Crime and Punishment in Various Countries

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Five Works Cited The effectiveness of the United States criminal legal system has been questioned and scrutinized by the media and legal analysts for decades. Even with laws to lengthen sentences and to try younger offenders as adults, the overall crime rate in the nation is still on the rise. But why is it that in places like Iceland and Singapore crime rates are so low yet both countries have very contrasting criminal laws? It has been brought to my attention that Congress will attempt to create an entire new criminal legal system for the states to adopt in an effort to finally make the streets of America safer for its citizens. Assuming that all states will forfeit their own policies to take up the system Congress builds, it is my duty to shed light on the criminal legal system and differing views of the United States and other countries legal systems and differing views of the United States and other countries of different governments, geographies, and legal systems. I will also explore the common ground they share when prosecuting criminal offenders. The information I will discover will be taken into consideration by legislators when designing a new and improved criminal justice system.

It is first important to take a close look at the crime rate occurring in America. The United States has more citizens in prison than any other country. The incarceration rate of the U.S. is second only to Russia with 666 incarcerated per 100,000. The U.S. constitutes one third of the worlds population that is imprisoned while it only makes up five percent population. (Fathers Manifesto) The criminal legal system is slightly different in every state. For example, only thirty eight states practice capital punishment while the other twelve employ life imprisonment with no parole as an alternative to putting serious offenders to death. The death penalty in the United states is one of the most criticized policies in American society. Under the Constitutions eighth amendment, Americas are protected against cruel and unusual punishment. While it does not clearly define what punishment is deemed cruel and unusual, several campaigns argue that capital punishment is cruel and unusual and is a direct violation of human rights. Organizations like Amnesty International, a worldwide human rights group, claims that capital punishment is not only inhumane, but it does not deter crime more effectively in comparison to other punishments not involving death. (Amnesty International) Other studies have proven that it in fact costs up to three times more to put a person to death that it does to sentence life in prison with no parole. A Texas death penalty case costs an average of $. million, about three times the cost of imprisoning someone in a single cell at the highest security level for forty years.(Hoppe 1A)

Yet, with all the polls, statistics, and studies conducted to discourage the practice of the death penalty in the United States, other nations have found the death penalty, as well as other harsh punishments, is not a violation to human and civil rights, but an effective tool in keeping public safety. Singapores criminal laws are some of the most extreme and consistent laws found in all of the world. Its government still employs the use of corporal punishment for some offenses that would receive a mere parole sentence in the U.S. Singapores citizens have stated that even though its punishments are severe and outrageous to some, their streets are safer, cleaner, and the quality of life in Singapore is valued more because of these punishments. In this country the punishments that undergo heavy crossfire in the U.S. are swiftly carried out and as a result, crime in Singapore is significantly lower in comparison to the U.S. crime rates. (Fathers Manifesto) There is a consistent mandatory death sentence for narcotic offenders. A death sentence is also immediately carried out for anyone who opens fire while committing an unlawful act - whether or not you shoot anyone or anything is not taken into consideration. (Singapore Law FAQ) Caning is another form of punishment carried out for crimes such as vandalism and sex offenses. Convicts are strapped to a trestle and the exposed buttocks of the offender are flogged by a martial arts expert. The caning is usually coupled with a prison sentence. Singapores officials argue that its strict laws and swift, severe punishment are what sets it aside from a crime-ridden place like New York City. (Fathers Manifesto)Of course, opponents to CP (corporal punishment) argue that this is also a cruel and unusual way to deter crime. However, those that argue this only need to compare the crime rates of Singapore to those of the United States. Whipping or caning is indeed stressful and painful but it is Singapores alternative to costly long-term confinement. This way criminals are quickly reformed and released back into society as law abiding citizen. Another factor to be considered in Singapores low crime rate is its geography and its size. The country is located northeast of Indonesia just south of Malaysia. It is roughly .5 times the size of Washington D.C. It is arguable to say that the reason Singapores crime rates are low compared to the U.S. is because of its small, controllable area.

But is the size of a nation or governed land a factor in determining its crime rate? Take into consideration the territory of Puerto Rico. It is a small island in the Atlantic Ocean; considerably smaller than Singapore. However, Puerto Ricos murder rate is more than three times higher than that of the U.S. (National Center) The sharp contrast between a place like Puerto Rico and Singapore and the U.S. is that while citizens of the U.S. and Singapore enjoy a high standard of living, over half of Puerto Ricos population earns less than US$ 11,000 a year. This brings us to another question in this research. Does a socioeconomic factor playa role in a countrys crime rate? Another interesting tidbit is that capital punishment does not exist in Puerto Rico. Their courts are set up similar to those of Singapore. A magistrate judge is the one who hears the case, decides the verdict and delivers the sentence. The prisons in Puerto Ricoare, for the most part, run by gangs, dilapidated, infested with insects and pose a serious health threat to inmates. (Penal Lexicon) The prison system has been under the watchful eye for the drastic and costly changes not only for the prisons, but for juvenile treatment centers, discipline measures and improvements in mental health care. The brutality of violence and disease in prisons seem like enough to prevent anyone from committing a crime that would result in jail time. Unfortunately, even with the abolishment of capital punishment and the anarchy in prisons, Puerto Rico is notorious for holding one of the worlds highest murder rate. (Penal Lexicon)

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Team Dynamics

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What is the purpose of a team and what is the process to form one? The type of team you want to create and the dynamics involved are very important. Organizations grow and become more complex; individuals become more specialized; therefore, individuals must learn to rely on others expertise and form a common bond to obtain the teams goals and objectives.

The principle of creating a team is to gather individuals and come together as one to accomplish a common goal and mission. Team members are interdependent of each other and contribute individual skills and knowledge toward a shared goal. Teams can be linked by technology, thus improving the ability to communicate from a distance. Teams have proven that when people amass, with diverse backgrounds and in different areas as one, the sky can be the limit. Teams achieve synergy, and therefore, the assumption is that teams can accomplish more than the same amount of people individually. Team members share culture, trust each other, and collaborate to reach a common goal.

Teams are instrumental in facilitating projects, and are useful in everything we do. Before you can build a team, you have to decide the type of team is necessary. Work teams, task teams, and management teams are three basic types common in the world. Work teams are usually natural work teams, or teams formed within an existing department or unit of an organization, working as a collection of individuals versus working as a team. Work teams usually have goals and objectives that are fairly well

defined work to be done, and are the most logical teams to form in an organization. (Tools for Teams p.) In addition, work teams do not necessarily share a common goal, because they do not understand the work of the other departments and will often perform interdependent work. Work teams are also usually not cross-functional.

