Terrorism

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Mayo 1

Terrorism on America

Lives will remain under constant fear. The pressures of society and having to live every day may push many people to extremes. The world we walk on today is not the same world we lived in on September 10, 001. American lives have been torn apart. The eyes of young children may not be able to see their parents and other loved ones. Phobias are becoming more and more common. And we will always wonder if there will ever be another day like September 11, 001.

Many of our lives and futures are now gone due to the cowardly acts that were taken out upon this great nation. On the 11th day of September in the year of 001, terrorists put a dark cloud over the United States by flying our airplanes into our buildings, which would soon make terrorism pay its price. After many hours of thought and processing data, our United States government put the actions of September 11th on the shoulders of Osama Bin Laden and his many followers.

Osama Bin Laden and Muhammed Atef are the organizers of an international terrorism organization named Al Qaeda, which was created in 18. When Al Qaeda was founded, it was dedicated to opposing non-Islamic governments (Pike). One of the principal goals of Al Qaeda was to drive United States troops out of Saudi Arabia and elsewhere on the Saudi Arabian peninsula and Somalia (Frontline). Al Qaeda had a command and control structure that included a consultation council, which discussed and approved major undertakings including terrorist operations, such as the attacks on America. Both Atef and bin Laden sat on this council (Pike).

Al Qaeda has been known universally since the year of its establishment, with given rights. Not only did bin Laden and his followers make an attack on the US, but they also have made several previous terrorist acts upon the lives of others in different nations.

Bin Laden, Atef, and their organization Al Qaeda, play a great threat in the lives of many Americans. Al Qaeda will be known for eternity for what it has done to the US. Many life-threatening things have come about after the Trade Centers collapsed. With more threats, Anthrax, and the inability to capture bin Laden; America still lives in fear.

Mayo

Due to these many factors and what they mean to the lives of many Americans, the United States may always fell threatened by Al Qaeda.

Al Qaeda is organized with Bin Laden, the general, at the top, followed by other Al Qaeda leaders and leaders of the terrorist groups. Bin Laden, son of a billionaire Saudi family, is said to have inherited approximately $00 million that he uses to finance the group (Jane). With $00 Million dollars, many terrorist acts could be committed, and some big enough to destroy an entire country. His $00 million dollar inheritance isn't the end of the money either. Al Qaeda also maintains moneymaking front organizations, solicits donations from like-minded supporters, and illicitly siphons funds from donations to Muslim charitable organizations (Jane)

The threat that Al Qaeda poses on America and other countries is very significant. Al Qaeda may have several hundred to several thousand members. Al Qaeda and bin Laden serve as a focal point or umbrella organization for a worldwide network that includes many Sunni Islamic extremist groups such as Egyptian Islamic Jihad, some members of al-Gamaat al-Islamiyya, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, and the Harakat ul-Mujahidin, many of which could be considered a terrorist group that might help Al Qaeda make its next horrible act (Pike).

Al-Qaida has a worldwide reach, has cells in a number of countries, and is reinforced by its ties to Sunni extremist networks. Bin Laden and his followers reside in Afghanistan, and the group maintains terrorist training camps there. The September 11th attack was major and a life changing event for many Americans, but the Trade Centers attack were not the first act of crime that Al Qaeda and bin Laden commited. The Al Qaeda Clan plotted to carry out terrorist operations against Israeli tourists and US. They also conducted the bombings in August 18 of the US Embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, that killed at least 01 people and injured more than 5,000 others (Frontline). The US claims that Al Qaeda shot down US helicopters in Somalia in 1 and to have conducted three bombings that targeted US troops. Al Qaeda was linked to the following plans but were not carried out to assassinate Pope John Paul II during his visit to Manila in late 14, simultaneous bombings of the US and Israeli Embassies in Manila

Mayo

and other Asian capitals in late 14, the midair bombing of a dozen US trans-Pacific flights in 15, and to kill President Clinton during a visit to the Philippines in early

15. Continues to train, finance, and provide logistic support to terrorist groups in support of these goals.

With all of this knowledge in mind, we as Americans must wonder if we are safe in the United States or if anybody is safe anywhere. Al Qaeda has committed many serious crimes on many countries and they still seem to be moving full speed ahead. With there illegal funding and numerous amounts of allies, bin Laden and Al Qaeda are libel to continue with the terrorist acts. After the September 11th many people have spent great amounts of time worrying for family, friends, and thinking if this is the last attack on America that they will ever see.

Will we continue to live our lives in constant fear? Is it still going to be a bad day because we are waking up and have to wonder if we will make it through the day? Can we put this world back together after September 11th? Will children ever see their parents and loves ones again? Will we still live in fear because we don't know if there will be another attack? These attacks on America have definitely made us think and made us suffer. But the past cannot be changed and only time will change our lives.

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History onspeed boats boats

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Denney - 18/86

Anyway, back to AYRS - in 18, along came Rob Denney with a serious project. He wanted to build a 8 three bladed wind turbine on a 40 trimaran to take part in the Singlehanded Transatlantic Race in 184. He thought that the boat would be able to sail directly upwind driving a propeller, be easy to control from inside the cabin, and would put less strain on the boat than ordinary sails.

He built up a sponsorship proposal, and had a team of very well qualified and experienced people behind him, with a trimaran hull designed by the late Rod MacAlpine-Downie, but he did not get any money to build it.

