Teacher Shortage

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I. Intro Are teaches getting compensated enough for molding the minds of our future leaders? How would you feel if the teacher is teaching your younger loved ones frustrated on how underpaid he/she is? I would think the teacher would not be an effective source of positive influence for them. Therefore, it is important to have teacher with clear minds that don't have to worry about their financial situation to teach them.. Children are the most important resources we have, they have to be protected and guided through their early years. Besides pay, teachers need involvement on all levels for there to be effective education. Keep in mind, education is the top priority for children. Teachers do not get paid enough for the hours and commitment they make for their profession, which is causing teacher shortage. Therefore, today I propose that teacher definitely need to have their salaries increased.

III. Problem Teacher Shortage Sometimes the simplest solution to a problem is the most effective. Finding enough high quality teacher to fill classrooms is a case in this point. The nation is desperate demand for teachers is increasing everyday! Because teachers have underpaid salaries it is creating a shortage in the education field. This makes the student to teacher ration very high, which means students today are not getting the attention they deserve. According to the online website www.rnt.org it states that, According to US Department of Education, by 006, America will educate almost three million children than today, that's more than 54 million young people. What is our nation going to do when all these young people enroll in schools and these schools won't have enough teachers? Also the online website www.rnt.com, it also states The urban teacher challenge report released in January 000, examined the nation's major or urban school districts and found almost 100% have an urgent need for teachers, in at least one high need subject areas just as special ed, science, and math. Also about 60% of these urban district allow non -certified teachers to teach under an emergency license and the same percent allow for hiring substitutes. In all, that's 8% of districts allow non-credited teacher in the class room. Do we really want our children attending schools with teachers that are not educated to teach? School districts hiring un-certified teachers, which most of them has not have the professional training. Who knows how they're going to acknowledge our young people since they have not hat the proper training in education to do so. While our young people are at school, we have an automatic mind set that they are in a safe environment, and that young people usually think of their teacher a good role models. It is in our minds that teachers must have positive attitudes. But are we sure of that? Because like I said earlier 8% of most districts are starting to allow non-credential teachers, which means they have no t had the proper training and knowledge to do so.

Another problem that is happening in this education world is that, teachers are getting unhappy with their jobs after so many years. How can unhappy teachers enthuse young people? Its obvious that if teachers are happy then usually the students will be calmer and confident in themselves. What this translate to is if children are doing well in school, they are most likely to have a happier home. Bottom line is that our children or children of the future do not deserve to was their time in class rooms occupied by bad teacher who hate their jobs. It should be somebody's job to look out for these people and to help them get on track.

Teachers these days are also moving to different states for higher salaries, or even changing their professions. According to the National Center for Policy Analysis it states, Almost one third of the 0 years and more than 6 of every 100 teachers are leaving the profession each year. Most are retiring, but one in every five is simply deciding to quit.

While researching on my topic, I found some disturbing news in the Washington News Article, dated September 15, 18 by Chad Dock that in New York City, new math and science teachers are coming from Austria and bilingual teachers are coming from Spain. Also Texas and California are making teachers out of ex-aerospace engineers and volunteer parent. Kentucky is allowing five district to have high school diplomas as a last resort. Again, our children are being taught by non certified teacher that has not have the proper training. Seeing that we have to get teachers from different countries, I feel is so not right, because they aren't used to the American society, and American culture. They may have different reaction to students in how whey teach in their countries versus ours.

III. Solution With all these major issues in the education field with teacher shortage. It is important and I encourage we should not over look this issue. I propose higher pay for all teachers. We need to find a way to motivate, recruit and retain teachers in such a positive way that teachers want to stay in the profession and people would WANT TO BECOME A TEACHER! In a news articles, Globe News in July 5, 17, Yarbrough says, People may not realize teaching is a profession, but it is, noting that teachers are molding children. That what they really doing is setting them up and getting them ready for the world. And yet the teachers to whom we entrust our children and our future are not given professional respect, recognition and compensation! We must provide young men and women with compensation on a professional level, as it is teaching in schools in most states pay less than any other occupation requiring a bachelors or masters degree. We should wonder why is that? Does that sound fair? According to New York Times in 001, Vartan Gegorian says We are told that ours is the era of the knowledge economy, that our nation needs we educated knowledge workers and that our schools need to be transformed. But we can not achieve these goal without a stronger more professionalized teaching corps, and we as a nation have not begun to make the longer term investment that would bring that about . There is a way how each of you can help teacher, or whomever is going to become one. One way is that you can contact your legislature and let them know that we need more resources for education and higher pay for our teachers. Not only do you have a right to participate in the process of setting spending priority in education, you have the duty to do so. Nothing is effective as your own personal message!

dAnother solution that will encourage teacher to stay with their profession is to motivate them. All teachers yearn for reassurance that they are doing a good job. According to an online website, www.educationworld.com it states, Most principles recognize teachers efforts by offering positive feed back, both publicly, and privately. Weekly memos, or emails, and regular staff meetings are perfect forum for recognizing special contributions that teachers or other staff members make…. I believe we need to make sure all schools are doing so with all teachers, we all no motivation is the key to keep them focused and feeling worthy. I think we all like a little reassurance in our everyday lives, whether it's from our family, friends, jobs, etc….That's why we should make sure that teachers get a boos in motivation from their administrators. Administrators should recognize more for their outstanding efforts in every teacher.

A few examples for motivations are

Plan a noon hour lunch for all staffs

Contact restaurants, sports franchises, movie, etc… for gift certificates

Encourage teachers to seek development workshops

Organize trips

We get the point here right. We as a community can help by writing letters, or talking to administrators in schools, tell them about your opinions and suggestions. It convinces them that they LOVE being a teacher.

Teachers compensation is significant deterrent to recruitment and retain. Teachers are still paid so much less than professionals, that require comparable education and skills. Teachers are not valued and respected to the extent of their actual contributions to society. there is a national program out there called Recruiting New Teachers, according to online website www.ascd.org, it is a program that raises esteem for teaching and improve the nation policies and practice for teacher recruitment and development. Yet, I still strongly consider since the shortage of teacher is becoming a extremely critically issue our community need to get together and develop more organization to help students want to pursue there career in education.

IV. In summary, we need to keep in mind teaching is the profession that shapes Americas' future, no profession offers greater opportunity to have impact on young people and on American's future. America will need to hire as many as million teacher over the next decade. Therefore with shortage of teachers, due to low compensation, we need to speak up and help out for these individual. You and I are being affected by it in some way or some how. Teachers don't get paid enough for the commitment they make for their profession. These college educated professionals that lack the pay they deserve. The children deserve the best paying highly qualified teachers available. I have started to send email toward various political figures about this issue. If everyone who believes the same the way I do about this situation, and contacted there legislature, I think we all will get a faster response. Like the great poet William Butler said, Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire.

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Childcare and Welfare Reform

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Childcare and Welfare Reform

During the past 150 years the family economy was revolutionized twice

(Hernandez 145) affecting children under the age of six whose parent or parents work. The first childcare revolution began more than 100 years ago, and affected children over five, as parents spent most of the day at jobs. Today, as global economic situations become an increasing concern, with instability of work, the increasing divorce rate, and out -of-wedlock childbearing households begin to experience change, corresponding revolutions in childcare have also occurred. For example in 15, 60% of children from birth to five years of age who had not yet enrolled in school1 million childrenparticipated in a non parental childcare or early education program. Childcare is no longer an experience for a few children; it is rapidly becoming the norm.

In response to President Clinton's passage of the 16 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, (PRWORA) also known as Welfare Reform, the United States is in the midst of a second childcare revolution, as children age six and over ,and then younger children, began spending more time either at school or being cared for by someone other then their parents. This Welfare reform bill has pushed a substantial new group of low income families into the work force and childcare market(Coley, Landale, and Li-Grining 1). For these households, headed typically by single women of young children, participation in the labor market is strongly linked to the need for childcare The childcare demand is escalating precipitously in response to the welfare reform mandate, more parents are left with no other resort than to place their children into childcare program, and has increased the amount of attention to the central role that childcare has in mandated time limits and employment for most on welfare. Childcare is often regarded essential for full time work and career development of single mothers, but sometimes the cost of childcare can be a barrier for entering the labor market, from this prospective one can see childcare as valuable or essential to society. Research has shown high availability and dependable child care to be a central issue for all families, perhaps especially for those with limited financial resources( Coley, Landale, and Li-Grining 1). This paper's aim is to provide a comprehensive look at various childcare options available to Pennsylvania's parents under the guidelines and regulations of the Department of public welfare.