Unlike work teams, task teams are usually cross-functional and temporary in character, or usually brought together to resolve issues. So it is necessary to consciously design the team in terms of membership, time commitment, and direction to better be able to work together. (p.18) Task teams are created for a given purpose, although that purpose needs to be important and well defined. (p.) Task teams often meet resistance from the rest of the organization because they form a closely-knit group and will not look to outside sources for input.

The most challenging team to organize is the management team because they often are ambiguous of why they are meeting. Management teams are typically vision builders; they refine the culture, or improve the moral of an organization. They must not confuse their goals of the management team with the organizational goals of the company. Organizational goals relate to the functional responsibilities the members of the management team have, and are generally focused downward in the organization. (p.) Management teams provide synthesis to organizational goals and activities. A management team defines what it will hold itself collectively responsible for, and they must take on tasks that inspire and integrate the work of the organization as a whole. (pg's.-4).

The number of team members is also instrumental; teams usually should have fewer than ten members, more like five or six. Organizations are beginning to form smaller groups to gain the focus, energy, relationships, and communication found in small companies. Teams need to be small enough to allow people to develop relationships, to provide for participation at meetings and to engender a feeling of mutual accountability. (p.) The size of a team can have a direct effect on the productivity of the team and the use of its members. The chance of indifference on the part of team members increases as a team becomes larger. Team members tend to be more involved in a smaller team environment, because each team member has a greater responsibility to the greater good of the team.

Teams improve efficiency, creativeness, focus and customer satisfaction in the work place. Because of technological changes and globalization in the work place, many companies are pressured to compete in the areas of productivity and growth. Product life cycles have become shorter and facilities are becoming obsolete faster than ever. Having a good, diverse working team ensures a company's opportunity to be more productive and thus more competitive.

In order to have an effective team the following characteristics must be present. A team must have the ability to work together and have a high degree of participation. Decisions should be reached with a proper evaluation of the information. The team should be good at gathering all necessary information, which entails looking at options carefully, and considering consequences. Its members must be pragmatic and realistic. In this environment, creativity is certain.

When team members interact with the outside world, individuals have the opportunity to choose which learning experience is necessary to achieve the collective goals of the team. All of this being said, which type of team is better-- manager-led or self-managed? In a manager-led team, the manager acts as the team leader and is responsible for defining the goals, methods and functioning of the team (Thompson p.15). Manager-led teams are functional teams assembled by a leader who runs most meetings, sets most agenda items, and makes decisions.

In a self-managing or self-regulating team, a manager or leader determines the overall purpose or goal of the team, but the team is at liberty to manage the methods by which to achieve the goal (Thompson p.16). Self-managed teams are free to perform, once given their charter. The leader is available for counsel, resources, and support and they share leadership. Leadership may change during the process depending on the specific situation or task. Team members share information, perspectives, and insights, make decisions, and help people do their jobs better, but the focus is on individual goals and accountability. In a self-managing team, team members must leave the department mind set behind and focus on the task of the team. (p.8)

Good teams result from hard work, careful planning, and commitment from the sponsoring organization. Team design from the inside out is a skill. It requires a thorough understanding of teams to ensure that the team works as designed. Although there are no guarantees, we believe that understanding what makes teams work will naturally lead to better and more effective teams, whether manager-led or self-managed. The team, now managed, needs to access what types of skills are required.

The first and most important step for creating a team is called Team Chartering or the process by which a team is formed. This process is crucial and it will often determine the success or failure of a team. During this process, the team will establish rules, policies, and secure commitment from members. The type of team, who will be in charge, and the purpose of the team, is set. Conflict resolutions are determined, the project plan is established, and measurements of success and failure are clearly defined.

Every team needs a team action plan, a plan that will specify the activities in which the team needs to be engaged. Teams need to set goals in order to establish what is to be accomplished. Team members come from different backgrounds or stages in their lives, each having their own personal resources and ways to finding information. Teams need different personalities with diverse ideas and opinions. Members need to develop their skills by practicing and refining their talents. There are no exact skills for every goal, but by evaluating the teams goal and purpose, the right people with the right skills are elected.

Evaluating the team's goals, purposes, and the type of team has a great deal to do with how your team members are chosen. If you are in a work team, you may operate based on an informal selection. If you are in a sorority or a more formal organization, you may have a specific selection process. The processes of selecting team members can go from the simple to the complex. As far as the corporate scope is concerned, candidates may be invited to join a team based on their work performance. Candidates may also be interviewed, prior to being selected as a member of a team.

Companies are generally interested in getting the best results for the minimum amount of money, and hiring the proper team will guarantee them success. Before team building can take place, several issues must be addressed and agreed upon. The first step for team member selection is for leaders to re-evaluate the team charter. By understanding these agreed upon objectives, team leaders can foster a more intelligent selection process. This set of objectives is, in essence, a profile for the perfect employee. Employees should be judged based on these criteria alone and not on personal persuasions.

Team members should have an equal opportunity to discuss and ratify the charter as they see fit. Ultimately, the company leadership and the team must negotiate the expectations and address the concerns of the team members before the team can become productive. Teams must understand their limits and boundaries. Team members must know how much time is needed to complete a particular goal and the deadlines by which they must achieve consensus. The team must agree upon meeting times, the length of the meetings, and what should be conducted at those meetings. After all of this has been achieved, the team is now ready to produce results.

What process will the team use to get results? The first stage is defining the group's function, organization, and leadership. Defining the purpose is defining ground rules or the way the team will operate. The team must decide what they want to accomplish and how they will operate as a team. The team must validate and clarify why and what the team will accomplish within an established length of time. Without rules, team meetings can be a waste of time and energy.

Restricting the scope of discussions prevents wasted time and interference. Discuss team etiquette and procedures. When is the proper time to comment and what methods of comments are permissible? Discuss facial expressions, and other forms of communication that convey messages. Clear rules define a common platform for participation and decision-making. Team members must have an understanding of the consequences of misappropriating team rules.