Anyway, after his attempts at finding sponsorship for this, he found that it was a better idea to write to the suppliers of materials and offer them free publicity in return for free supplies. So, in 186, he teamed up with Neil Bose from Glasgow University and put a -bladed turbine on his Iroquois catamaran.

AYRS 10 (186) p.

This boat is now owned by AYRS ex-Chairman Fred Ball, but it no longer has a wind turbine on it. Unfortunately, this is another boat whose photo does not scan very well.

After this, Rob Denney intended to make an attempt at the Sailing Speed record, and did all the calculations and designs, but then had to give up for lack of sponsorship.

Revelation - Wilkinson - 184/8

Small Craft, 186, p.47

Then, around 184, there was Jim Wilkinson, who also teamed up with Neil Bose to put an 4 diameter wind turbine on his 6 Sirrocco catamaran, REVELATION. They did a lot of tests on this boat - measuring the boat speed in all different wind speeds and directions. It seems to do about the same speed in any wind direction. This was an ideal cruising boat, requiring very little work from the crew, but it did not go very fast - going fast was not really the point - it was meant to be a low-effort fun boat.

Photo F. Sinclair

By the time I went for a ride on this boat in 18, he had changed it to three blades, and it did about 6 knots. It had also had a safety guard fitted below the blade path to protect the heads of the passengers - although the blades could not actually have hit the passengers, they imagined that they would get hit, and I think the guard rail was more for their psychological reassurance than for their actual safety. It is a lovely boat, all full of push-button controls and labour-saving devices.

Falcon - Bose - 18/86

Then there was Neil Boses own project at Glasgow University between 18 & 186. I visited this one and had a ride on it back in 186, but unfortunately I did not have a camera with me on that occasion. (Also, it was snowing at the time, so maybe photos would not have come out).

Glasgow University (18)

He used a 16 diameter -bladed rotor fitted to a helicopter tail rotor hub on a 18 Blackwater sloop named FALCON. He tried a variety of different blades - twisted, straight, cambered, at different pitch angles, and tried them both as autogiros and driving propellers. The boat sailed at all directions to the wind, including directly upwind. It did not go very fast, but then that was not the idea - it was meant for fuel saving on commercial shipping. It did about 5 kn in a 15 kn wind. He also found gyroscopic force coupling effects - e.g. if a boat travelling upwind yawed to port, this made the bow pitch downwards.

Neil Bose is now the Professor of Ocean Engineering at the Memorial University of Newfoundland, and can be contacted on nbose@engr.mun.ca

Falcon is now in the Scottish Maritime Museum in Irvine.

Tanja - Dumpleton - 185

In 18 Owen Dumpleton had a bright idea for generating electricity on a ship and sending it ashore. This ship was NOT supposed to move about. This arrangement has a number of good points, although those blades and that hull are not amongst them. This design has a very low centre of gravity, and correspondingly low centres of rotation and gyroscopic forces. I will be coming back to them later.

WindTech 185, p.40

Dusek - 185

AYRS 101 (185) p.8

Next we have one of our Australian members, Josef Dusek - in 184 he patented a device which looks like a helicopter rotor, where the blades flap up half way round, with the energy created by the flapping being used to work a pump. I dont think that he was intending to drive a boat with it.

Gigliobianco - 186

And finally amongst the AYRS members of the past publications, there was one of our Italian members, Guiseppe Gigliobianco, who in 186 put this turbine on a cat, coupled to a vertical-axis propeller. He started off using cloth blades, but later switched to semi-rigid wing blades.

AYRS 10 (186) p.1

This chap also took up some of Hugh Barklas ideas more recently, as you can see from the article in AYRS 11 in 1.

Elsewhere

There have also been a few people outside AYRS working on wind turbine boats. In the early 180s, when the price of oil was quite high, there was suddenly quite a lot of research being done on wind-powered ships. There were several one-off conferences and seminars held at this time on commercial sail. Very little of this was actually about wind turbine boats, but they generally got a brief mention. Unfortunately, most of this fizzled out when the price of oil came back down in 186.

I have only found one publication other than AYRS which published details of wind turbine boat research on anything like a regular basis, and that is the American Symposia on the Aero/Hydronautics of Sailing, also known as The Ancient Interface. There have been a number of papers published over the years on theory and model tests on wind turbine boats, which generally seem to be aimed at travelling directly upwind. Our own member Hugh Barkla has published a lot of theory there, also A.B. Bauer and Brad Blackford are frequent contributors.

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Criminal Justice System

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1. The Criminal Justice System consists of three major functional units. They are Agencies of Police, Courts, and Corrections. Following is the purpose of each

A. Police agencies are generally responsible for the investigation of a criminal event and based

on the results of said investigation, request arrest warrants, affect the arrest and place the offender in lockup, prepare all reports and present reports and evidence to the District Attorney for prosecution. Police Officers are required to present oral testimony at the offender's trial.

B. The Courts consists of Attorneys, their staff, and judges and their staff. The District Attorney must make the decision on what charges are filed based on information provided by Police agencies. Judges must review all reports and evidence to insure proper procedures have been followed prior to issuing warrants for arrest. Once the offender has been arrested, he is granted an initial appearance before a judge for possible bond setting. The judge can release the offender on his own recognizance, require bail be posted to insure offender's return to court or order the offender held without bail. The next court appearance, arraignment, is to insure the offender is aware of the charges filed against him, to see that he is adequately represented by counsel and to set a date for Preliminary Hearing. At the preliminary hearing, the District Attorney is required to place sufficient evidence before the court to prove that a crime has been committed, that the accused committed the crime, and that he the offender should stand trial before a jury of his peers.