For parents finding care that is accessible, dependable, and in agreement with their child rearing values and goals can be an integral part of managing the competing demands of employment and parenthood. There is no such thing as the perfect childcare setting, but in the quest to create the ideal place for children of working parents on welfare, borrowing the best elements from existing models might be a good place to start.

The follow brief descriptions from Pennsylvania's of children, youth and families web site are various childcare options and the basic responsibilities that providers must fulfill to be registered or licensed by department public welfare to provide such care.

Child Day Care Centers These facilities can serve an unlimited number of (but at least seven) children 15 years of age or younger. Child day care centers are subject to licensing and inspection by department of public welfare on an annual basis. Those centers that have met the minimal standards outlined by department of public welfare, including staff-to-child ratios, receive a certificate of compliance. Group Child Day Care Homes This type of care may be provided in a home or other setting to 7-15 children when the children are older school age (children from the 4th grade up to age 15), or 7-1 children of any other age level. Group child day care homes are subject to full licensure by department of public welfare. Renewal of a home's certificate of compliance is subject to an annual licensing inspection. Family Child Day Care Homes This type of childcare is provided to 4-6 children 15 years of age or younger who are unrelated to the operator of the program. Family childcare operators are obligated to pursue a certificate of registration. Once registration has been granted, family child day care operators must comply with minimal health and safety standards. They also must submit to criminal and child abuse background checks (although other residents of the home where the childcare is provided are not required undergoing such checks). Family child day care providers are required to submit to a renewal of their registration every two years. Department of public welfare does not have regulatory oversight responsibility for Unregulated Relative/Neighbor Care This type of care is common in Pennsylvania's subsidized childcare system, which serves low-income working families and families transitioning from welfare to work. In this setting, which is not regulated by, department of public welfare three or fewer children receive childcare from a provider unrelated to them, or an unlimited number of children receive care from a relative. The children's parents receive a financial subsidy from the Commonwealth to help pay for this care. Until 1, criminal and child abuse background checks were required within certain unregulated yet subsidized settings, but new department of public welfare regulations have removed all requirements to check the criminal or child abuse history of individuals paid to provide care to this population of children.(source)

As the United States continues to move toward an era in which a large number of young children will receive non-parental care, the need increases for quality and affordable childcare in a variety of settings. While mothers prefer the flexibility of unregulated home childcare environments, childcare centers best meet the developmental needs of their preschool children. More than half of the children in the study were cared for in private home settings, where care is often provided by a relative. Mothers say they like the accessibility of in-home care, where providers are more likely to accommodate the mothers work schedule. in addition, with an average provider-to-child ratio of one-to-one, mothers relying on unregulated childcare in homes feel they have open lines of communication with the people caring for their children.

Research conducted in Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio through Welfare, Children & Families A Three-City Study. Child Care in the Era of Welfare Reform Quality, Choices, and Preferences examines the consequences of welfare reform for the well-being of children and families.

Convenience may harm children in the long run, Only 1 percent of the unregulated homes in the study received acceptable ratings for developmental quality, based on child development research standards. The remaining 88 percent received minimal or inadequate developmental quality ratings.(source) In sharp contrast, 78 percent of the licensed child care centers in the study earned acceptable marks according to the same set of standards.(source5)

Based on those rankings and on other observational data, the study suggests, that formal child care centers provide the most developmentally supportive settings for children as well as the highest levels of safety and the greatest feelings of warmth.

The best child care options for low-income working mothers would combine the advantages of child care centers, such as early learning of language and of math concepts, with the flexibility and the greater trust that mothers find in unregulated care,. The best care would be stimulating to children, accessible, and satisfying to mothers.

Just as child care is becoming the norm for children, struggling to secure a child care arrangement is becoming the norm for parents. Parents face an almost bewildering array of choices friends and relatives, child care programs operated either publicly or privately, as either independent businesses or as part of a chain, either regulated by state agencies or not, and staffed by individuals with widely varying training and experience. Parents must weigh considerations of quality and convenience, of availability and affordability as they choose care, all the while worrying about whether they have made the right decision.

In 15, for example, 60% of children from birth to five years of age who had not yet enrolled in school1 million childrenparticipated in a nonparental child care or early education program. Child care is no longer an experience for a few children; it is rapidly becoming the norm

In the interviews, parents expressed the view that child care centers provide educational advantages over homebased care. At the same time, they believed that homebased care is more likely to meet their children's emotional needs, to provide an environment consistent with their own values, and to accommodate their often unconventional, unpredictable work schedules. As would be expected, parents' views depended on the age of the child in need of care. Parents of children aged to 5 many of whom reported having difficulties with home-based child care providers because they changed their hours or monthly fees without warning or did not provide sufficiently high-quality care saw center-based care as preferable. Parents of infants, in contrast, were uncomfortable with center-based care.

For all children in care, the overall quality of their programs is minimal on some measures and adequate on others, but shows signs of decline over the past few decades.

In sum, recent studies and national surveys indicate that children are more and more being cared for by someone other than their parents

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Teen Rehabilitation vs. Juvenile Justice

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Teen Rehabilitation vs. Juvenile Justice

The use of drugs by teenagers has led to a rapidly growing number of teenagers who are seriously addicted to anything from alcohol to heroin. As a consequence of their constant interaction with drugs, these teens eventually get caught using. When this happens, they are put into the juvenile penitentiary system. With each offense, more and more time is spent in county facilitated juvenile detention centers, otherwise known as correctional facilities or juvenile halls. The current approach to solving the drug abuse problem is punishing the user rather then fixing the problem. My personal experience has led me believe that drug addiction cannot be solved with punishment. I do believe, however, that there are programs that can help.

America has recognized that drug use is a serious problem, and in response our country has waged a war on drugs. The crack cocaine boom in the mid eighties resulted in a sharp increase in the number of teens involved with drugs. So, America began to crack down on teen drug users. Every year millions of dollars are spent in California alone to increase the efficiency of the juvenile justice system. With stricter punishments for repeated offenses, juvenile police officers at schools, and the constant building of bigger detention facilities, the war is taking place in the teen world just as much as in adult life.

However, with all the money and energy being put into punishing drug users, the results are not matching the efforts. In 00, the percentage rate of teens who repeated offenses after being released from juvenile detention centers was 50-70% (Alternative Ways of Dealing with Juvenile Crime, par. ). Some people believe that this means we should be building bigger detention centers and increasing punishment for repeat offenders. But, can punishment cure drug addiction?

Once casual use turns into constant abuse, quitting is not easy. Even after the youth decides that they no longer want to use, quitting may not be possible without help. Some cannot stop, because quitting some drugs, like alcohol can kill you. Heroin withdrawals are so painful many cannot get through the first day. For others, quitting drugs is socially not acceptable, especially when gangs are involved. Every day teens overdose, get in car accidents, or die simply because their bodies are too run down from drug use. Addiction is a powerful disease and the effects on teens are severe.

I can only speak from personal experience when looking at how drug addiction is effected by punishment. From what I have seen, time in juvenile halls, or even in juvenile prisons, does not have very much of an impact on drug addiction. Most of my friends over the last five years have been serious drug addicts. Nearly all of these friends have spent time in juvenile hall. I have seen friend after friend go in just to come back out and return to the same drugs, the same parties, the same life. Some cannot make it through probation, and end up in prison. Those who can fake success until they get off probation are even worse off. Many of the girls I used to party with are pregnant or have kids. My whole group rarely goes a month without getting together. The thing is, it is not to party anymore. It is to go to funerals. There are a few of us who are free, alive, childless, and still use. I am most afraid for them, because every time I see them I fear that they will be next.

I myself am a serious drug addict. I have been addicted to everything except shooting heroin. I got arrested for the first time when I was 16. I was in and out of juvenile hall for months from then on. After the fourth time, I started to realize that I was really out of control and I needed help. Every time I went in I would swear that it was the last time and when I got out I would never use again, but every time I broke that promise to myself. Realizing that I had a problem made me use with a frenzy that started to slowly drive me insane. I lost my job, dropped out of school, and never went home. I acted out in such crazy ways that my friends began to wonder if I was bipolar or schizophrenic. I began to suffer from malnutrition and my teeth became loose. The punishment system was not helping me.

The last time I got arrested I was not released in the first few days. I went through painful withdrawals. I had suggested to my probation officer before that I might need to be placed in a rehabilitation program, and she had always responded that the county did not have the resources to send me. When I began to black out from withdrawals she wrote to the county and demanded that they place me into a rehabilitation program that could properly take care of me. They consented and I was shipped 00 mile away from home to an in-placement rehabilitation facility.