The level of commitment is established if teams understand clear ground rules and the mission. The goals and objectives of the team must be clearly defined from the beginning. Team members must understand the purpose, vision, and goals in the same way. If these goals and objectives are stated and understood by the team leader, it is up to the leader to identify the goals and the boundaries by which team members will operate. These issues must be discussed and commitments made by the team members at the beginning of the meetings.

The team leader must maintain communication with the members and discuss improvements needed with the members not meeting the commitments. Over-commitment is a common problem within teams. A team member will take on more than they can possibly accomplish. It is up to the team leader and team members to monitor the amount of time needed to perform the tasks and allow the appropriate time necessary. It is important to make every member feel like an important part of the team and every member's voice should be heard. Equal participation is the key. When a group is heterogeneous in terms of personalities, abilities, skills and perspectives, there is a better chance the team will complete its goals without conflict.

Team conflict can be healthy and may allow a group the opportunity to change itself to achieve a healthier functioning group. Odd numbered teams are better able to resolve conflicts. Conflict is usually emotionally driven and one-on-one. You can control this by putting the situation in its proper perspective, examining the conflict, and personal attachment. The process of resolving team conflict should be discussed as part of the Charter process and self-resolution reinforced. If a conflict is not able to be resolved between the two parties, the team must intervene. First, recognize and define the problem, (face to face meetings are best). The purpose of the meeting should be to resolve the issue, not point fingers, or take sides. Team members must recognize the type of conflict Emotionally involved conflict is personal, defensive, and resentful. In contrast, cognitive conflicts may stimulate creativity because it forces people to think and form opinions.

In summary, because of organization complexity, individual career specialization, and technology growth, learning how to be a contributing member of a team is significant to the successful career person. Organizations form teams to facilitate processes, improve communication, and to assist companies to reach their profitability and goals. The first and most crucial step is to establish the Team Charter which gives the team a purpose and direction. Teams achieve synergy and therefore can accomplish more than the sum of its people. There are three basic types of teams common in the world today; work teams, task teams, and management teams. The type of team formed depends on the task. An old Chinese proverb states, Tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand.

Works Cited

Making the Team A Guide for Mangers, by Leigh L. Thompson. Copyright @ 000 by Prentice Hall, Inc.

Tools for Teams Building Effective Teams in the Workplace by Leigh Thompson, Eileen Aranda, Stephen P. Robbins and others.

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Paul Atriedes as a hero in Dune

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Heroes in modern society have been transformed from what Campbell classifies as a hero into something more like glorified villains, much like what Paul Atreides is. What is a hero? Campbell's A Hero's Journey is a perfect example of what a true hero is, which is why every actual hero conforms to it in such a perfect way. Still, there is more to a hero than just his quest; he must make a choice and change his destiny. Paul Atreides, however, does not follow either of these examples, and neither do modern heroes. It is this portrayal of people falsely dubbed as heroes as idols for the youth that has brought so much depression to society. Like modern heroes, because Paul Atriedes does not return to a normal life, he can not be considered a hero, but rather something resembling more of a malignant conqueror that has been glorified into hero status.

In Campbell's A Hero's Journey the path that a hero takes is very well laid out. He divides the journey into three main parts, the departure, the initiation and the return. During the departure the hero has a call to adventure; most times he refuses at first, but eventually he answers to his duties. Later in the departure he leaves his home, normally with some kind of helper or guide, who takes him into the belly of the whale. Next the hero enters the initiation stage of his journey. It is in this phase that the hero undergoes most of his trials, not only of the body, but also of the mind and heart. It is also in this stage that the hero gains a great amount of maturity, which he uses in the last part of this segment, the ultimate boon. The final and most important stage for a hero to go through is the return. It is in this stage that the hero learns to control his powers enough to return to a normal society. The return is often brought on by an outside force or a magical flight, but the hero must first cross a threshold, which is the last triumph he has as a hero. When the hero finally returns, he has a triumphant homecoming, but more importantly, he no longer has to be a crusader. Instead he is the master of two worlds. However, when a hero doesn't return he goes from having control, a very important trait of the hero, to being something far more sinister, a villain.

This is where both Paul Atreides and most modern day heroes fault. Instead of returning to a normal life, they set off to conquer the world, or in Dune, the universe. Like heroes, most villains take a similar journey, but instead of going through the return, they continue to conquer. This is because they lack the strength to destroy the temptation of power, and in Herbert's words, he who can destroy a thing has the real control of it (446). This is why Paul can not be considered a hero; he never returns to a normal life. As the book ends Paul has just finished yet another battle, this one being against his own cousin, Feyd-Rautha. This shows that Paul is not yet ready to make himself a hero, by returning to a normal life. Still, Paul is not necessarily evil; he is just an overly zealous conqueror. This never ending struggle for power is not only evident in Paul, but also in our heroes of today.

Most modern people considered heroes have not yet returned to a normal society, and when they do, they are often no longer considered heroes. Modern society has lead us all to believe that a true hero does not give up or throw in the towel. In fact, we glorify those who are on the initiation of their adventure, and lay shame onto most who try to return. For proof of this, look at a quitting drug addict, he will be praised for his ability simply to correct his prior mistakes, when someone who has never done a drug is considered simple and boring. This is a big problem for our society, and one that brings massive amounts of depression and criticism to our era. This is because a person who sees a modern hero as a role model can never finish, and it is in finishing that we can stand back and admire our hard work. Without seeing that we have already succeeded, we continue with the impression that what we have done is not good enough, leading us to believe that we are not good enough, when, in truth, we are. Still, there is more to a hero than just his return.

Heroes have more to them than just their quest; they have the entire process of becoming a hero. First they have a transformation, from a normal human to a superhuman individual. This is normally seen through a choice made by the hero to aspire to be more than he was in the beginning. However, Paul does not make any choice of that sort. He is trained from birth by his mother, Jessica, to be the Kwisatz Haderach, which is all he becomes. Through massive amounts of spice intake, he is able to see through time better than all guild members can do. Paul is also far from ordinary to begin with; he is a male trained in the ways of the Bene Gesserit, a group made entirely of witches. Though he played a significant role in the book, even when looking at a various aspects of his life, it still remains true that Paul is not a hero.