C. The Corrections Department includes jails, prisons and community-based treatment programs (half-way houses) and programs for probation and parole. Prisons are rated on their custody level of prisoners held, i.e., Maximum, Medium and Minimum prisoners. Boot camps are designed to shock youthful offenders into quick rehabilitation, whereas long-term confinement facilities are designed for the hard-core criminals who are likely to return to crime quickly if released.

. Important activities of above functional units

A. Police At the heart of the Police Officer's Creed, To Protect and Serve lies his primary duties. Officers must ever be aware of their responsibilities to protect and serve all the population, not the select few. Laws must be enforced with dignity and restraint, never abusing the rights of an individual, whether to affect an arrest or let him go. It is only through a well-trained, self-disciplined police force that the public can rest assured they will be treated fairly. Crime prevention should always be the aim rather than arrest and prosecution. A good police officer is one who recognizes his duties and performs them without bias. He must never let the actions of the courts govern his actions or thoughts.

B. Courts The primary responsibility of the Courts is to prosecute cases presented by police agencies. Throughout the system, the offender's rights must be protected. From the DA to the Judge, all their actions must be above board, must be available to public scrutiny, and must be fair and equitable. They must assure that the punishment fits the crime.

C. Corrections This agency is responsible for the receipt, classification, and housing of prisoners. The primary goal should be rehabilitation. Although locked behind the wall, prisoners still have rights. These rights must never be violated, not by the Police, by the Courts, or the Corrections personnel. Since every person convicted of a crime is not sentenced to prison, the Corrections Department must establish and operate a system of Probation and Parole. The end result should be to return a productive person to society.

. Ranking of Activities

A. Police Departments

(1) Protect and Serve

() Crime Prevention

() Investigation of Crimes

(4) Enforce laws with Dignity and Restraint

(5) Love, Protect and Educate our youth

(6) Love, Honor and Protect out elderly.

B. Courts

(1) Prosecution of Offenders

() Protect the rights of all

() Insure the Punishment fits the Crime

(4) Insure all offenders' are treated fairly and equitably

(5) Insure that all offenders are given the right to defense counsel and the right to a speedy trial.

C. Corrections

(1) Receive, classify, and assign prisoners on the basis of their crime. No bias can be allowed.

() Make programs available for rehabilitation

() Develop programs for the rehabilitation and education/training of youthful offenders, whether in confinement or through Probation and Parole.

(4) Protection of the public by insuring dangerous criminals serve their allotted time and appropriate personnel are notified of their pending release.

(5) Return to society a productive individual through education and training.

4. In my judgement, personal integrity is more important than organizational integrity. The organization is made up of several personnel, each from a different way of life, with different values and with different ideas on what personal integrity means. It is only through the combined efforts of all members of the organization that breeches of integrity are weeded out. Management must insure that all officers are knowledgeable, well-trained and that one bad apple cannot spoil the barrel. Integrity comes from inside an individual. It is based on his early years of formulation. Mr. Michael Palmiotto of Wichita State University really summed it up, not only does misconduct by an officer personally affect that officer, it also affects the community, the department that employs the officer and every police officer and police department in the nation.

5. The County (District) Court is the court most important in our daily lives. This court is the one with which citizens usually have contact. They handle most criminal cases and the great bulk of legal businesses, i.e., wills and inheritance, marital disputes, and other day-to-day matters. Officers presenting evidence to District Attorneys for criminal prosecution are normally called as witnesses. Filing these cases in District Court allows the officer time to prepare for trial, review reports and make timely appearances at trial. Trials are usually during an officer's off-duty time and he is seldom compensated for his time and travel. For instance, I know that in Creek County there are three locations for District Court Sapulpa, Bristow, and Drumright. All misdemeanors in Western Creek County are filed in Drumright. All felonies are filed in Sapulpa. By having three locations, both officers and witnesses are saved time and cost.

6. The Author's approach to the Courtroom Work Group was adequately explained. It is true that the Judges, District Attorneys, Defense Attorneys, and their respective staffs are court professionals. The average person may never appear in court either as a defendant, witness, or victim. The professionals must guide the outsiders through the system to insure the system operates smoothly and effectively. As we look at the Court system, the Judge is definitely the main player. It is his responsibility to insure justice. He must safeguard both the rights of the accused and the interests of the public in the administration of criminal justice.