The program I went into probably saved my life, and I hated every minute I was there. After three months of my eighteen month sentence, I ran away. But three months of rigorous treatment had already taken effect. Drugs were too emotionally and physically draining after months of sobriety. My mind had been cleared long enough for me to remember what I wanted to do with my life. I spent a week trying to drown out the memory of the program with more drugs. It didn't work. So I sobered up and went in search of more help. Since I had been gone from home, California had set up a program that provided me with counseling three times a week and group counseling sessions with other kids in my position. I began attending Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous (AA/NA) meetings and got what they call a sponsor, which is someone to help you achieve sobriety and clarity. It was not easy. But with the help of all these programs simultaneously I would not be where I am today.

I am not the only one who has found help through one program or another. My NA groups are full of recovered addicts from all walks of life. In my teen groups, ten of us talk about what it is like for us to try to stay sober. We all slip up once in while, but for the most part we stay clean. Everyday, across the country, rehabilitation facilities release drug addicts to be healthy and productive members of society. My experiences have led me to believe that there are alternatives to penitentiaries that are actually effective in helping teens get back control over their lives and their addictions.

There are a limited amount of free programs, open to anyone with a drug problem. There are twelve step to sobriety programs called Narcotics Anonymous (NA) available in almost every city in America. These are groups where all addicts are welcome to share their experience, strength, and hope with other users, get advice, and listen to the experiences of others. They offer a book with 1 steps that others have taken to achieve recovery. In this program you are encouraged to find a sponsor to help you though the steps .Some people do not like these groups, while others find them very helpful. There is also Behavior Health Services in California, which offers free counseling to anyone for whom drugs are causing a problem in their life. An intake is done to make sure the clients problems are really cause by drugs, to weed out the people looking for free counseling. There are experimental programs throughout the country, but many of them fold because the public does not support them and state funds often go to juvenile penitentiaries.

Politicians are supporting the penitentiary system, offering millions of dollars to counties who promise to build bigger juvenile halls and enforce stricter punishment. Money that could be spent on creating better after school programs, more teen counselors, educating teens, and rehabilitating teenage drug addicts is being spent on hiring guards. It was estimated in August 14 that the cost of jailing a juvenile in Los Angeles was $45,000 per year in contrast to $000 per year to put a youth through a year of intervention programs (Juvenile Detention Grows Up). If the funding was redirected, more programs could be created and be accessible to teens.

Unfortunately, programs that work the most effectively are hard to get into and expensive. Live in rehabilitation centers are developed to combine a number of techniques used to help teens get off drugs. But the waiting lists are long and they generally accept people who are in the hospital or jail after drug overdoses first. The rehab center I went to charged my parent $,000 a month. It operated on a sliding scale and we paid less then a lot of parents. Many kids who really need these services simply do not have the money to pay for them. However, if a portion of the money being spent on improving juvenile halls was spent on funding programs to make them more economically effective, the prices could go down enough for them to be available to teens from all walks of life.

Teen drug addiction is dangerous to everyone in our society. Drugs are the cause of many robberies, violent acts, and suicides. If the drug problems of teens are corrected, other types of crime will go down also. Teen drug addiction turns into adult drug addiction. If the problem can be stopped before teens reach adult-hood, adult drug addiction and the problems it causes will go down too. We need to begin taking serious action, because without the outrageous drug abuse rates we could be a much healthier, happier society.

Works Cited

Alternative Ways of Dealing with Juvenile Crime (sidebar). Issues and Controversies,

November 00. FACTS.com. 5 Apr.00 http//www. facts. com/ICOF /Search/ib70570.asp .

Juvenile Detention Grows Up. Africa 000 Media Group. 5 Apr. 00

http//www.africa000.com/cndx/prison5.htm.

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Teenage Pregnancy

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Philosophy

When I was born, I did not know the difference between right and wrong. Now, I do. The word philosophy means

the love of knowledge. One type of knowledge is propter quid, which ask the question why or how. In this paper, I

will demonstrate how Socrates, Hume and Aristotle, three well known philosophers, would explain how I acquired

this knowledge in relation to the principles of right and wrong.

Socrates is the first philosopher, I will discuss. Since Socrates did not write anything down, Socrates thinking is told

through his student, Plato, who wrote his teachers' thoughts. Socrates is an idealist who believes that things are in

born. Therefor he believed that before we are born our soul knows everything, but when we are born our mind is a

tabular rasa (blank slate). As we grow day by day, we recollect the knowledge from our soul.

… the soul, that is, the human mind, before it is united with the body, is aquatinted with the intelligible world or the

world of Forms. In this prior existence, the true knowledge. After its union with a human body, a person's mind

contains its knowledge deep in its memory. True knowledge in this world consists of remembering, in reminiscence

or recollection. What the mind or soul once knew is raised to present awareness by a process of recollection aided by

the technique of dialect or the Socratic method. (Stumpf 60)

This is known as the theory of recollection. The theory of recollection is told through Plato in the Phaedo and the

Meno.

In the theory of recollection Socrates' answer to the paradox is that knowledge is recollection. This thesis allows a

man to have ideas of which he later becomes conscious by recollection; thereby overcoming the sharp division

between not-knowing and knowing, and justifying inquiry. (Sternfeld, 5) Socrates states in the Meno A man

cannot inquire about what he knows, because he knows it, and in that case he is in no need of inquiry, nor again can

he inquire about what he does not know, since he does not know what he is to inquire. (Plato 80E) This theory of

recollection may explain why we often say that we had certain knowledge before we leaned it or heard it for the first

time. It is often said that we are born with concepts and it is these concepts that structure our minds, beliefs, and

actions.

In his dialogue entitled the Meno, Plato illustrates how Socrates is able to show that even a young uneducated slave

boy knows some truths of geometry not because somebody taught him that subject but because be naturally knows

the relationship of various ideas to each other. (Stumpf 60) This quote illustrates how Socrates thought that the

uneducated boy knew geometry. He recollected it from his soul. In the Meno, Socrates states that the boy is

recovering by oneself knowledge within oneself. (Plato 85D) Knowledge in the Meno is perceived as having an

acquaintance with the object, but not knowing how it functions. Socrates states here that true knowledge is that is

learned. Once learned, we remember that knowledge and apply it when needed. This can be done through

recollection or memory. As an occasion arises that requires the use of this knowledge, we can use the abilities of our

mind and recollect the knowledge for the circumstance.

I interpret Socrates to mean that I was born with a knowledge of right and wrong, but I needed to experience

situations where I needed to recall this knowledge. He makes reference to the initial knowledge being in the soul.

Hume is the second philosopher I will discuss. Hume's beliefs are different from Socrates. Hume believes that we

were born knowing nothing, and everything is learned. He feels that as we grow, we learn the difference between

right and wrong from our experiences. The present comes from the senses and the past is in our memory. Hume

shows how knowledge begins form the experiences we encounter through our five senses.

It is said of Hume …it is the use he makes of the principle or the association of ideas, which enters into most of his

philosophy. The principle of association helped the empiricists to explain our powers of thinking consistently with

their view that our ideas are derived from experience, and that they are not innate. (Sorabji 4) Unlike Socrates,

Hume does not believe certain knowledge is within our soul.

Hume uses the concepts of impressions and ideas. Impressions and ideas make up the total content of the mind. The

original stuff of thought is an impression, and an idea is merely a copy of an impression. (Stumpf 88) According

to Hume, when you initially make a decision, right or wrong, this would be your impression. It would be an idea

when you needed to recall this decision.

Hume also speaks of knowledge being divided in two ways. He identifies the Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact.

Relations of ideas are empirical facts and cannot be disputed. These include mathematical equations and scientific

facts.

Matters of fact, which are the second objects of human reason, are not ascertained in the same manner; nor in the

evidence of their truth, however great, of a like nature with the foregoing. All reasoning concerning matter of fact

seem to be founded on the relation of Cause and Effect (Stumpf 4)

The principle of cause and effect would indicate that you would need to actually experience a situation before being

able to determine if it were right or wrong. This theory does not include reasoning as a basis for you decisions.

Therefore, Hume would feel we know right and wrong from our experiences. We would only know that the stove is

hot because we experienced it. This theory eliminates the possibility that some of our decisions in life are based on

knowledge that we obtain, but do not actually experience. I have learned that if run in front of a car, I will be

injured, even though, I have not experienced this event.