One of the things that Paul played a big role in was the Fremen's jihad. Despite the fact that the jihad does not come before the end of the book, it is foreshadowed in such a way that the reader is able to learn some key facts about it. One thing that can be found is that Paul will be the leader of it, whether or not he wants to. This is very important to Paul's inability to be a hero because, by the end of the book, he doesn't want to have the jihad, yet he created it. Even through his death he could not stop what he started, as, the Fremen needed only the legend he already had become to spread out through the universe killing millions (48). But how can it be said that Paul is the creator of the jihad, when it is said so many times through-out the book that the Bene Gesserit is in fact the true drive behind it? Paul is the Bene Gesserit. He is the perfect Bene Gesserit, the Kwisatz Haderach. He is what they have been working to create for generations, and he will therefore follow the path laid out for him by the Missionaria Protectiva .

In conclusion it becomes obvious that, though they could be called crusaders, not Paul, nor modern idols, can be hailed as a heroes. Though they go through a departure and an initiation, they do not complete Campbell's A Hero's Journey, the most widely used mapping of a hero's life. This shows that they do not have control over their abilities, making them something far from heroic. It is this falsity in what we consider heroes that brings so much depression and anguish to society; people simply don't believe they can heroically end their crusades. Born with a gift to see the future, Paul's life does not conform to that of other heroes' in that he was never normal. Finally, the Bene Gesserit use Paul to start a jihad against the universe, bound to kill millions, and he does this because he is the product of the Bene Gesserit. By the end of the book it becomes clear that Paul isn't a hero, but simply an over praised crusader.

Please note that this sample paper on Paul Atriedes as a hero in Dune is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Paul Atriedes as a hero in Dune, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Paul Atriedes as a hero in Dune will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Alas he's mad' (3,4,106)How true is Gertrude's statement regarding her son's state of mind through out the

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In Shakespeare's, Hamlet, many people look at the play in different ways. Many portions of the play support his loss of control on actions, while other parts uphold his ability of dramatic art. The issue whether or not Hamlet is mad can be discussed in both ways. Throughout the play there are indications that support 'Hamlets madness' 1. While other evidence would suggest that his 'madness is a disguise to murder Claudius' .

In Act 1 Scene 4, Hamlet meets the ghost for the first time 'alas poor ghost' , it is thought by Hamlet that the ghost is his 'father's spirit' 4. The apparition informs the prince that he was killed 'by a brothers hand' 5, thus meaning Claudius. Clearly at this moment Hamlet is not feeling cheerful, as he has been given the news that his uncle murdered his father, but yet, he greets his friends buoyantly and acts as if it was good news rather than bad news, 'What news my lord?' 6 'O, wonderful' 7. This is the first glimpse of Hamlet's ability to manipulate his behaviour to achieve effects.

It is established in Act 1 Scene , that Hamlet has feeling for Ophelia, but Hamlet changes his reaction to her, as Claudius and Polonius hiding behind a curtain. His complete rejection of her love, 'I love you not' 8 is not his true feelings, but Hamlet suspects of them so attitude towards Ophelia is that of rejection. This shows that Hamlet can control his true feeling to his own benefit. In the same way Hamlet can trick the other characters in to believing he is mad and this can then be an 'excuse for killing the Claudius' .

He is instructed by the ghost to 'Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder' 10 by killing his 'uncle' 11. But yet this supposed 'madman' 1 insists on proving that Claudius is guilty before murdering him. Would an insane human not attack the king directly, this would show that Hamlet is sane and that Gertrude's statement is untrue.

'The rugged Pyrrhus, like th' Hyrcanian beast' 1. Hamlet recites the words of the play that he has composed. Still unsure whether his uncle was responsible for the death of his father, 'Hamlet decides to test his uncle's guilt' 14. The play was devised to show the 'emotions that Claudius has when one brother kills another' 15. While the actors are performing the play in front of Hamlet, he shows the actor how to do their A TITLE=Click for more information about A TITLE=Click for more information about A TITLE=Click for more information about A TITLE=Click for more information about job STYLE=background-color #f0f000; HREF=http//search.targetwords.com/u.search?x=577|1||||job|AA1VDwjob/A STYLE=background-color #f0f000; HREF=http//search.targetwords.com/u.search?x=577|1||||job|AA1VDwjob/A STYLE=background-color #f0f000; HREF=http//search.targetwords.com/u.search?x=577|1||||job|AA1VDwjob/A STYLE=background-color #f0f000; HREF=http//search.targetwords.com/u.search?x=577|1||||job|AA1VDwjob/A, he tells them how to act. The acting ability that the prince poses would entice the reader to believe he is acting to avenge his father's death.

Hamlet himself denies being mad on numerous occasions.

King How is it that the clouds still hang on you?

Hamlet Not so, my lord, I am too much in the

sun. 16

When asked by the king whether he is depressed, he swiftly denies it and replies by saying that he is too much in the sun. ' It is not madness That I have uttered' 17 again Hamlet abjures the idea of him being mad. In secrecy Hamlets admits to his mother that he is not mad, this would seem to show that 'Hamlet is only acting mad 18'

'Alas he's mad' 1 Gertrude's famous statement regarding her sons state of mind, would show that the 'characters within the play consider Hamlet to be crazy' 0. With the characters believing that he is mad, Hamlet now can murders his uncle and blame it on his madness.

The mother calls her child 'mad' 1 when she sees him talking to the air, but Hamlet believes that he is talking to his father's ghost. People would believe that the ghost is a fragment of his imagination. But if he had seen the ghost in private the argument about his madness would have greatly improved. But he was not the first character to see the ghost, in the first scene we learn about the guards and Horatio seeing a ghost. Thus believing it to be of the former king, the three men notify Hamlet; therefore meaning the ghost was not a fragment of Hamlet's imagination.

'And draws you in to madness' before going off to see the ghost, Hamlet is warned by Horatio that the ghost may cause him to go mad, this may be where Hamlet got the idea to act insane.

Hamlet swears Horatio and Marcellus to secrecy about the Ghost, 'Never make known what you have seen tonight' he adds that they can not so much as hint that they know anything, 'however strangely he behaves in future. '4

'I perchance hereafter shall think meet/

To put an Antic disposition on' 5

The statement shows Hamlet telling Horatio and Marcellus about his plan to put on 'anti disposition' 6.

While talking to the Ghost, Hamlet was instructed to kill Claudius, Hamlet unsure whether Claudius did kill his father waited till he got further proof. He sets up a play to get the proof he acquires.