7. As our corrections departments moved through the phases listed; punishment, rehabilitation, and warehousing, we were given a look at totally different methods of treating prisoners. During the Punitive Era (15-145) emphasis was placed on punishment and security with the prevailing belief that prisoners owed a debt to society which only a rigorous period of confinement could repay. They believed that convicts should be both shunned and securely locked away from society. An out of sight - out of mind philosophy characterized American attitudes toward inmates. The Treatment Era (145-167) was based on a medical model of corrections which implied that the offender was sick and that rehabilitation was a matter of finding the right treatment. The goal of therapeutic treatment was to help the inmate mature psychologically and to learn to accept responsibility for their life. Both individual and group therapy sessions were utilized. Other forms of therapy used in prisons have included behavior therapy, chemotherapy, neurosurgery, sensory deprivation, and aversion therapy. An honest evaluation of the treatment era would conclude that treatment was more an ideal than a reality. Although 167 was declared the end of the treatment era, many correctional rehabilitation programs survive to the present day and new ones are constantly being developed. The Warehousing Era (180-15) came about as a result of the changes of individual sentencing decisions of judges, citizen outrage at the high recidivism rates and restrictive legislative action. The judges went back to the just deserts concept, built upon a renewed belief that offender's should get what's coming to them. Couple these actions with the truth in sentencing laws, three strikes and you're out law, we find that warehousing has led to prisons being frighteningly overcrowded. A quick recap of the three listed eras leads me to believe that society has yet to adopt a workable solution. We did not discuss the Community Based Era in this paper but it became rapidly obvious that was not the answer. We were returning repeat offenders back to the corrections system faster than we could rehabilitate. Of the three Eras listed, I tend to believe society accepted the rehabilitation era more than the others. However, in 17 a group of prisoners calling themselves the Federal Prisoner's Coalition insisted that inmates have a basic right to resist rehabilitation techniques designed to change their attitudes, values, or personalities. They were supported by the American Civil Liberties Union and their protest resulted in funds being withheld from any system utilizing psychosurgery, medical research, chemotherapy and behavioral modification. The rehabilitation approach leans more to public order than the individual rights of inmates. It is felt in most channels that hardened criminals have revoked their rights through the commission of their heinous crimes. To close, one must look at the number of drug-related offenders presently incarcerated. As long as they retain their dependency on the drugs, they are not able to cope with daily living nor do they recognize the concept of right and wrong.

Please note that this sample paper on Criminal Justice System is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Criminal Justice System, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Criminal Justice System will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Coral Reefs

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CORAL REEFS

What is a coral reef?

Coral reefs are huge structures made of limestone that is deposited by living things. There are thousands of species that live in coral reefs, but only a fraction actually produces the limestone that builds the reef.

Coral reefs support over 5% of all known marine species. They are one pf the most complex ecosystems on the planet, and are home to over 4,000 different types of fish, 700 species of coral and thousands of other plants and animals.

Other types of plants and animals also contribute to the structure of the reef. Many types of algae, seaweed, sponge, sediment and even molluscs like giant clams and oysters, add to the architecture of a coral reef. When these organisms die, they are then used as foundations for new corals.

Where are they found?

Coral reefs are found in over 100 countries. Most reefs are found between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, in places such as the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. Corals are also found further away from the equator in places where warm currents flow out of the tropics, like at Florida and southern Japan. On a world wide scale, coral reefs cover about 84,00 square kilometres.

The best place for coral to grow is in waters with the temperature being between 1 and degrees. They do grow in hotter and colder places, but the growth rate there are very slow. Corals like shallow waters, where there is lots of sunlight filters through to their algae. Its possible to find corals at depths of up to 1 metres, but reef-building corals doesn't grow very well below 18 7 metres. Corals don't grow very well near river openings or costal areas with too much, because corals need salt water to survive.

There are generally 4 classes of reefs which scientists divide them into…

1.Fringing reefs grow near the coastline around islands and continents. They are separated from the shore by thin, shallow lagoons. These are the most common types of reefs.

.Barrier reefs these are also parallel to the coastline but are separated by deeper, wider lagoons. At the shallowest part they can reach the waters surface making a 'barrier' to navigation. The Great Barrier Reef is the most famous example.

.Atolls are rings of coral that create protected lagoons, and are usually found in the middle of the sea. Atolls usually form when islands surrounded by fringing reefs sink into the sea or the sea levels rises around them.

4.Patch reefs small, isolated reefs that grow up from the open bottom of the island platform or continental shelf. They are common between fringing reefs and barrier reefs. Their size is varied, and they don't usually reach the surface of the water.

Corals provide shelter for nearly one quarter of all known marine species. The reefs are home to over 4000 species of fish, 700 species of coral, and thousands of other forms of plant and animal life.

The problems

There are two types of stresses associated with reef systems natural and human-induced. The effects of these stresses can range from minor to disastrous. Reefs show a surprising adaptation to short-term natural terrible events, such as hurricanes, and usually recover to normal community structure. These natural events can even be considered helpful in regards to natural diversity.

Reefs are not well adapted to survive exposure to long-term stress. Some examples include agricultural and industrial runoff, increased sedimentation from land clearing, human sewage and toxic discharges. Many land-based activities have important implications for reefs. Agricultural activities can introduce herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers and runoff from animal feed lots. Sewage discharges can introduce nitrogen and phosphate compounds along with pathogens and mixtures of toxics. Uncontrolled land clearing can result in erosion, with the resultant increase in sediment loads to surface waters. Roadways, parking lots and buildings consist of impervious surfaces. These surfaces increase runoff rates and carry with those waters mixtures of dissolved substances to surface waters. The surface waters in any watershed eventually free into coastal or near-coastal waters. These waters can then impact coral communities linked with these discharge points. Thus, activities occurring in distant locations have impacts to reefs which are far away from these activities.

Living coral reefs are the foundation of marine life, and this also means that they are essential for human life, but all over the world they are dead or dying because people are destroying them at a vert fast rate. Already 10% have been lost, and there are predictions that 705 of all corals on the planet will be destroyed in 0 to 40 years unless people stop doing what they are doing now i.e., pollution, sewage, erosion, cyanide fishing, bad tourism.

The Crown of Thorn Starfish (COTS) is known as a natural and important member of a coral reef.

Adult starfish can reach diameters of 40cm or more and have lots of arms, ranging from 7 to . COTS are covered by numerous long sharp poisonous spines and should be handled with the lots of care if removed on reef sites of commercial or scientific importance are they have to.