Aristotle is the third philosopher I will discuss. Perhaps the most important Platonist was Aristotle, for practically

every significant Western Philosopher who did not find inspiration in Plato followed the guidance of Aristotle.

(Cantor 1) Aristotle was one of Plato's students for over twenty years until Plato's death. He wrote about many

areas of philosophy, including ethics. In later life Aristotle's medical background proved significant, providing

early training in empirical investigation and biological science. (Cantor 11) This type of background added a new

dimension to philosophers ideas during this era. Aristotle wrote as a man who having studied and mastered the

knowledge of the world, was trying to provide the principle and organization necessary for studying it

systematically. (Cantor 1)

Metaphysics, one of Aristotle's works, is concerned with a type of knowledge, that he thought could be rightly

called wisdom. He begins this work with the statement, all men by nature deserve to know. This innate desire, says

Aristotle is not only a desire to know in order to do or make something. (Stumpf 405) He feels we need to

understand the why of our decisions. Many feel that metaphysics is the study of abstraction and is difficult to apply

to everyday principles.

Wisdom is therefore more than the kind of knowledge obtained from sensing objects and their qualities. (Stumpf

406) These first principles and causes are the true foundation of wisdom, for they give us knowledge not of any

particular object or activity, but rather knowledge of true reality. Wisdom is similar to the knowledge possessed by

the scientist who begins by looking at something, then repeats these sense experiences, and finally goes beyond

sense experience by thinking about the causes of the objects of his experiences. (Stumpf 407) In this way Aristotle

uses his training in biological sciences. Aristotle feels that once you have some knowledge, additional knowledge

will build upon the initial knowledge. Therefore, it would be Aristotle's opinion that knowledge as in right and

wrong would be derived by experiencing situations and using the wisdom learned from these situations to make

future decisions.

Aristotle also uses memory as a philosophical principle. Aristotle's account of memory is fuller that that to be

found in best know British empirist (Sorabji 1) He related to a wide variety of things that may be remembered, but

required memory. Examples of these are facts, that one learnt, contemplated, heard, or saw something; that one did

something the day before yesterday; what one saw or experienced and the past. (Sorabji 1)

He uses images to make his point. He felt that what is in our mind is mental images. Aristotle's theory of

remembering requires not any kind of image, but an image that is a likeliness or copy of the thing remembered.

(Sorabji ) His image is in the memory.

In summary, I feel Aristotle's basis for knowing right from wrong would combine wisdom and memory. Once we

have obtained wisdom from an event, it would be our memory that would recall the event.

Aristotle's theory would best support my understanding of right and wrong. In order to make good decisions in life

you have to understand the basis for your rationale. By having this understanding, you can accept your decision and

not second guess yourself. I feel you need both wisdom and memory to make sound decisions. Socrates theory of

knowledge coming from the soul is unrealistic for me. I believe you have to experience situations or have

knowledge of related situations before you can decide if they are right or wrong. Hume's principles of cause and

effect substantiate immediate learning, but you have to actually experience the event and cannot use reasoning to

make your decisions.

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We can get a sense of the future by studying the past.Do you want to know what's around the corner?

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It started with the dinasors.

The first UNIVAC computer (Universal Automatic Computer

is developed in 151. It can store 1,000 digits in random

access mercury-delay lines) was delivered to the Census

Bureau in June 151.

Internally, the UNIVAC operated at a clock frequency of

.5 MHz, which was no

mean feat for vacuum tube circuits. The UNIVAC also

employed mercury delay-line memories.

Unlike the ENIAC,(electronic numerical integrator and

computer)

--the worlds first electronic digital computer the UNIVAC

processed

each digit serially. But its much higher design speed

permitted it to add two ten-digit numbers at a rate of

almost 100,000 additions per second.

The machine designed by Drs. Eckert and Mauchly was a

monstrosity.

When it was finished, the ENIAC filled an entire room,

weighed thirty tons,

and consumed two hundred kilowatts of power. Vacuum

tubes, over 1,000 of

them, were

the principal elements in the computers circuitry. It

also had fifteen

hundred relays and hundreds of thousands of resistors,

capacitors, and

inductors.

Too soon, Charles, sadly.

A century and a half ago Charles Babbage, Lucasian

Professor of Mathematics, devised his Analytical Engine,

which embodied most of the concepts which we now take for

granted in the digital computer. But those concepts were

far ahead of the available technology.

The man Maurice Vincent Wilkes, finally brought to its

fullest

reality Babbages dream, by providing the computer with the

one vital organ which it still lacked a capacious memory.

He converted a program and its data, punched onto paper

tape, into ultrasonic pulses, and he fed the pulses into a

tube of memory, which delayed their progress, and he caused

the pulses to circulate indefinitely. And so EDSAC was

born, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator,

the first full operational computer with its own memory.

From all sides they flocked to admire it, and stayed to

use it. Soon it was performing the vital calculations by

which our chemists and radio-astronomers perfected their

Nobel Prize-winning work. On those glorious pioneering days

he has never ceased to build.

Spreadsheets are born.

Years later,while at Harvard, Bricklin began to formulate

the

groundwork for something that would eventually lead to his,

and one of the computer industries, most influential

products ever, VisiCalc.

The idea for the project stemmed

from Bricklins belief that computers could be used in the

business industry for more than just word processing. Up

until that point calculations that now seem simple and

practically error-free had to be done by hand. Not only was

the work long and tedious, but it often produced inaccurate

results.

Bricklin decided that a computer could do the job

faster, easier, and more accurately than had ever been done

before. His program would enable users to manipulate

numbers as easily as they could manipulate words. Budgets,

cost estimates, inventories, and investments could be

easily managed through one program. The benefit to the

business world would be tremendous.

Such a project, though,

required long hours of planning, coding, and testing.

Receiving a masters degree from Harvard was tough enough

without having to revolutionize the PC industry by himself.

Luckily his old friend from MIT, Bob Franksten, was around

to help. The two combined to take Bricklins idea from the

drawing board to a reality. With Bricklin designing the

interface and Franksten coding, the project was in full

swing. The two men formed Software Arts in 178 with the

express purpose of producing and (later) enhancing

VisiCalc. By the time Bricklin received his degree in 17

the product was ready for market.

At the same time changes were

being made in the hardware industry as well. Steve Jobs and

Steve Wozniak were in the process of creating their own

place in history. This was the era of the Apple Computer.

177 Apple is selling its Apple II for $1,15, including

16K of RAM but no monitor. (unbelievable)

For the first time small, relatively inexpensive computers

were available to the general public. There was only one

problem who wanted to buy a machine that did nothing

useful? What Jobs and Wozniak needed was the so-called

killer application; the one item that would turn the

computer from a curiosity into a necessity.

It was in 17 that VisiCalc was made

available to the public for use on the Apple II. The impact

was felt immediately. Software Arts develops the first

spreadsheet program,

Visicalc, by the spring of 17. It is released in October

and is an immediate success. Copies shipped per month rise

from 500 to 1,000 between 17 and 181.

Who would like to have been an affilliate then?

At $100 per copy the software was

being bought by just about anyone who could afford it.

Apples sales rose accordingly, as many people bought

computers just to be able to run VisiCalc. To capitalize on

the market Bricklin and Franksten made their product

available on many more platforms; most notable was a

version for IBM, which became available in 181.

Throughout all this Bricklin made the decision not to

patent VisiCalc, holding to his ideal that software should

not be proprietary.

Alas, the decision not to patent VisiCalc

would soon prove disastrous.

This allowed countless others to

develop and further his work. Products such as Lotus 1--

and Excel may never have materialized as quickly as they

did without Bricklins influence.

The Birth of Microsoft (opportunities are still around)

In December of 174, Allen was on his way to visit Gates

when along the way he stopped to browse the current

magazines. What he saw changed his and Bill Gatess lives

forever. On the cover of Popular Electronics was a picture

of the Altair 8080 and the headline Worlds First

Microcomputer Kit to Rival Commercial Models.

He bought

the issue and rushed over to Gatess dorm room. They both

recognized this as their big opportunity. The two knew

that the home computer market was about to explode and that

someone would need to make software for the new machines.

Within a few days, Gates had called MITS (Micro

Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), the makers of the

Altair. He told the company that he and Allen had developed

a BASIC that could be used on the Altair . This was a lie.

They had not even written a line

of code. They had neither an Altair nor the chip that ran

the computer. The MITS company did not know this and was

very interested in seeing their BASIC. So, Gates and Allen

began working feverishly on the BASIC they had promised.