After the death of her father it was quite obverse that 'Ophelia's madness was true' 7, comparing it to Hamlet puts his questionable madness in a more favourable light. Since that it is agreeable that Ophelia was mad, we can use it as a guide to judge wheather Hamlet is mad. All Ophelia can do after learning about her father's death is sing. Hamlet's madness is only apparent in the presence of certain characters. When Hamlet is in the presence of Horatio, the player and gravediggers his actions are of a sane person. While in the presence of Claudius, Gertrude, Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern his actions are of someone insane. Ophelia's madness is in the presence of all the characters. This would show that 'Hamlets madness is only acted. 8'

Ophelia's breakdown in to madness and her inability to cope with the death of her father and Hamlet rejection is dealt with her death. There is little evidence against her madness compared to Hamlet's intelligent plotting.

Hamlet is able to make smart comment to Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Throughout the play he insults these characters with his smart comments. The comments show that Hamlet has had some kind of planning for these comments.

However there is evidence that does suggest that Hamlet is mad, he kills Polonius rashly, a sane person would not just kill anyone for standing behind the curtain.

'A man (beggar) may fish with the worm

that hath eat of a king, and eat of the

fish that hath fed of that worm.

When the king questions Hamlet about the whereabouts of Polonius body, he replies with the statement above. The quote means that the worms are eating him for supper, and this is what a deranged human would say.

'To be, or not to be' 0 some interpretations of this soliloquy show 'Hamlet pondering suicide' 1. As Hamlet is talking to himself, without the presence of any other character, these are his true feeling. This is further evidence that shows he is mad. Ophelia's madness is never in doubt she ponders suicide, so if she is mad Hamlet is also mad.

The sequence of tragic moment that occurs in this play would leave Hamlet mad. Hamlet's father has died and then his mother marries not only his uncle but also the person who killed his father. And then his father appears in a form of ghost and instructs Hamlet to kill his uncle.

Hamlet throughout the play Hamlet seems to do thing that convinces everyone bar Horatio that he is mad. 'Alas he's mad' , Gertrude makes this statement believing that Hamlet is mad, Polonius 'believes Hamlet's madness to be due to Ophelia rejecting his love.' With so many characters considering Hamlet to be mad, it would indicate that he is mad.

Hamlet can be compared to King Lear 4 because in both plays there is one character that is truly mad and one only acting mad to serve a motive. Ophelia in Hamlet and King Lear in King Lear these character are unquestionable mad, they provide a balancing argument to the questionable madness of Hamlet and Edgar.

Just as Ophelia's madness is believe able due to the death of her father and her rejection from Hamlet, King Lear's madness accounts for his frailty of is mind.

Hamlet was based on a 'Denmark prince called Anleth' 5. His uncle, Feng, killed his father, Howendil. Then Anleth's mother married his uncle. The true story of Hamlet would suggest that Hamlet was acting mad to avenge the death of his father, 'as Anleth acted like an idiot to confuse folks' 6.

'Shakespeare was constrained by his plot to have Hamlet pretend to de delusional. 7 This a secondary source would suggest that Hamlet is sane. As the writer claims that Shakespeare was forced to have Hamlet pretend to be delusional. And that his plot and the main concept of the play 'was to have Hamlet acting mad to avenged the death of his father' 8.

Throughout the play there are signs that show that Hamlet is mad, but when compared to Ophelia, his supposed madness is put in doubt. It would seem as though Hamlets madness was a disguise to kill his uncle. Hamlet's madness is only apparent in the company of certain characters this would put his supposed madness in a more unfavourable light. Hamlet's ability to act and to manipulate his behaviour would seem to show that Hamlet sane. All these factors would result in the reader believing that Hamlet is sane and that Gertrude's statement is untrue.

1. www.clicknotes.com/hamnavl/madness.html (8/1/00)

. www.pathguy.com/Hamlet.htm (8/1/00)

. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,5,4)

4. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,5,)

5. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,5,74)

6. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,5,10)

7. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,5,11)

8. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (,1,11)

. www.angelfire.com/oh/pretzel/ (8/1/00)

10. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,5,5)

11. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,5,41)

1. www.vaxxine.com/megs/hamletmad.html (8/1/00)

1. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (,446)

14. www.pathguy.com/Hamlet.htm (8/1/00)

15. ibid.

16. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,,66-67)

17. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (,4,14-4)

18. www.angelfire.com/oh/pretzel/ (8/1/00)

1. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (,4,106)

0. www.clicknotes.com/hamnavl/madness.html (8/1/00)

1. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (,4,106)

. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,4,74)

. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1,5,14)

4. MARTIN, Stewart, Hamlet Literature Guide, (Letts Explore, 15)

5. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (1.5.17-180)

6. ibid.

7. www.angelfire.com/oh/pretzel/ (8/1/00)

8. ibid.

. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (4,,7-8)

0. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14), (,1, 56)

1. www.clicknotes.com/hamnavl/madness.html (8/1/00)

. SHAKESPEARE, William, Hamlet, (Oxford University Press 14) (,4,106)

. MARTIN, Stewart, Hamlet Literature Guide, (Letts Explore, 15)

4. SHAKESPEARE, William, King Lear,

5. www.clicknotes.com/hamnavl/madness.html (8/1/00)

6. ibid.

7. www.pathguy.com/Hamlet.htm (8/1/00)

8. ibid.

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The effect money has on America

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Is the Green Important?

No matter who you are money is important and even if you don't care about it, it always matters. Age, color, sex, it doesn't matter money is something that we need to survive and without it go our dreams and sometimes other important things in our life. That's exactly why you see people go to desperate measures, break the law, take out loans, practice everyday on their jump shot, go to college, or just do something crazy. All these things are important because money is involved. In the rest of my paper I will give examples of these things in everyday life and prove my point.

What would you do for money? Ladies would you shave your head? How about eating live insects? Or maybe just have a wrestling match in pig guts and rotten seafood? Well if you wouldn't do any of these things you can atleast watch someone do it on MTV at 50 ET, The show is called I Bet you Will a show that has dumb people doing out of this world things for television. Yeah people do these stunts to get on TV and also to have a great story to tell how they actually made an appearance on MTV. But the main reason behind this is money and no one can deny that. I really don't think a girl would shave her head for the sheer privilege of being on TV. These people who do this obviously could use that few hundred dollars they get paid to embarrass their selves simply because being broke is not pleasant. People do these crazy things for easy money everyday. But think how many would if money didn't matter. Exactly my point, money can make some do very crazy things and it also makes people do other things that are morally wrong and illegal.