COTS outbreaks

If large numbers of larvae come across good conditions they may settle as a whole and result in the unexpected amount of large numbers of COTS on widespread coral reef areas. These events are called COTS outbreaks. COTS outbreaks are a natural occurrence on reef systems and have been documented on numerous reefs in the Indo-Pacific, including the Maldives, Indonesia, Australias Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Vanuatu and Fiji.

However, increased nutrients levels because of coastal development, direct and indirect effects of tourism, agricultural practices and exploitation of natural predators may assist larval and young COTS to rapidly outgrow this most vulnerable stage of the COTS life cycle. Once settled into their reef habitat COTS are well hidden and covered with toxic spines. This makes them hard to find and even more difficult to eat. Man-made influences may be an important factor contributing to the reduced time between outbreak events as currently seen. On the GBR, for example, COTS outbreaks are now recorded every -5 years, compared to a cycle of 8-10 years during the 180s.

We need coral reefs, and not just to make the ocean look pretty and colourful, they are more than just that…

Food Millions of species of marine animals, including crabs, eels, molluscs, sponges, worms, grasses, algae, and many more live on reefs and depend on them as nurseries to protect their young. Corals are natural filters of seawater for their neighbours. These reef ecosystems sustain many fisheries that people, mainly costal nations, depend on for their protein intake.

Medicine and other resources Like in tropical rainforests, coral reefs are a centre of extreme biodiversity, containing a great pool of interesting DNA- most of which hasn't even been understood, or explored yet! Australian scientists have developed a sunscreen from substances that corals use to protect themselves from ultraviolet light. It has a SPF of 50+. Neutrex Corp. has developed an amazing potent pain-killing drug form the poison of reef-dwelling sea snails. There are many more products which have been use from the substances found in coral reefs, and there are surely many more to discover.

Fun and Profit Snorkelers and divers consider coral reefs as big, underwater fun-parks, with colourful delights everywhere- which makes tourist want to spend huge amounts of money, and in many cases greatly helping the economies of the nations.

…And what do people do for the coral reefs?

Some are killed without noticing, other realise what they are doing but don't care, and others kill them to make money out of tourism, Heres just some of the ways they are being destroyed…

Overfishing-

Blast fishing

Cyanide fishing

Sewage

Farm runoff

Oil and industrial pollution

Sedimentation

Tourism

Disease

Climate disruption

Coral mining

Mangrove destruction

The Future

Coral reefs constitute one of the most threatened of marine habitats. Because of their slow growth and fairly long life expectancy, they can't easily regenerate themselves, and their difficulty is made harder by the fact that they are permanently lined to the sea floor. Thats why increasing pollution and irregular attack by predators prove particularly devastating.

A coral colony, which, together with its related flora and fauna, may have developed over 00 or 400 years, can be wiped out in a matter of minutes. Since coral growth varies from five to 00 centimetres a year, it has been esitmated that some older reefs may have taken from 10,000 to 0,000 years to reach their present size.

Further hazards, such as pollutants, refuse, sewage, oil, or other toxic substances, released intentionally or through shipwreck, have made the problem worse. Even the methods used in attempting to fix these problems have sometimes made the damage worse.

The concern for the safety of coral reefs is getting bigger, but this concern has resulted in worldwide help to develop codes of conduct for maritime vessels. It has also led to the management of research on the effects of mans activities on coral reefs and coastal environments, and to the creation of protected marine areas. These areas, such as the artificial reef created by the EAGLE, can act as replenishment reservoirs for fisheries and are designed to include maximum ecosystem diversity.

Solutions

There have been increasing efforts to start better management and conservation processes to protect the variety of these biologically rich areas. Management practices have historically focused on the coral reef proper and not considered associated communities, such as seagrasses, mangroves, and mudflats or defined watersheds (which transport complex mixtures in their waters), in a significant manner. This attempted to manage the reef in isolation, like an island.

Current management efforts recognize the importance of including reefs as part of a larger system, where included coastal zone management tools and watershed concepts can be used in the development of full management and protection plans.

When reefs are considered as part of a larger watershed, the recognization of the complexity of environmental stresses can be understood. Management plans can be developed to reduce impacts to mangroves, seagrasses and the reef ecosystem, based upon accurate data and a better understanding of the system. EPA is in the process of developing guidance for a watershed approach to coral ecosystem protection.

Please note that this sample paper on Coral Reefs is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Coral Reefs, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Coral Reefs will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN FOR DISPOSABLE PLASTIC SHOPPING BAGS – IS THERE A VIABLE SOLUTION?

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THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN FOR DISPOSABLE PLASTIC SHOPPING BAGS IS THERE A VIABLE SOLUTION?

Several billion plastic shopping bags are used by consumers in Australia everyday the majority of which end up in our waterways, national parks and as land-fill. This has clearly become a major environmental concern to both the government and many environmental groups. Possible solutions to the problem, which have been raised in the past, range from an appropriate levy on the use of plastic bags at checkouts in supermarkets to an outright ban on their use. Hence, the main aim of this research is to explore the possible solutions to reducing / ceasing the use of disposable plastic shopping bags, which will have the potential of being accepted by the wider population.

Target Market

Consumers over the age of 18 years and who are responsible for their household's shopping.

Research Aims

sum Develop a socio-demographic profile of consumers who support / do not support a plastic shopping bag levy / ban.

sum Assess attitudes and opinions toward other possible solutions in reducing / discouraging plastic bag usage.

sum Examine current use behaviour of plastic shopping bags.

sum Assess possible alternatives to plastic bag usage.