The code for the program was left mostly up to Bill Gates

while Paul Allen began working on a way to simulate the

Altair with the schools PDP-10.

Eight weeks later, the two

felt their program was ready. Allen was to fly to MITS and

show off their creation. The day after Allen arrived at

MITS, it was time to test their BASIC.

The program worked perfectly the first time.

MITS arranged a deal with Gates and Allen to buy

the rights to their BASIC. Gates

was convinced that the software market had been born.

Within a year, Bill Gates had dropped out of Harvard and

Microsoft was formed.

Bill gates speaking, now.

Documents on the Internet are

showing rapid improvement in terms of taking advantage of

whats possible. When people started out, they were mostly

taking the idea of a paper document and simply transferring

it to the screen. Now were seeing documents with pictures,

sound, motion, and interactivity. The opportunity here is

for creating a whole new document type

The next step...

Business computers have been able to read text aloud for

years, but systems and programs for use at home have

typically cost hundreds of dollars, and their quality,

design, and usability have varied wildly. But all of that

has changed with the introduction of new high quality and

affordable screen reading software.

Now it is possible for your computer read to you! You no

longer have to feel tied to your computer monitor in order

to get the information you needyou can perform other tasks

or simply sit and relax while listening to e-mail messages,

Microsoft Word documents, Adobe Acrobat files, or Internet

Explorer Web pages being read aloud to you in a natural,

pleasant, human-sounding voice.

In addition, screen-reading technology

offers assistance to users with vision, learning, or

physical disabilities that may make using a computer

difficult or impossible. Font size, volume control, and

speed control can be easily adjusted to suit individual

preferences, and programs are available now in both English

and Spanish, with more languages coming soon.

Be ready for the next step, judge for yourselves. The

technology

is alraedy being used, and its just about to break into

the home

market.

-----------------------------------------------------------

Alex Armet

www.acomputerspeaks.com

---------------------------------------------------------

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NASCAR Sponsorship

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At Zazzy Sports and Entertainment Company, we have the privilege to help and serve our clients. Some of our clients include colleges, universities, professional athletes, musical groups, singers, and many others. But today, we will be discussing one of our newest clients, Jorge Martinez. He is a professional Hispanic racecar driver involved with NASCAR as a member of the Elliott Race Team. Our objective is to produce 1.5 million dollars for our client. To produce 1.5 million dollars, we came up with various plans. First plan was to contact several companies. The companies we reached were Advance Auto Parts, Cheerios, Budweiser, Lowes, Panasonic, Dr. Pepper, Chiquita and Goodyear. Advance Auto Parts bought the Lower Hood part of the car, sponsoring 1 million dollars. Cheerios bought the B post of the car, sponsoring $150,000. Budweiser bought the C post of the car, sponsoring $50,000. Lowes bought the Deck lid of the car, sponsoring $750,000. Panasonic bought the TV Panel(rear) of the car for $500,000. Also, Dr. Pepper bought the side of the rear for $00,000, Chiquita bought the Lower Rear Quarter Panel for $100,000, and Goodyear bought the Front of Rear Tire for $50,000. As many of these sponsors promote their product on television, we figured that they can use Jorge Martinez to promote Hispanic audiences. We chose and asked Advance Auto Parts to have Jorge Martinez in their commercial to promote their product and to create huge attention toward Jorge Martinez. As Jorge Martinez appears on television, it created fans and another way to make more money. By having fans, we were able to sell merchandise including shirts, NASCAR working gloves, NASCAR model cars, hats, and jackets. The shirts were 0 dollars each, the NASCAR working gloves were 0 dollars each pair, the NASCAR model cars were 10 dollars each, the hats are 15 dollars each and the jackets were between $00.00-$00.00 (depending on size). Selling nation wide in Advance Auto Parts, we were able to sell 00 shirts, 150 working gloves, 50 model cars and 100 jackets. In merchandise, we were able to raise about $44,500. All together from sponsorships and merchandise our company raised $,44,500 for Jorge Martinez.

Our company chose the selected prospects because they were in fact very popular.

Advance Auto Parts, Cheerios, Budweiser, Lowes, Panasonic, Dr. Pepper, and Goodyear

are shown in commercials nation wide. As they all have been around a long time, we

knew they attracted many, many consumers. We indeed could have chosen others, but we

considered these to be the top prospects and top sponsors for NASCAR. Some of the

other prospects we could have chosen were Auto Zone or Federated Auto Parts, instead of

Advance Auto Parts, and Cheerios, instead of Kelloggs, Fruit Loops or Golden Grahams.

Instead of Budweiser, we could have also chosen Coors Light or Miller Light, and for

Lowes, we could have chosen Home Depot. Rather than Panasonic, we could have

chosen Sony, Hitachi, RCA, or Toshiba, and for Dr. Pepper, the choices went from Coca

Cola, Pepsi, 7-UP, Sprite, Mellow Yellow or Mountain dew. And finally for Goodyear,

we could have chosen Firestone or Bridgestone. These are called suggested leads, out of

all of these we only chose specific ones we knew that would be perfect sponsors for Jorge

Martinez. Our company has also prepared a Telephone script, but will be shown at the

end of this report.

Our company has prepared a chart to illustrate Jorge Martinez's features and

benefits chart, but it will be shown at the end of this report. We also created a sample

approach dialogue.

Our Company [walking up to Advance Auto Parts manager] Hello, Mr. Stevens.

As we already have done business before, I would like to talk to you about this other

offer.

Advance Auto Parts [smiles. shakes hand] Well, hello John. Sure, lets go to my

office and talk.

[both walk into Mr. Stevens office]

Advance Auto Parts [shows John a chair] Have a sit John.

Our Company [sits down and hands out information] Thank you, Mr. Stevens.

Now, about our business. We just received our newest client, Jorge Martinez. He is a

Hispanic, professional racecar driver involved with NASCAR. He will be driving a Ford

Thunderbird and he is a part of the Elliott Race Team. As you know, our company helps

the needs of the people but to help them, we also need your help.

Advance Auto Parts [crosses his hands and listens carefully] Well, John. I' am

somewhat interested but I would like to know more. How can Jorge Martinez help our

company?

Our Company [looks directly at him] As we get into more of the business, for

example, Jorge Martinez can appear in one of your commercials. With fans producing,

merchandise will be stocked at your stores nation wide and more people can come to your

stores to buy. It would give you business as well as giving Jorge Martinez the money he

needs.

Advance Auto Parts [scratches his chin and nods] Hmm.. I like the sound of

that. What offerings of the car do you have left?

Our Company [smiles. stands up and shows him the parts] We have the lower

hood for 1 million, and the deck lid for 750,000 and other that's shown on the paper.

Advance Auto Parts [nods yes] Yes, we will take the lower hood for 1 million.

Our Company [smiles happily and shakes hands with him] Thank you, Mr.

Stevens! Thank you for your time and business. I am sure Jorge Martinez will be happy to

hear this.

Advance Auto parts [shakes hand] No problem, John.

Customers provide a lot of information through their body angle, facial expressions, arms, hands, and legs. Each of these channels are very imperative in face-to-face communication. Like in body angle, back and forth motions indicate a positive outlook, while side-to-side movements suggest insecurity and doubt. The eyes are the most important area of the face. By looking at a customer's eyes, salespeople can often determine when their presentations have made an impression. Eye Position can indicate a customer's thought process. Eyes straight ahead mean a customer is passively receiving information but showing little effort to analyzing the meaning and not really concentrating on the presentation. Interpreting arm movements is intensity. Customers will use more arm movements when they are conveying an opinion. Hand gestures are extremely expressive. Like, open and relaxed hands are a positive signal, especially with palms facing up. Self-touching gestures typically indicate tension. The dialogue up there clearly shows good listening skills and effective questioning technique.

Product presentation is very important to get customers to buy. Here are two

sample selling sentences. 1) Here we have various parts you can buy ) If you can

help us, products like these can appear in your store that will attract more customers.

We also provided selling aids like a picture of Jorge Martinezs merchandise(work

gloves) and a picture of Jorge Martinezs toy cars. Some demonstrations of selling points

are 1) Having the gloves just as gloves and showing another with designs of Jorge

Martinezs car and number. ) Having a race car toy with great designs of Jorge

Martinezs car and having a plain car that says NASCAR. Jorge Martinez can also get

into the products by having his signature in every work glove and toy car.