Illegal jobs to make a buck are another form of money being so important that we must have it. Bookies, prostitutes, drug dealers, robbers, and any body else doing something illegal for money fit into this category. Whether it's dropping out of high school, not having enough money, or just being lazy, money promotes these things from happening. Americans and everyone around the world who get paid for illegal actions do it mostly for the reason of quick cash. If you were to get caught for something like this jail time, probation, looked down on by the community, or even death in some cases would follow these kind of actions. This really emphasizes how important money is. For the most part childhood problems or dropping out of school all play a part in this. Now if money weren't so important these people would go get a job at Burger King and call it a life. But minimum wage just isn't enough for some to live a happy life. This I think is true from my point of view. Minimum wage would not be enough for me because of my rich taste and the love for money. That is the exact reason why I'm at college working hard so flipping burgers is not in my future which brings me to my next point.

What we as humans will put our selves threw to make an honest living and a decent amount of money is very strenuous sometimes. We as teenagers understand the importance of getting education and receiving a degree so in the future we can be successful. Whether it's just your basic four - year degree or it's a law degree or medical school or even becoming a teacher, it requires hard work and dedication. Yes we pick something we want to do so we can be happy. But ask yourself this what if you could be at a mindless job, say like working at a gas station. You don't have to worry about thinking or really putting in hard work just ring up some stuff and make sure that guy at pump 8 doesn't drive away with free gas. Now picture getting oh 00,000 dollars a year for it. Now your boyhood dream of becoming a lawyer doesn't seem as worth it. I mean law school hard work and everything else you had to go threw. And there is some non -educated person making that much more money than you, you would probably re think your future. There are people who would stick to there dream and do what they wanted to do there hole life. But some would go where the money is at because it's more important. To me it wouldn't even be a debate. Just show me the money and that's all that really matters. Us college student pay upwards of five grand a year to attend college. Why we do it is because we want be successful have a family, a nice car, take a vacation to the ocean, or maybe buy a mansion. Well, all this can't come true without money because the basis of being successful is money. I don't want to leave out the importance of doing what you want in life, but without money happiness is hard to find.

Now look at the sports world and the effect money has on it. I want to key on the New York Yankees for instance. Other wise known as the Bronx bombers the yanks are the most successful franchise ever in All-American sports. Winning an astonishing twenty-five world championships and four out of the last seven the Yankees are an ever-lasting dynasty. But how do they do it what makes them so good. Well for firsts they're exceptional talents and tremendous management produces great success. But I will tell you one thing that these players don't come cheap. Since the yanks keep winning and make it a yearly event that they are in the postseason they can sell the tickets and pack the house every night which gives them the satisfaction of buying high priced talent. By buying this talent they can keep this process going and going. So is it really fair that they are this good and so many of these other teams are so bad. Well Major League Baseball commissioner Bud Selig didn't think so and tried to even the playing field. Just recently he put out what is called the luxury tax. Which forces the richer and more successful teams like the Yankees to give money to the smaller teams who don't have the dough. It really just isn't about the game there is a lot more to it. High priced free agents, trades, the luxury tax, ticket prices, high pay checks and everything else, it doesn't even seem like the national past time anymore. It almost came to the point that the MLB almost striked last season over what else money. The players thought that what they where getting wasn't enough. Not enough that's ludicrous if you ask me play the game, and a lot of other fans thought the same. Almost 15 % said that they would quit buying tickets if baseball were to strike. So the owners and players obviously at that point made a settlement as quick as they could to stay away from the money that they would have lost in a strike and the tickets that they would have lost. Now you tell me that money doesn't matter to these players and owners and the only thing they care about is winning.

Throughout this essay I gave numerous examples that money is and forever will be important. Life, love, family, nature are all beautiful things. But in return money is needed for other things like food, shelter, education and other things that go along with everyday life. The importance of money can't even be shown. But if it wasn't important I probably wouldn't have wrote this essay now would I.

Please note that this sample paper on The effect money has on America is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The effect money has on America, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The effect money has on America will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Comment On What View Of Indian Culture Is Portrayed In Amrita Pritam's Story: " A Stench Of Kerosene", Giving A Personal Response.

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A Stench of Kerosene is a story written by Amrita Pritam, and is about Indian culture. It focuses on the marriage between the two central characters, Manak and Guleri, and the way in which their relationship is affected by this culture. One of the key- points in this short story, is the difference between Eastern (as in the story) and Western marriage customs and views towards life in general. All of these factors are important in deciding on what view of Indian culture Amrita Pritam has portrayed.

Firstly, I shall examine the view of village life that is given in the story. This aspect is a part of the cultural setting and makes the story and the view in which it is told from, very distinctive. The role of men in this story is told as being primarily in manual labour, in fields and to run the family business. The role of the female however, and the mother inparticular, is the key role to examine. We find out that this is very matriarchal orientated society, and the majority of importance in the household is with the mother. The mother is a power-figure and has dominant control of the home and the whole family in general. This makes the story distinctive as the oldest male would usually be the highest figure in a household, but here the oldest female is portrayed as the main leader of the house. I am led to believe therefore, that Pritam has taken a very empowering view of women in society, not just because of the position of the mother in the family, but also because of the way in which Pritam demonstrates the mother's power. Pritam is leaning almost towards a feminist view, and may also be portraying the society either as very primitive, or highly advanced, it could go both ways. In general, Pritam's view of Indian culture in the village is very distinctive and gives the story added cultural depth.

Courtship and marriage customs is another topic, which Pritam has taken as a central theme to her story. Pritam tells us that there is not always courtship when two people meet. For example, when Manak wanted to marry Guleri he had to ask her father first, in order to 'settle the bride price'. This was what was expected of a young man. This gives conflicting views of females. Pritam portrays the mother as being the respected and powerful figure in a family, and then she also portrays women as being objects to be sold. There must, therefore be a heavy reliance on women becoming mothers in this society. Once both parties had agreed the price, the marriage customs are still dissimilar to Western culture. The bride has to move to the husband's village and home, and act as an 'adopted daughter in-law' of her husband's parents. Usually after marriage, the bride has to be cut off from her family and her old life. This is typical of Indian marriage customs in the way that women are treated as objects to be exchanged for money and used for social betterment. Pritam takes a stern view of marriage customs and is very frank in describing the relative brutality of the nature of marriage.