SEVEN-DAY RETAIL TRADING IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Whether or not Western Australia should establish extended shopping hours has recently been re-introduced for debate. In order for the state government to introduce seven-day trading, various costs need to be weighed against benefits. For instance, reduced family time versus increased spending opportunities / economic profit, and small-business hardship versus increased employment opportunities. Therefore, before Western Australia's shopping hours can be changed, market research on the public's awareness, attitudes and perceptions towards the extended hours is required.

Target Market

Employed consumers between the ages of 18 and 65 years.

Research Aims

sum Develop a socio-demographic profile of consumers who support / do not support seven-day / extended retail trading.

sum Assess the perceived costs and benefits of extending retail trading.

sum Determine acceptable trading hours demanded by consumers (eg. restricted to certain metropolitan areas / days / hours / seasons / etc).

sum Determine general attitudes and opinions toward extending trading hours.

INTERACTIVE ELECTRONIC SHOPPING ADOPTION

When most consumers think of shopping the vision usually consists of physically visiting a shopping area, such as a shopping mall. However, in recent times shopping electronically has been predicted to become an essential distribution channel for retailers in the near future. But because electronic shopping as a distribution alternative is a fairly recent phenomenon, little is known about why consumers adopt (or do not adopt) this method of shopping for goods and services. Past studies have suggested that frequent Internet usage and consumer innovativeness positively correlates with the adoption of electronic shopping. Therefore, the aim of this research project is to find out specific consumer characteristics that influence the adoption of electronic shopping.

Target Market

Employed consumers over the age of 18 who own their own credit card and have access to an Internet-connected PC at home.

Research Aims

sum Develop a socio-demographic profile of consumers who currently shop / do not shop electronically (eg. gender, age, income, employment status, responsible for household's shopping, etc).

sum Examine attitudes and opinions toward shopping electronically.

sum Explore current electronic shopping patterns.

sum Explore the perceived risks and benefits toward shopping electronically.

sum Assess attitudes and opinions toward adopting an innovation.

sum Assess the perceived risks and benefits toward adopting an innovation.

sum Examine attitudes toward physical shopping (eg. Is it regarded as a source of relaxation or a chore?).

PERFUME AND COLOGNE PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR

For most individuals, leaving home to attend a social event without applying some perfume or cologne in the right places is unthinkable. But with many thousands of fragrance brands to choose from, how does a consumer decide upon a particular brand/s to purchase? Is it the scent alone that is the influencing factor upon the decision to purchase a particular fragrance, or is the price, manufacturer and / or promotion type regarded just as important? Therefore, the main aim of this research project is to determine the dominating factors / forces involved when individuals choose a particular fragrance to purchase for themselves.

Target Market

Males and females over the age of 18 years who purchase body fragrances for personal use.

Research Aims

sum Develop a socio-demographic profile regarding the use of fragrances.

sum Determine the main reasons why consumers wear fragrances.

sum Assess the factors involved with influencing the purchase of a particular fragrance (eg. smell, price, promotion-type, manufacturer, peer influence, etc).

sum Determine the average frequency, quantity and price of fragrance purchases.

sum Determine the favoured types of scents by most individuals (eg. floral, citrus, etc).

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Antigone Analysis

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It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong, states Voltaire. According to Voltaire, if the subordinates disagree with the established power, they will be punished for it. The situation described above usually occurs in kingdoms ruled by a king, dictator, or tyrant because the monarchs need to ensure absolute power. Sophocles' Antigone deals with a ruler who disciplines his subject for disobeying his orders even though her opposition is within reason. His unwillingness to listen to reason will lead to his ultimate downfall while her self-wisdom puts her in favor of the gods.

Antigone, the main character of the play, is a bad subject in the eye of her mortal ruler, but not the gods. She acts against the decree of Creon, king of Thebes, by burying her brother, Polyneices. Creon orders the city against giving Polyneices a proper burial because he is a returned exile, who sought to burn with fire from top to bottom his native city…. and lead the rest of us to slavery (17 1). But Antigone has other feelings for her brother. Despite his waging war against against his native city, Antigone still loves him and will not prove false to him (5). By disobeying Creon, she is a good sister and a good human being. Knowing that the god of death demands these [burial] rites for both [Polyneices and Eteocles] (570), she decides that Creon's orders do not weigh as much as the gods' do. Thus, she pleases the immortals first, proclaiming to be a criminal [against Creon] but a religious one… in order to not cast dishonor on what the gods have honored (84 8). After she is caught and put before Creon, she argues her case unsuccessfully by saying, These are the laws whose penalties I would not incur from the gods, through fear of any man's temper (46 50). But she does earn favor from the gods for her actions because they punish Creon for sentencing her to death (116 117). By being a loyal subject of the more powerful ruler, her death is not in vain.

