North American Squirrels

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Squirrels are one of the most easily recognizable animals and widely distributed animals in North America. They are popular for their liveliness and natural curiosity. It is hard to imagine that squirrels were running around North America between 54 and 7 million years ago. Squirrels are characterized by any of a group of small to medium-sized gnawing mammals with a long cylindrical body, a furry tail, and powerful jaws. The word squirrel comes from the Greek, and means shadow tail.

Squirrels have many similarities between species and just as many differences. Similarities include the sharp incisor teeth and powerful jaw muscles. They are well suited for gnawing through hard-shelled nuts and thick pine cones. Their sharp claws and flexible bodies help them grasp branches and leap from tree to tree. Their tails act as a balancer when leaping and climbing. It also serves as a blanket and as a signaling device when waved vigorously from a high perch.

Some of the squirrels differences between species will be evident when broken down into categories of squirrels in North America. Member of the squirrel family in North America can be divided into three groups; ground squirrels, tree squirrels, and flying squirrels.

Ground squirrels are compact, short-tailed, burrowing rodents that are especially abundant in open country, such as grasslands and tundra. Ground squirrel include chipmunks, thirteen-lined ground squirrels and prairie dogs. Chipmunks, which range from length from ½ to 6 ½ inches are ground-dwelling squirrels. Chipmunks that are the smallest are also among the most active. They spend most of their lives at or below the surface, although they will also climb trees. Their extensive burrows are up to 1 feet long and may include many rooms and several concealed entrances. The pantry hold up to a half a bushel of nuts and other food, all carried there in the chipmunks outsized cheek pouches. Eastern chipmunks partially hibernate in winter. They wake frequently and feed. Females give birth to between two to eight young. Like all other members of the squirrel family, chipmunks are naked, blind, and helpless at birth.

The thirteen-lined ground squirrel is also know as the federation squirrel because of his unusual markings. He has many stripes on his sides and back. Some are broken into small dots. It gives the illusion of stars and stripes. They are active throughout the day and they retreat to their burrows at night and on overcast days.

Prairie dogs are much larger than the other ground squirrels. They are not a dog at all. They are a stocky rodent that takes its names from its bark. The bark is used as an alarm that signals all others return to their burrows. A prairie dog burrow is an elaborate network of tunnels at the base of shaft. It can be more than a dozen feet below the surface. They are a very social animal and known for their colonies. What is so amazing about this is that the colonies can cover many square miles and contain millions of inhabitants. Members of this social animal, groom each other, and communicate through a variety of gestures and sounds.

The more common squirrels in this area are tree squirrels. They include the eastern gray, and the red squirrel. These squirrels are all larger than the chipmunks. The gray squirrel which is the most prevalent in Florida, have nests high in the branches of trees. Their litters are smaller than the chipmunk, with an average of three babies. Males play no role in raising the young. Gray squirrels do not hibernate, and stay active year round. They rely on buried food and stolen birdseed for winter sustenance.

A smaller tree squirrel, the red squirrel is known for its harsh call when announcing an intruder. These noisy rodents spend much of their time cutting cones from pines, spruces, and other trees. The seeds in the cones will serve a food during the next winter. Red squirrel are able to eat certain mushrooms that are deadly to man. Their diversified diet include buds, sap, and even bird eggs and nestlings. These squirrels, in turn are an important food source for birds of prey.

The only nocturnal squirrel in North America is the flying squirrel. These tree-climbers have folds of skin between their front and back legs which enable them to glide long distances. They do not fly at all, but can glide 0 to 0 feet. To become airborne, this mammal leaps and spreads its legs; to control the glide, it moves its legs and uses its tail as a rudder. Being nocturnal, these tiny squirrels are seldom seen.

Many species of squirrels may become used to people and seem quite tame. A few species of squirrels may damage food crops, trees, and pastures, or invade houses or storage areas. Some occasionally carry plague and other diseases that can spread to human beings. Most people, however, enjoy watching squirrels and their antics. They enjoy squirrels as neighbors and want to protect them. Nevertheless, the major threat to the squirrel species worldwide is the destruction of their forest and grassland homes by human beings.

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