Following on from the previous section, relationships between husbands and wives is also another key topic in Pritam's study of Indian culture. We see that Manak is deeply in love with Guleri and he displays his affection, somewhat peculiarly, by begging Guleri not to go to the fair, as he is so strongly against his second marriage. He doesn't replace Guleri and show's no true affection towards his new wife, but is made to look like a deceitful and weak- minded man because of his mothers treasonous behaviour towards Guleri. This is not unusual for this culture as having an heir is a very important part of this society. In essence, a generation of a family only exists to preserve the next generation, to continue the families' role in society. The actions of Manak's mother, is a microcosm of Indian society and attitudes towards marriage. In this society, some marriages are seen as formalities, and even without love, they exist I am not his wife, just someone he happened to marry. The young wife is often viewed therefore, as having very little or no say in the running of a household. Pritam has a very harsh or callous view of marriage, and portrays it as being something that is very easily broken, and often is. However, we also get the idea that Pritam does understand the morals, ethics and sanctity of marriage, despite her heartless portrayal of it.

Similar to the last section, relationships between mothers and sons is also a central issue. It is a parallel theme along with Manak and Guleri's relationship. As I have said before, this society is very matriarchal and the mother is the power figure in a home. Manak demonstrates the great respect he has for his mother by saying in obedience of custom and my mother. Manak's mother takes control of his marriage against Manak's will, but he does not complain. She dismisses Manak's wants and feelings and acts to gain for herself. His mother is very demanding and Manak and the reader are led to believe that she is more of a controlling, masculine figure than a woman. Because she is not given a name, Pritam has dehumanised her. The mother's views of marriage are reflective of Pritam's as she is dismissive and callous towards the custom and basic moral. Pritam portrays these relationships between mothers and sons to be full of deep respect, but mainly about control and empowerment on the mother's part.

In my opinion, Pritam has portrayed this society as she would expect it to be. This may be based on experience, personal or through a family member, or maybe on her own knowledge of her culture. She makes a bold statement about important issues, which she feels strongly about, and maybe disagrees with certain aspects of this society and way of living. She addresses taboo's such as death, adultery and infertility comfortably and links them in to the story structure. However this story is viewed, it is certainly a tribute, to a culture separate perhaps to the one she lives in, and an important literary tradition. She sees herself as the voice of the nation and in a sense she has written an autobiography of the nation, including all of the distinguishing points of the culture, and all the points she wishes to protest against.

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EXAMINE THE CORE ELEMENTS OF LIBERALISM AND DISCUSS THE CONSERVATIVE CRITICISMS OF LIBERALISM.

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In order to examine the core elements of liberalism and discuss the conservative criticisms of liberalism I must address the key topics of the essay. I need to know what exactly being a liberal or conservative is all about and therefore must examine their political ideologies and history. I will also address their main goals, beliefs, values and key thinkers and the differences between the two. Firstly, I must establish what exactly is a political ideology.

John Rawls and Robert Nozik were the first people to sit down and investigate political theories. They came to the conclusion that they seek to analyse and explain the world in terms of moral values and philosophical beliefs. Therefore, an ideology is a fluid set of ideas which provide basis for some kind of political action. They contain both descriptive and normative ideas. They offer an account of how society works, a vision of the desired future and an outline of how this political change should be brought about i.e. it is action orientated.

In Heywood's introduction to political ideologies (1 MacMillan) he says that Karl Marx uses ideology in a negative sense. He believes that ideological ideas were false and that they have distorted reality. Liberal writers like Popper and Bell use ideology in the negative sense also. They regard it as a closed system of political thought. Seligers definition sees it as comprehensive. He sees ideologies as a set of ideas which provide basis for some kind of political action.

Ideologies address a broad range of themes and often contain several rival traditions. For example Liberalism is divided into Classical and Modern. Socialism is divided into Marxism and Social Democracy and Conservatism is divided into New Right and Traditional Conservative. Each is being constantly revised but they all possess a characteristic set of ideas and beliefs. Political ideologies are therefore traditions of thought which have changed and developed in history as a result of several arguments and debates.

LIBERALISM

Liberalism is an attitude, philosophy or movement that has as it's basic concern the development of personal freedom and social progress. It is in effect, the ideology of the industrialised west. Social change is conceived of as gradual, flexible, adaptive and seen as fundamental and based on new principles of authority. It's main values are freedom of speech and movement, liberty, autonomy and choice.

To be Liberal was the term used to refer to a class of free men during the fourteenth century. Liberal ideas were the result of the breakdown of feudalism in Europe and the growth of a capitalist society in it's place. The middle class had conflicted interests with the monarchs and they challenged their power. Liberal thinking was hostile to the prerogatives of kings, aristocrats and the church. The liberals sought to reform and had radical ideas. Liberals advocated industrialisation and market economic order free from Government interference i.e. free trade with other countries and the pursuit of profits. This idea was developed by economist John Maynard Keynes and became known as laissez-faire capitalism. After the french revolution liberalism shed some of it's reliance on rationalism and began to base itself on utilitarianism. A link was thus forged between early revolutionary individualism and a new idealistic concern for the interests of society.

Between the mid-seventeenth centuries the liberals fought chiefly against oppression and misuses of power. They emphasised the needs of the free individual and it was at this time that we saw the growth of the natural rights theories i.e. life, liberty and justice.

Areopagita, one of the classics of liberal thinking was also produced in the seventeenth century. It was a treatise written by John Milton in which he advocated the freedom of thought and expression. John Locke was another influential liberal. He was in fact, one of the first thinkers to formulate a comprehensive liberal philosophy. He argued for sovereignty, the right of rebellion against oppression and toleration of the religious minorities. According to Locke the state exists to serve its citizens and to guarantee life, liberty and property under a constitution.

Liberalism is divided into two categories CLASSICAL and MODERN

Classical liberalism is also known as nineteenth century liberalism. It developed during the transition feudalism to capitalism. It's belief is in negative freedom i.e. the absence of external constraints upon the individual. The natural rights, utilitarianism, social Darwinism and economic liberalism all make up the classical liberalism basics. This deep faith in the free market and the belief that the economy works best when left alone by the government is clear from the words of Thomas Jefferson The government is best which governs least. However, the state is seen as a necessary evil (Tom Paine). In other words, the classical liberals accept that the state has to interfere with society to maintain law and order. They are keen for minimal state interference as they believe that it limits citizens freedom.

