.

The Leviathan begins with a number of sordid, mechanical explanations for human traits. One such explanation is the cause of vision, that the thing seen, sendeth forth on every side a visible… show. (Hobbes I, 5) He continues to describe imagination and memory in the same fashion to clearly establish that humans have mechanistic tendencies. This sets up the argument that men have limited capabilities, which in turn, will aid in proving that men are incapable of remaining in a state of nature.

To further the argument that men will remain in a state of war in the absence of fear, Hobbes must first demonstrate that humans are not special, that they have limits to their thoughts and restrictions to their mental capabilities. The human train of thought, as articulated by Hobbes, is an example of our limited capabilities. This train of thoughts, or mental discourse… is unguided, without design, and inconstant; wherein there is itself, as the end and scope of some desire, or other passion in which case the thoughts are said to wander, and seem impertinent one to another, as in a dream. (Hobbes III, ) This mechanistic approach to analyzing our thoughts is one made with the intention to question the validity of our thoughts, along with our notions on the passions we believe to be important. If our thoughts are unguided, then how can we possibly use deduction reasoning? We would not be able to think things out to conclusion, for our minds would be in an unguided, dreamlike state. Hobbes continues his argument by discussing the limited capabilities of the mind. Besides sense, and thoughts, and the train of thoughts, the mind of man has no other motion; though by the help of speech, and method, the same faculties may be improved to such a height as to distinguish men from all other living creatures. (Hobbes III, 1) It seems here that Hobbes is sarcastically stating that speech is the only thing that separates us from the animals. Interestingly enough, Hobbes does not incorporate emotions and passions in the list of motions the mind is assigned. I believe this was specifically designed to maintain the image that humans are mechanistic in nature. A machine, in theory, uses deductive reasoning (basing new ideas on known truths) to arrive at its conclusion. So then, does reason in the human mind according to Hobbes mechanistic theory of humans. However, this seems to contradict his idea of wandering, unguided thoughts. This seems to be one of the more evident flaws in his argument. The use and end of reason, is not the finding of the sum, and truth of one, or a few consequences…but to begin at these… For there can be no certainty of the last conclusion, without a certainty of all those affirmations and negations, on which it was grounded, and inferred. (Hobbes V, 5) This quote does a lot to piece Hobbes' argument together; in that, if one of the only motions of the mind is reason, and reason is simply a deductive process common to a machine, then the human mind resembles that of a machine. With this, Hobbes concludes that men have a mechanistic nature, and like a machine, limited capabilities.

Religion, in itself, is followed more passionately and fervently than any other allegiance that humans may have to any institution. It is, therefore, a precarious subject for Hobbes to divulge in on the grounds that humans act mechanistically, for he is attempting to prove that religion may be a component of human nature that leads us to war. Avoiding the touchy subject of Christian dogma, Hobbes tactfully opens his argument by suggesting that the leaders of religion, not religion itself, interfere with civil obedience. If this superstitious fear of spirits were taken away, and with it… false prophecies… by which, crafty ambitious persons abuse the simple people, men would be much more fitted than they are for civil obedience. (Hobbes II, 8) Hobbes' approach is not so much accusing religion of causing discourse, (although he does hint at its fallibility) but he his pointing out that it is the self-proclaimed leaders of religious sects that are causing the institution of religion to lead men to war. With this, Hobbes introduces the idea that people are intrinsically feeding on the fears of others in order to obtain as much power as possible. This inherent selfishness in all men, instills in them a purpose to make those men that [rely] on them, the more apt to obedience, laws, peace, charity, and civil society. (Hobbes XII, 1) Most forms of religion, then, is just an institution seized by men to rule over others. It is in our nature to obtain as much power as possible, so Hobbes' is simply suggesting that men use religion as a means of obtaining more power. So easy are men to be drawn to believe any thing, from such men as have gotten credit with them; and can with gentleness… take hold of their fear and ignorance. (Hobbes XII, 1) It is in our mechanistic nature to be mentally limited and inherently selfish, which will lead to a state of war if left unchecked. The institution of religion illustrates both of these traits. It exemplifies an unseen battle between people who are both drawn to believe any thing and those that take hold of their [other people's] fear and ignorance. As evidenced by the history of the era, the people fervently close with religion were forced into a constant state of war, 100 years of it!

As the case of religion demonstrated, Hobbes believed men to be inherently selfish by nature. And the nature of humans is based on mechanics, so one would conclude that everyone has a mechanical drive to be self-interested. He states that all men believe that things should be determined, by no other men's reason but their own … (Hobbes V, ) Furthermore, the constitution of a man's body is in continual mutation. (Hobbes VI, 6) I interpret these two statements to suggest that democratic principles will never be effective, for the public does not care about others, and has a continuously changing mind. Hobbes chooses to use the term 'constitution' to describe human behavior to keep with the theme of a mechanistic human nature. Not only are men self-interested, but Hobbes believes men are so self-absorbed, that they have no pleasure… in keeping company, where there is no power able to over-awe them all. (Hobbes XIII, 5) If true, this fierce competition between humans struggling for power would lead directly to an all-out war. Fortunately for us, Hobbes also believes these immoral traits can be kept in check.

The only way to keep these dangerous traits in check is with fear. If it were not for the human desire to live, or moreover live comfortably, we would undoubtedly be seeking to obtain power from others without any thought of consequence. One fear is preyed upon by the teachings of religious rulers. They teach, as Hobbes put it, that invisible powers declare to men the things which shall hereafter come to pass, especially concerning their good or evil fortune in general… (Hobbes XII, 10) It seems that the doctrine of religion has been somewhat commandeered by power-hungry men in order to control men and their wants. If religion did not advocate good deeds as a means of getting into heaven, men would not have morals and ethics, for there would not be any real consequence for acting unjustly. Another fear we all share is the fear of other men becoming too powerful in one way or another. Some may fear a monarch becoming a tyrant, whereas become simply jealous of powerful men. There is no assurance, no matter how unselfish one may live, that another man may not steal one's power, rights, and liberties. The last passion that inclines men to peace…[is] the fear of death… (Hobbes XIV, 14) Ultimately, the fear of death will prevent any creature from engaging in a state of war. In the absence of fear, men have no obstacles to prevent them from arriving at a state of war. However when the possibility of death, coupled with the possibility of losing one's freedom is introduced, men will repress their inner desires in order to avoid a state of war.

Throughout the Leviathan, Hobbes uses a structured argument to show how human nature, if left unchecked, will ultimately result to a state of war by attempting to prove that humans are mechanistic in nature. He begins by comparing physical and emotional aspects of the human body and mind to that of a machine. He furthers his argument by establishing that humans, like machines, are limited in capability. Humans are bound by the rules of nature, much like machines are bound to their programmed task. Hobbes illustrates his point by showing the inherent selfishness and overall hypocrisy of the leaders of religious sects, as well as the willingness of those that follow them to do anything and everything to please their leader. The argument that human nature is mechanistic leads to the conclusion that men will always arrive in a state of war unless there is a common power to keep them all in awe. (Hobbes XIII, 8)

Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathon

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