Although most of our sponsors were satisfied, we also received objections such

as 1) I need more time to think about it. ) Our company cant afford that right now. We

came up with suggested answers to these objections. First, you shouldnt force them and

instead of arguing, listen. Some answers are 1) I understand. I would also want to have

time to think about it and talk to my partners. If you do we agree of what we have to

offer, you would be very satisfied) Oh that's no problem, Mr. X! We have different

pricing range that you can choose from. It gives the same benefits to your company. By

answering the objections correctly, some customers changed their minds.

To close to sale, there are many options of closing methods. Two suggestions are

Which Close and Direct close. When we did a Direct close, it went something like this

Company- Based on what Ive shown you, how do you feel about this idea?

Customer- Yes. I like it. Lets go talk to my partners and work on it.

This method is when you ask for the sale. It is used when you did not already get your

customers agreement. When we did a Which close, it went something like this

Company-Which one do you prefer? This lower hood for 1 million or the B post

for 15,000?

Customer- I prefer the lower hood for 1 million since it shows more of our

logo.

This method encourages a customer to make a decision between two items. It makes it

easy for a customer because only one simple decision must be made.

To get our sponsors satisfied, we suggested services. We guaranteed that more

customers will arrive at their store by sponsoring Jorge Martinez. We also suggested that

we will be the one stacking merchandise at their stores. When we talked about this, it

went something like this

Sponsor-How are we for sure that more customers will come to our store?

Company-We guarantee that more customers will come to your stores by giving

you posters to hang up at your store to attract them.

By giving the sponsors guarantees and other products, they were satisfied.

Some follow-up strategies we did are

1) Calling the sponsors the date we promised. ) We sent a thank you note with our

business card. ) We used time immediately after the sale to plan our next encounters

with the sponsors.

Zazzy Sports and Entertainment has completed our task. We have raised enough money for our new client, Jorge Martinez. He thanks all the sponsors that were involved with this project. He is now off to a good start thanks to all our companies, Advance Auto Parts, Cheerios, Budweiser, Lowes, Panasonic, Dr. Pepper, Chiquita and Goodyear.

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FINDING THE CORRECT TREATMENT BALANCEUNDER MEDICATING/OVER MEDICATING OR CAPASSION OFMEETING IN THE MIDDLE WITH DIGNITY

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Many medical studies confirm that far too many patients die in pain in our hospitals, and that too many patients who are not terminally ill suffer unnecessarily from painful diseases, conditions, and medical treatments. In the past, courts have dealt with over prescribing and administering lethal doses of pain medication, but now courts are also addressing the issue of under medicating failures by care providers to manage a patient's pain. Although medical and nursing boards have disciplined physicians and nurses for giving too much medicine, the new trend is being reversed as inadequate pain management is investigated and physicians and nurses are being held responsible and disciplined for under managing pain. Liabilities for under medicating include negligence (medical malpractice) for failure to medicate or failure to refer pain to a pain management specialist.

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has set pain management standards. JCAHO states that healthcare professionals need to recognize the right of patients to appropriate assessment and management. Assess the existence and, if so, the nature and intensity of pain in all patients. Record the results of the assessment in a way that facilitates regular reasoning and follow-up. Determine and assure staff competency in pain assessment and management. Establish policies and procedures that support the appropriate prescription ordering of effective pain mediations. Educate patients and their families about effective pain management. Address patient needs for symptom management in the discharge planning. ()

The Oregon board of medical examiners took disciplinary action against Dr. Paul A. Bilder, for improperly managing the treatment of pain in six of his patients between the dates of 1 and 1. These cases include; A 5 year old woman with pulmonary disease, on a mechanical ventilator in which he stopped giving sedatives and pain medication. The woman later became restless and pulled out her ventilator tube. Dr. Bidler did not return to reinsert the endotracheal tube and an emergency room physician performed the task. Refused to give a -year-old pneumonia patient with hypoxemia pain medicine and anxiety medications while inserting a breathing tube. The staff ended up restraining the patient to complete the procedure. An 8-year-old patient with congestive heart failure complained of not being able to breathe and was getting tired from his respiratory efforts. Dr. Bilder ordered Lasix, the symptoms continued and refused nurses request for morphine. Another physician medicated and stabilized the patient. A 6-year-old woman with pulmonary disease on a ventilator remained anxious despite paralytic agents. Dr. Bilder refused to order morphine for anxiety and pain control. Dr. Bilder refused to give a dying man of cancer adequate amounts of pain medications despite the nurse's plea. The man died three weeks later from his lung cancer. The last instance involved a man dying from cancer. The nurse requested stronger pain medicine and he ordered Roxanol .5 mg every four hours and Tylenol for a high fever over 10 degrees. This patient died that night. (1) Dr. Bilder refused to comment on this case and signed a statement acknowledging that his treatment showed unprofessional, dishonorable conduct and negligence. (1)

In addition, I would like to mention two other similar cases that went to trial. A jury awarded $1.5 million to the family (Bergman) of an 85-year-old man who's family accused his doctor of not prescribing enough pain medication during his final days. The other case was regarding Mr. Crawford who was transferred to the ICU from the cancer center. Mrs. Crawford stated, [My husband] screamed in pain the rest of his life. Very few had any sensitivity to the pain or their responsibility in managing that pain. Mr. Crawford's final words to his wife were, If I knew this is the way I would die, I would have died years ago of my lung or liver cancer, because I would have died an easier death. (10, 11)

The dilemma at hand is, why are we under medicating patients? Legal briefs states, When 7,74 nurses were asked which area ethical issues existed, pain relief and management was ranked first by 8%. Nurses often find themselves considering clinical actions that may may be ethically appropriate but raise legal concerns.()

Option # 1. Under medicating patients is not an intentional act. Under medicating principle of ethics can be considered as avoiding risks in order to insure that no harm is done. Pain happens, so patients must grin and bear it. To avoid pain is a sign of weakness. Many patients have multiple medical problems that perplex pain assessment. Pain medication also increases the likelihood of cognitive/sensory impairment and prevalence of depression. An over medicated patient may become confused and fall out of bed resulting in injury. If the patient is terminal and pain medication is given, the nurse may hasten their death or cause respiratory depression that could quicken their death. If you over medicate, this can be seen as euthanasia.

Option # . Many healthcare workers under medicate due to misconceptions about pain in the elderly. Another important factor is an unwarranted fear of addiction of the patient to the medication. Even when pain is detected and assessed, widespread and unjustified fear of addiction may preclude adequate treatment. Pain is not something that we can just put a Band-Aid on for relief. Nurses need to break the barrier to effective pain control and take pain as a high priority in patient care. We need to take on the important role in patient advocacy and education about pain management. Assessment of each patient's pain cannot be overemphasized. We play an important role in patient advocacy and education on pain management. Nurses need to promptly convey inadequate pain control to the pain management team and be an advocate for the patient.

No one needs to suffer intolerably till his or her death, from painful conditions or diseases. For around the clock pain, constant dosing is the key. Pain is a major stressor and the patient's worst memory of the intensive care unit. The first step is to recognize pain. Assume that all critically ill patients are in pain or at high risk for pain. Pain can be triggered by medical conditions such as ischemia, inflammation, infection, edema, diseases, and surgery. We need to also consider the invasive procedures and monitoring devices we use such as drains, catheters, endotracheal tubes, dressing changes and suctioning just to name a few, that can cause the patient to have more pain and discomfort. Some patients are at higher risk for poor pain management, especially those who are unable to verbally communicate because of intubation, chemically paralyzed, and those with altered mental status. (7,8)

Pain should be treated as the fifth vital sign. Every time a nurse takes the patients vital signs, the patient should be asked to rate their pain intensity from 0 to 10 on the Wong Baker scale. Patients deal with pain very differently and it is hard sometimes to know if you should give pain medicine or not. Pain is subjective and therefore we need to always believe the patient. Prevention of pain is the key. If the patient's pain is not controlled, it is the nurse's duty to report it. Nurses need to be aware of nonverbal indicators that the patient is in pain such as irritability, anxiousness, restlessness, moaning, crying, grimacing, change in vital signs, painful conditions, painful procedures, and reports from the family acting on the patients behalf. (6,8)

In conclusion, pain management is filled with ethical dilemmas. Ethical Standard E-.0 states, Physicians have an obligation to relieve pain and suffering and to promote the dignity and autonomy of dying patients in their care.() There must be accountability for physicians and nurses who ignore pain, allow their patients to needlessly suffer and they must face the consequences. We have the moral, legal, and an ethical duty to provide appropriate care to our patients. These cases have alerted physicians and nurses as they become increasingly aware of the importance of statutes and regulations addressing appropriate pain care, including JCAHO standards and federal and state legislation related to adequate pain control. Nurses need to implement JCAHO pain standards to improve pain management as the ultimate goal rather than simply meeting the new standards. The most important aspect of all pain control is to communicate with your patient. Be aware of those in pain (even when they cannot tell you about it) and address the pain aggressively. Keep the patient informed and reassured. We need to keep an ongoing pain assessment, titrate analgesics effectively, manage adverse effects and complications, use non-pharmacological interventions, educate the patient and family, document pain management effectively and be aware of liability issues. One of the most important things that a nurse can do is familiarize themselves with issues that affect their practice, including state and federal laws and establish lines of authority and accountability for pain management. Adverting liability is to promptly report under treatment of pain.(4)

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Criminal Justice System

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1. The Criminal Justice System consists of three major functional units. They are Agencies of Police, Courts, and Corrections. Following is the purpose of each

A. Police agencies are generally responsible for the investigation of a criminal event and based

on the results of said investigation, request arrest warrants, affect the arrest and place the offender in lockup, prepare all reports and present reports and evidence to the District Attorney for prosecution. Police Officers are required to present oral testimony at the offender's trial.