Creon, acting as both subject and sovereign, succeeds in neither of those positions. Although he rules over the citizens of Thebes, he is subordinate to the gods. Creon forbids any opposition, the man … in authority must be obeyed in small things…. There is nothing worse than disobedience to authority (70 77). Without order and obedience, there will be cities destroyed and homes demolished (78 7). He threatens the death of his guards if they do not find out who buried the body of Polyneices. He also tries to bring in all that are suspected of treason, mainly Ismene, the sister of Antigone. In his mind, Ismene must be involved in Antigone's opposition too. Therefore, both of them must suffer his punishment of death. When he has the obedience of all the citizens, he will be confident that he is a good ruler. However, in trying to do what he thinks is the best for the city, he forgets the fundamental laws of the gods about respecting the dead. His obstinacy makes him stick to his decision until it is too late and his pride makes him refuse to give in to the young. Even upon the advice of the chorus, he does not listen to his son, Haemon, saying, should we that are my age learn wisdom from young men such as he is? (784 785). He finally listens to the respected Teiresias, a blind prophet, who prophesies that Creon will not outlive many cycles more of this swift sun before [he] give in exchange one of [his] own loins bred, a corpse for a corpse (11 115). Teiresias goes on to explain that Creon's sentence of Antigone are acts of violence and in requital the avenging Spirits of Death itself and the gods' Furies shall…lie in ambush for [him], and in their hands [he] shall be taken cruelly (1144 1148). But when he finally decides to abdicate Antigone, it is too late.

Creon is wrong in trying to put down oppositions just to ensure power and order. He makes his decision on the fate of Polyneices' body without consulting the people. As a result, Antigone is not alone in her disagreement with Creon. According to her, there are others disagree but keep their mouths shut for the fear of [Creon] (555-556). But since she is the only one who clearly acts against him, Creon feels threatened. The place that women occupies in society is explicit in Ismene's speech to Antigone, we are only women, not meant in nature to fight against men, and that we are ruled, by those who are stronger (70 7). Thus, when a woman acts against her leader when no male dares to, Creon punishes Antigone more severely. The relationship between ruler and the ruled turns to a competition between the female and the male, I swear I am no man and she the man if she can win this and not pay for it, says Creon (58 5). He goes on to add, We cannot give victory to a woman; if we must accept defeat, let it be from a man; we must not let people say that a woman beat us (71 74). From his point of view, the worst kind of disobedience comes from a woman. Even when Haemon expresses the voice of the people, who mourns for this girl; they think she is dying most wrongly and most undeservedly of all womenkind, for the most glorious acts, Creon does not relent (747 74).

The stubborn Creon represents the typical ruler and Antigone represents public opinion. Creon's punishment by the gods acts as a warning to all rulers. Sophocles uses the play to explain the disadvantages of a monarchy and promote the ideas of a democracy. Haemon is right in saying that There is not city possessed by one man only (78 7). In a democracy, the rulers listen to the opinions of the people before making his decisions instead of making the laws and then punishing the people for disobeying them. There are numerous ways to obtain a well-disciplined city, but not in a dictatorial way. Without listening to public opinion, the leader is more likely to make a wrong decision. Therefore, a good government is one that considers the views from all sides and then rules.

Please note that this sample paper on Antigone Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Antigone Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Antigone Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Feminism in Sports

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The MASTERS 00

Burk's Crusade is a Bust

Elizabeth Miller

April , 00

HF5

The Masters is one of the oldest and most prestigious tournaments in modern golf history, dating back to 14. Every year the best players in the world of golf congregate in Augusta, Georgia all with the hopes of wearing the illustrious green jacket. Augusta National is the golf course that is home to the Masters, the green jackets and now national controversy. Late last year, the headlines of magazines, newspapers and websites began to buzz about Martha Burk and her crusade for women's rights. The issue that caused all this commotion is the membership roster at Augusta National; there are no women on it. It is not unusual to find private golf clubs, such as Augusta National, that have all male membership but because the Masters, the tournament, is open to the public there is a lot of grey area as to whether Augusta National is practicing discrimination by not admitting females to their membership register.

The Masters was created in 14 by Bob Jones and Clifford Roberts. Winning a green jacket at Augusta is synonymous with winning the Masters the tournament. Each member of Augusta National is issued a green jacket to wear during the Masters to signify to whom the club belongs. Each professional golfer that wins the Masters is also issued a green jacket and is made an honorary member of Augusta National. Each member of Augusta National is allowed to have guests to play golf, among these guests are women. However, to this day there is not one female member at the Augusta National club. This fact has raised many eyebrows in the golf community but has never caused any formal protest.

However a formal protest did start almost a year ago, on June 1th, 00; when Augusta National President, Hootie Johnson received a letter from Martha Burk, head of the National Council of Women's Organizations. Burk urged Johnson and the membership of Augusta National to admit a female member into their currently all male club, prior to the 00 Masters tournament. Johnson rebutted with a very public, very firm refusal, there may well be a day when women will be invited to join our membership, but that timetable will be ours, and not at the point of a bayonet. When Martha Burk first sent her letter to Hootie Johnson neither party had any idea what they were getting into. Burk trivialized the role of women in combat by stating that women are allowed to fight in Iraq but not golf at Augusta. Her campaign for women members at Augusta National caused two important members of the club to resign. Thomas Wyman, a 5-year member at Augusta National and former CEO of CBS, resigned in protest over the womens issue. He said Johnsons position was pigheaded. Treasury Secretary Nominee John W. Snow also resigned his membership at Augusta National. Hootie Johnson took an unprecedented step when on August 0th; he severed all relations with sponsors so that they could avoid the controversy. These sponsors included Citigroup, IBM Corp. and Coca-Cola Co. Soon after the dispute ensued Burk assured Johnson and the American public that she would be at Augusta National to protest. It was at this point that other organizations followed suit and decided to side with Burk. Charles Farrell a representative for Rainbow Sports a division of Jesse Jackson's Rainbow/PUSH Coalition supports Burk because, We find this morally offensive at a time when Saddam Hussein is gender eligible to be a member of Augusta, yet the woman who is an Iraqi POW is not. The Ku Klux Klan made a public announcement that during the third round of the Masters they too would have representation at Augusta National in favor of Hootie Johnson.