The laissez-faire doctrine, developed by Adam Smith, is another aspect of the classical liberalism. Laissez-faire capitalism is seen as guaranteeing prosperity and the natural rights.

MODERN Liberalism is a more sympathetic attitude toward state intervention. It came about in the late1800's and twentieth century when political and economic thinking among the liberals began to change. They began to support the idea that the government can best promote individual dignity and freedom through intervention in the economy and by establishing a state concerned about the welfare of its people. Modern liberals abandoned their beliefs in laissez-faire capitalism. J.M. Keynes insight that prosperity could only be maintained through a system of managed capitalism with economic responsibility being placed in the hands of the state helped this come about. However, their support for government interference has always been conditional. With the rise of the welfare state the new liberals also looked to the government to correct some of the ills believed to be caused by capitalism. They favoured taxation, social security, safety and health laws, consumer protection etc.. However, today liberalism is moving to the right of the political spectrum and moving away from modern liberal ideas.

There are several core elements of liberalism. There is a strong belief in the rational human being and autonomy the ability to have an environment where you can self-direct. The liberal ideology centres around the natural rights of life, liberty and property and it is the governments responsibility to respect and protect these rights. However, the core principle of liberalism is individualism. Here the human individual is the dominant and important element. Humans are seen as unique individuals first, each with separate morals etc.. The liberal goal here is to produce a society in which they can develop to their full potential. The individual is not accountable to society for his actions in so far as these concern the interests of no person but himself J.S. Mills pointing out that individual freedom is given limited priority over authority. However liberals do advocate freedom under the law where it is recognised the one persons liberty may be a threat to another persons, but the law can only become involved if the individual has harmed another human. The only purpose for which power can be exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. (J.S. Mill on Liberty). Through the concept of reason individuals are encouraged to resolve their differences through debate or argument rather than war. Progress is the key issue here.

Liberals believe that all human beings are born equal morally. They favour equality of opportunity and hold the opinion that toleration is a guarantee of an individual's liberty. Toleration involves being willing to allow others to think, speak and act as they wish even if it is difficult to do so. They also have a strong belief in meritocracy i.e. the principle that rewards and positions should be distributed on the basis of ability. They find it difficult to understand the idea of irreconcilable conflict, believing in a harmony between rival views. The government is seen as a guarantee to order and stability in society but power tends to corrupt (Lord Acton) and therefore the liberals believe in limited government and in a written constitution defining the relationship between the state and the individual. (Heywood-Politics MacMillan 17).

CONSERVATISM

Conservatism A general state of mind that is adverse to rapid change and innovation and strives for balance and order while avoiding extremes. In the political sense, conservatism means a belief in the importance of maintaining established values and institutions.

Conservatives feel that rapid change is likely to bring about more ills than benefits, especially when it attacks the ways of life that have developed over a long period of time. They are pessimistic about the changes of improving people's behaviour through social change and are often sceptical of popular democracy and what they see as an excess of personal freedom. Conservatism is distinct from reaction, however, whereas conservatives seek to prevent the erosion of important values and institutions they do not (like reactionaries) want to return to the Good old days of the past.

Conservatives usually favour traditional religion, even though they themselves may be non-believers and in capitalist countries they tend to be pro-business and anti-government. However, in communist societies they are likely to favour agrarian policies and oppose industrialisation, showing again their belief in maintaining established institutions, that tradition equals security.

The conservative political creed roots trace back to the late eighteenth century as a reaction against the great enlightenment. They believed in faith over reason. The conservatives stood in defence of social traditions. Tradition was believed to stand over free enquiry as was hierarchy over equality.

Conservatism received its classic formulation in the works of Dublin born UK statesman Edmund Burke. This type of conservatism was more flexible and cautious than the form which had emerged in continental Europe. Burke viewed society as a whole with individuals performing various roles and functions. Each individual was said to have a social obligation. In this society the wealthy and educated individuals would become leaders which is the complete opposite to the liberal principle of meritocracy. The conservatives believe that a community is held together by customs and traditions, where only gradual and accepted changes can be made. Burke and the conservatives criticised the liberal principles of equality, popular representation and popular sovereignty. They also disagreed with the notion of universal franchise and majority rule one of the core elements of liberalism. Their ideology centred around the belief in the supremacy of the law above the natural rights. This was perhaps one of the key differences between liberalism and conservatism. They strongly disagreed with the liberal ideology of individual freedom being given priority over authority.

The core elements of conservatism are quite the opposite of those of the liberals. The conservatives believe in maintaining established customs and institutions (tradition). They place their faith in experience, history and pragmatism i.e. action should be shaped by practical goals and circumstances. Organicism is the belief that shared values and cultures are vital to maintain the community's stability. Society is seen as a whole with individuals providing unique tasks and roles (Burke's theory).

Authority is another core element of conservatism. It is bel;ieved that those in authority provide leadership, guidance and support for those who lack the ability to act wisely. Before we can re-mould society intelligently,, we must understand it's functioning we must realise that, even when we believe that we understand it, we may be mistaken. What we must learn to understand is that human civilisation has a life of it's own. That all our efforts to improve things must operate with a working whole which we cannot entirely control……. F Hayek. 160 The Constitution of Liberty.

It has become apparent throughout my essay that the liberal and conservative ideologies are in fact, very different. Conservative criticisms of liberalism are therefore inevitable.

Where liberals advocate industrialisation and a market economy free from state interference, the conservatives believe in the welfare state.

Classical liberalism believes that the economy works best with minimal state interference. Modern liberalism believes that conditional government interference can best promote individual dignity and freedom. Conservatives on the other hand, believe that personal freedom in excess can be dangerous for example they criticise the idea of a popular democracy because of this belief. Conservatives maintain that tradition equals security. They believe in tradition over free enquiry where liberals believe in the individual's freedom over authority. Liberalism believes in developing personal freedom, conservatives see this as risky. The liberal meritocracy value is essentially different to the conservative ideology where it is the wealthy and educated who become leaders.

It is as a result of these fundamental differences in their respective ideologies that conservative criticisms of liberalism exist.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ɨ Heywood, Politics MacMillan (17)

ɨ D. Held Models of Democracy (187)

ɨ B. Holden Understanding Liberal Democracy (1)

ɨ A.H. Birch The Concept and Theories of Modern Democracy (1)

ɨ T. Hondrich Conservatism (1)

ɨ John Locke Two Treatises on Government

ɨ John S. Mill On Liberty

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