B. The Courts consists of Attorneys, their staff, and judges and their staff. The District Attorney must make the decision on what charges are filed based on information provided by Police agencies. Judges must review all reports and evidence to insure proper procedures have been followed prior to issuing warrants for arrest. Once the offender has been arrested, he is granted an initial appearance before a judge for possible bond setting. The judge can release the offender on his own recognizance, require bail be posted to insure offender's return to court or order the offender held without bail. The next court appearance, arraignment, is to insure the offender is aware of the charges filed against him, to see that he is adequately represented by counsel and to set a date for Preliminary Hearing. At the preliminary hearing, the District Attorney is required to place sufficient evidence before the court to prove that a crime has been committed, that the accused committed the crime, and that he the offender should stand trial before a jury of his peers.

C. The Corrections Department includes jails, prisons and community-based treatment programs (half-way houses) and programs for probation and parole. Prisons are rated on their custody level of prisoners held, i.e., Maximum, Medium and Minimum prisoners. Boot camps are designed to shock youthful offenders into quick rehabilitation, whereas long-term confinement facilities are designed for the hard-core criminals who are likely to return to crime quickly if released.

. Important activities of above functional units

A. Police At the heart of the Police Officer's Creed, To Protect and Serve lies his primary duties. Officers must ever be aware of their responsibilities to protect and serve all the population, not the select few. Laws must be enforced with dignity and restraint, never abusing the rights of an individual, whether to affect an arrest or let him go. It is only through a well-trained, self-disciplined police force that the public can rest assured they will be treated fairly. Crime prevention should always be the aim rather than arrest and prosecution. A good police officer is one who recognizes his duties and performs them without bias. He must never let the actions of the courts govern his actions or thoughts.

B. Courts The primary responsibility of the Courts is to prosecute cases presented by police agencies. Throughout the system, the offender's rights must be protected. From the DA to the Judge, all their actions must be above board, must be available to public scrutiny, and must be fair and equitable. They must assure that the punishment fits the crime.

C. Corrections This agency is responsible for the receipt, classification, and housing of prisoners. The primary goal should be rehabilitation. Although locked behind the wall, prisoners still have rights. These rights must never be violated, not by the Police, by the Courts, or the Corrections personnel. Since every person convicted of a crime is not sentenced to prison, the Corrections Department must establish and operate a system of Probation and Parole. The end result should be to return a productive person to society.

. Ranking of Activities

A. Police Departments

(1) Protect and Serve

() Crime Prevention

() Investigation of Crimes

(4) Enforce laws with Dignity and Restraint

(5) Love, Protect and Educate our youth

(6) Love, Honor and Protect out elderly.

B. Courts

(1) Prosecution of Offenders

() Protect the rights of all

() Insure the Punishment fits the Crime

(4) Insure all offenders' are treated fairly and equitably

(5) Insure that all offenders are given the right to defense counsel and the right to a speedy trial.

C. Corrections

(1) Receive, classify, and assign prisoners on the basis of their crime. No bias can be allowed.

() Make programs available for rehabilitation

() Develop programs for the rehabilitation and education/training of youthful offenders, whether in confinement or through Probation and Parole.

(4) Protection of the public by insuring dangerous criminals serve their allotted time and appropriate personnel are notified of their pending release.

(5) Return to society a productive individual through education and training.

4. In my judgement, personal integrity is more important than organizational integrity. The organization is made up of several personnel, each from a different way of life, with different values and with different ideas on what personal integrity means. It is only through the combined efforts of all members of the organization that breeches of integrity are weeded out. Management must insure that all officers are knowledgeable, well-trained and that one bad apple cannot spoil the barrel. Integrity comes from inside an individual. It is based on his early years of formulation. Mr. Michael Palmiotto of Wichita State University really summed it up, not only does misconduct by an officer personally affect that officer, it also affects the community, the department that employs the officer and every police officer and police department in the nation.

5. The County (District) Court is the court most important in our daily lives. This court is the one with which citizens usually have contact. They handle most criminal cases and the great bulk of legal businesses, i.e., wills and inheritance, marital disputes, and other day-to-day matters. Officers presenting evidence to District Attorneys for criminal prosecution are normally called as witnesses. Filing these cases in District Court allows the officer time to prepare for trial, review reports and make timely appearances at trial. Trials are usually during an officer's off-duty time and he is seldom compensated for his time and travel. For instance, I know that in Creek County there are three locations for District Court Sapulpa, Bristow, and Drumright. All misdemeanors in Western Creek County are filed in Drumright. All felonies are filed in Sapulpa. By having three locations, both officers and witnesses are saved time and cost.

6. The Author's approach to the Courtroom Work Group was adequately explained. It is true that the Judges, District Attorneys, Defense Attorneys, and their respective staffs are court professionals. The average person may never appear in court either as a defendant, witness, or victim. The professionals must guide the outsiders through the system to insure the system operates smoothly and effectively. As we look at the Court system, the Judge is definitely the main player. It is his responsibility to insure justice. He must safeguard both the rights of the accused and the interests of the public in the administration of criminal justice.

7. As our corrections departments moved through the phases listed; punishment, rehabilitation, and warehousing, we were given a look at totally different methods of treating prisoners. During the Punitive Era (15-145) emphasis was placed on punishment and security with the prevailing belief that prisoners owed a debt to society which only a rigorous period of confinement could repay. They believed that convicts should be both shunned and securely locked away from society. An out of sight - out of mind philosophy characterized American attitudes toward inmates. The Treatment Era (145-167) was based on a medical model of corrections which implied that the offender was sick and that rehabilitation was a matter of finding the right treatment. The goal of therapeutic treatment was to help the inmate mature psychologically and to learn to accept responsibility for their life. Both individual and group therapy sessions were utilized. Other forms of therapy used in prisons have included behavior therapy, chemotherapy, neurosurgery, sensory deprivation, and aversion therapy. An honest evaluation of the treatment era would conclude that treatment was more an ideal than a reality. Although 167 was declared the end of the treatment era, many correctional rehabilitation programs survive to the present day and new ones are constantly being developed. The Warehousing Era (180-15) came about as a result of the changes of individual sentencing decisions of judges, citizen outrage at the high recidivism rates and restrictive legislative action. The judges went back to the just deserts concept, built upon a renewed belief that offender's should get what's coming to them. Couple these actions with the truth in sentencing laws, three strikes and you're out law, we find that warehousing has led to prisons being frighteningly overcrowded. A quick recap of the three listed eras leads me to believe that society has yet to adopt a workable solution. We did not discuss the Community Based Era in this paper but it became rapidly obvious that was not the answer. We were returning repeat offenders back to the corrections system faster than we could rehabilitate. Of the three Eras listed, I tend to believe society accepted the rehabilitation era more than the others. However, in 17 a group of prisoners calling themselves the Federal Prisoner's Coalition insisted that inmates have a basic right to resist rehabilitation techniques designed to change their attitudes, values, or personalities. They were supported by the American Civil Liberties Union and their protest resulted in funds being withheld from any system utilizing psychosurgery, medical research, chemotherapy and behavioral modification. The rehabilitation approach leans more to public order than the individual rights of inmates. It is felt in most channels that hardened criminals have revoked their rights through the commission of their heinous crimes. To close, one must look at the number of drug-related offenders presently incarcerated. As long as they retain their dependency on the drugs, they are not able to cope with daily living nor do they recognize the concept of right and wrong.