When the day finally came, April 1th, 00, Burk's protest was somewhat under par. Sometime around 11 a.m., a bus pulled up on Washington Road and, as the sound system loudly projected the Helen Reddy song I Am Woman, the protesters stepped off the bus. By best count, there were somewhere between 0 and 0 of them. At that point, police had protesters outnumbered probably four or five to one. It was almost the same ratio for media members to protesters. Several minutes later, Burk stepped out of a car on the other side of the field and, swarmed by the media, walked up to the stage. Sometime during the rally, someone called Augusta a police state and someone else held up a 1-foot placard of a Ku Klux Klansman with the Masters emblem on his white robe. Also during the rally, an anti-Burk protester, maybe 15 feet away from her, directly in front of the stage, held up a hand-lettered orange sign that read Make Me Dinner! on one side and Iron My Shirt! on the other.

For over a year Martha Burk tried to force Hootie Johnson and the membership to admit a female to their exclusive boys club. When it was her turn to protest and show her distaste towards the practices of Augusta National the demonstration was a more of a stunt. On March 8th, 00 almost a month before the planned protests Tiger Woods predicted this outcome for the Masters, It's going to be an absolute joke, just a zoo, I think a lot of us players are really going to get inside the ropes and playing and not having to deal with a lot of this stuff. This was most definitely the case. The most support that Martha Burk received was from the people driving by and staring, other than the protestors she had bused in, no one showed up.

Supporters of Hootie Johnson say the membership at Augusta National is not doing anything wrong. Technically, Augusta National is totally within its Constitutional rights by choosing to assemble as an all male group. This is covered in the Bill of Rights when it states

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

The men of Augusta National are assembling peacefully when they gather to have dinner or play golf in Augusta, Georgia so there is nothing that the US Government or any other governing body can say to make them change their ways. Augusta National always treats females, when visiting, with the greatest respect on the course, range and in the dining room. So women are allowed to visit Augusta National, with a member of course, and while they may be excluded from this boys club, they aren't discriminated against.

John Steinbreder, of Golfweek, is a supporter of Hootie Johnson, the membership and the values practiced at Augusta National. He like most Americans realizes that, Clubs, as a rule, are confined to certain social and economic groups, and what smells like discrimination to the uninitiated is really just a matter of perfectly acceptable exclusivity. The exclusivity found at Augusta National is the same that can be found in many other places including Boston found Healthworks a women-only health club. The members of Augusta National are CEOs, President's and owners of corporate America. They are all wealthy important people in society. Just as easily as Martha Burk is crusading for women's rights a less wealthy person could make the same argument, Augusta National discriminates. The less wealthy, like women, are not allowed to play at Augusta National without the company of a guest, nor can they become members. However, to the less wealthy its not discrimination, it is just a lack of money on their part that prohibits them from joining a club such as Augusta National.

Before the event there was a lot of media hype. There were numerous articles in all of the major newspapers, on most of the major news websites and in every sports publication imaginable. In most of the sports publications [i.e. Sports Illustrated, Golfweek, etc] articles were pretty one-sided, supporting Hootie Johnson and Augusta National. It was the national newspapers that the other side of the story was presented. The New York Times Sports section and The Boston Globe both featured articles pertaining to gender discrimination. The New York Times featured an article about a Pennsylvania golf club that also doesn't permit women as members. The Boston Globe featured article about a women's only health club. In both articles the opposing view was presented to readers. A woman was interviewed about the Pennsylvania golf club and a man was the featured speaker in The Boston Globe article.

During the event, there wasn't an overwhelming of press coverage. It seemed as though the press figured out what the public had prior to the Masters. Martha Burk's attacks on Hootie Johnson were real however not that major. Had Burk's claims been a pressing event she would have made a larger effort to collect supporters for her cause. At the actual rally there were between 0 and 0 women protesting alongside Martha Burk. That is a lot of women but for this event it would have been more effective had Burk arrived to Augusta National before 11 o'clock in the morning and if she had brought more women who supported her cause.

Now that is it post Masters, the media hype has died down and the name Martha Burk will soon be a name forgotten. This controversy, however, will not be forgotten. Any golf club from now on that host a tournament that is known on any level be it local, regional or national it better have its member policies in order. That means no gender discrimination or race discrimination.

In conclusion Martha Burk had a noble crusade and had she made a more noble effort more of the American public would have taken her seriously. What her crusade lacked was a large support base and more vocal supporters. If Martha Burk had taken these points into consideration she may have had a chance when she went up against the members of Augusta National.

National Organization for Women. Asked to Admit Women, Golf Club Goes 'Ballistic'. July 00. http//www.now.org/eNews/july00/070outrage.html

USATODAY.com. Golf Masters Controversy Timeline. April 00. http//www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/masters/00-04-08-augusta-timeline_x.htm.

MSNBC.com. Not Buying into Burk's Latest Rants. 8 March 00. http//www.msnbc.com/news/81755.asp

Sheeley, Glenn. Tiger expecting 'a zoo' at Augusta. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 8 March 00.

U.S National Archives & Records Administration. Charters of Freedom The Bill of Rights. April 00 http//www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/bill_of_rights/amendments_110.html.

Steinbreder, John. Augusta can do whatever it wants. Golfweek 18 January 00.

Please note that this sample paper on Feminism in Sports is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Feminism in Sports, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Feminism in Sports will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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