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Coral Reefs

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CORAL REEFS

What is a coral reef?

Coral reefs are huge structures made of limestone that is deposited by living things. There are thousands of species that live in coral reefs, but only a fraction actually produces the limestone that builds the reef.

Coral reefs support over 5% of all known marine species. They are one pf the most complex ecosystems on the planet, and are home to over 4,000 different types of fish, 700 species of coral and thousands of other plants and animals.

Other types of plants and animals also contribute to the structure of the reef. Many types of algae, seaweed, sponge, sediment and even molluscs like giant clams and oysters, add to the architecture of a coral reef. When these organisms die, they are then used as foundations for new corals.

Where are they found?

Coral reefs are found in over 100 countries. Most reefs are found between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, in places such as the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. Corals are also found further away from the equator in places where warm currents flow out of the tropics, like at Florida and southern Japan. On a world wide scale, coral reefs cover about 84,00 square kilometres.

The best place for coral to grow is in waters with the temperature being between 1 and degrees. They do grow in hotter and colder places, but the growth rate there are very slow. Corals like shallow waters, where there is lots of sunlight filters through to their algae. Its possible to find corals at depths of up to 1 metres, but reef-building corals doesn't grow very well below 18 7 metres. Corals don't grow very well near river openings or costal areas with too much, because corals need salt water to survive.

There are generally 4 classes of reefs which scientists divide them into…

1.Fringing reefs grow near the coastline around islands and continents. They are separated from the shore by thin, shallow lagoons. These are the most common types of reefs.

.Barrier reefs these are also parallel to the coastline but are separated by deeper, wider lagoons. At the shallowest part they can reach the waters surface making a 'barrier' to navigation. The Great Barrier Reef is the most famous example.

.Atolls are rings of coral that create protected lagoons, and are usually found in the middle of the sea. Atolls usually form when islands surrounded by fringing reefs sink into the sea or the sea levels rises around them.

4.Patch reefs small, isolated reefs that grow up from the open bottom of the island platform or continental shelf. They are common between fringing reefs and barrier reefs. Their size is varied, and they don't usually reach the surface of the water.

Corals provide shelter for nearly one quarter of all known marine species. The reefs are home to over 4000 species of fish, 700 species of coral, and thousands of other forms of plant and animal life.

The problems

There are two types of stresses associated with reef systems natural and human-induced. The effects of these stresses can range from minor to disastrous. Reefs show a surprising adaptation to short-term natural terrible events, such as hurricanes, and usually recover to normal community structure. These natural events can even be considered helpful in regards to natural diversity.

Reefs are not well adapted to survive exposure to long-term stress. Some examples include agricultural and industrial runoff, increased sedimentation from land clearing, human sewage and toxic discharges. Many land-based activities have important implications for reefs. Agricultural activities can introduce herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers and runoff from animal feed lots. Sewage discharges can introduce nitrogen and phosphate compounds along with pathogens and mixtures of toxics. Uncontrolled land clearing can result in erosion, with the resultant increase in sediment loads to surface waters. Roadways, parking lots and buildings consist of impervious surfaces. These surfaces increase runoff rates and carry with those waters mixtures of dissolved substances to surface waters. The surface waters in any watershed eventually free into coastal or near-coastal waters. These waters can then impact coral communities linked with these discharge points. Thus, activities occurring in distant locations have impacts to reefs which are far away from these activities.

Living coral reefs are the foundation of marine life, and this also means that they are essential for human life, but all over the world they are dead or dying because people are destroying them at a vert fast rate. Already 10% have been lost, and there are predictions that 705 of all corals on the planet will be destroyed in 0 to 40 years unless people stop doing what they are doing now i.e., pollution, sewage, erosion, cyanide fishing, bad tourism.

The Crown of Thorn Starfish (COTS) is known as a natural and important member of a coral reef.

Adult starfish can reach diameters of 40cm or more and have lots of arms, ranging from 7 to . COTS are covered by numerous long sharp poisonous spines and should be handled with the lots of care if removed on reef sites of commercial or scientific importance are they have to.

COTS outbreaks

If large numbers of larvae come across good conditions they may settle as a whole and result in the unexpected amount of large numbers of COTS on widespread coral reef areas. These events are called COTS outbreaks. COTS outbreaks are a natural occurrence on reef systems and have been documented on numerous reefs in the Indo-Pacific, including the Maldives, Indonesia, Australias Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Vanuatu and Fiji.

However, increased nutrients levels because of coastal development, direct and indirect effects of tourism, agricultural practices and exploitation of natural predators may assist larval and young COTS to rapidly outgrow this most vulnerable stage of the COTS life cycle. Once settled into their reef habitat COTS are well hidden and covered with toxic spines. This makes them hard to find and even more difficult to eat. Man-made influences may be an important factor contributing to the reduced time between outbreak events as currently seen. On the GBR, for example, COTS outbreaks are now recorded every -5 years, compared to a cycle of 8-10 years during the 180s.

We need coral reefs, and not just to make the ocean look pretty and colourful, they are more than just that…

Food Millions of species of marine animals, including crabs, eels, molluscs, sponges, worms, grasses, algae, and many more live on reefs and depend on them as nurseries to protect their young. Corals are natural filters of seawater for their neighbours. These reef ecosystems sustain many fisheries that people, mainly costal nations, depend on for their protein intake.

Medicine and other resources Like in tropical rainforests, coral reefs are a centre of extreme biodiversity, containing a great pool of interesting DNA- most of which hasn't even been understood, or explored yet! Australian scientists have developed a sunscreen from substances that corals use to protect themselves from ultraviolet light. It has a SPF of 50+. Neutrex Corp. has developed an amazing potent pain-killing drug form the poison of reef-dwelling sea snails. There are many more products which have been use from the substances found in coral reefs, and there are surely many more to discover.

Fun and Profit Snorkelers and divers consider coral reefs as big, underwater fun-parks, with colourful delights everywhere- which makes tourist want to spend huge amounts of money, and in many cases greatly helping the economies of the nations.

…And what do people do for the coral reefs?

Some are killed without noticing, other realise what they are doing but don't care, and others kill them to make money out of tourism, Heres just some of the ways they are being destroyed…

Overfishing-

Blast fishing

Cyanide fishing

Sewage

Farm runoff

Oil and industrial pollution

Sedimentation

Tourism

Disease

Climate disruption

Coral mining

Mangrove destruction

The Future

Coral reefs constitute one of the most threatened of marine habitats. Because of their slow growth and fairly long life expectancy, they can't easily regenerate themselves, and their difficulty is made harder by the fact that they are permanently lined to the sea floor. Thats why increasing pollution and irregular attack by predators prove particularly devastating.

A coral colony, which, together with its related flora and fauna, may have developed over 00 or 400 years, can be wiped out in a matter of minutes. Since coral growth varies from five to 00 centimetres a year, it has been esitmated that some older reefs may have taken from 10,000 to 0,000 years to reach their present size.

Further hazards, such as pollutants, refuse, sewage, oil, or other toxic substances, released intentionally or through shipwreck, have made the problem worse. Even the methods used in attempting to fix these problems have sometimes made the damage worse.

The concern for the safety of coral reefs is getting bigger, but this concern has resulted in worldwide help to develop codes of conduct for maritime vessels. It has also led to the management of research on the effects of mans activities on coral reefs and coastal environments, and to the creation of protected marine areas. These areas, such as the artificial reef created by the EAGLE, can act as replenishment reservoirs for fisheries and are designed to include maximum ecosystem diversity.

Solutions

There have been increasing efforts to start better management and conservation processes to protect the variety of these biologically rich areas. Management practices have historically focused on the coral reef proper and not considered associated communities, such as seagrasses, mangroves, and mudflats or defined watersheds (which transport complex mixtures in their waters), in a significant manner. This attempted to manage the reef in isolation, like an island.

Current management efforts recognize the importance of including reefs as part of a larger system, where included coastal zone management tools and watershed concepts can be used in the development of full management and protection plans.

When reefs are considered as part of a larger watershed, the recognization of the complexity of environmental stresses can be understood. Management plans can be developed to reduce impacts to mangroves, seagrasses and the reef ecosystem, based upon accurate data and a better understanding of the system. EPA is in the process of developing guidance for a watershed approach to coral ecosystem protection.

Please note that this sample paper on Coral Reefs is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Coral Reefs, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Coral Reefs will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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