Trucks

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the essay is on the transformation of toy trucks.trucks are the best type of material that you can supply to your young childrena at sucha young versatile age. children have such great impact in your lives and mean he most too us.IN turn we want to give them everything they need to become their dreams. that is exactly what his inventional truck will provide to these children. children eman the most to everyone. Love them cherish them and wan them more than anything. do what you can do make their childhood everything that makes them who they are and want to be. Raising a child is not easy however, nurishing them adn caring for thme comes instictivly. children are the greatest gift of al, lest we never forget that, love them, cherish thema nad teach them ,conswequectly leaving them room to make mistakes and learn from them

moms and dads have no other athourity figure in there lives than what they are to their growing children in society.in diverce society we offten mis use the word love and treat it as though it has no further meaning that juts a four letter word to express emotional feelings.the word love goes beyond just one simple spoken word. i mena anyone could use it however it foes mena thqt it is true and from the heart. althoug it make consequently distract humamn nature it is illegal and intentional. such shrude behaviour should be abolish from man kind and burned until we see that it is not the right way to live and that life goes on.

shame on me if you foll me one shame on me if you fool me twice youve been a pretty hard case to crack i should have known better but i didnt can i cant go back.. oh life goes on and its only gonna make me strongt hast a fact once you get on bore sing back because you cant go back. live goes on is something that we all need to accept in order to re start ou lives agian and love another

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An extensive literature on the behavioural aspects of budgeting discusses the propensity of managers to create budgetary slack.Based on the above statement, explain three ways in which managers may attempt tocreate budgetary slack and how senior mana

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Budgetary slack or sometimes it is referring to budgetary bias, is a common process where implementer intentionally underestimates revenue or overestimates expenses in the tight budget. Managers may attempt to create budgetary slack in three ways.

Managers may deliberately underestimate the production or sales budget¡¯s potential. For example, the sales budget for the month of July is RM 1 million. If the manager is able to achieve the target budget then the sales budget for the following month will be increases to RM 1.5 million. Manager creates budgetary slack by undervalue the budget so that the budget for August will be easier to achieve although they are able to hit the tight budget.

Manager may also attempt to achieve slack by cost overestimation. They purposely used more than the budgeted expenditure so that the budget will be increases for the following months. After that they spend less than the budgets to shows that they have improve in their performance. For instance, the cost budget is set to be RM 1 million in January. Then the manager spends RM 1. million in their expenditure so that the cost budget will be increase to RM1. million in February. Subsequently, they spend only RM 1.1 million in March which is RM 0.1 million lesser than February to prove that they have better performance.

Moreover, manager may use up all the budgets to pretend that there is no slack in the recent budget. Manager may waste his extra cost budget on non-essential expenses. Let say the cost budget is RM million for March, the manager will try to finish his allowance although he only spend RM1.8 million. This may cause by the fear of the manager that the future budget will be reduces unless the allowance is fully utilise. If the budget being reduces, then this may make himself into difficulty to maintain or attain the reduced budget. Thus they spend money when it is not necessary to do so.

Managers expect overestimations of difficulties happened too. They attempt this so that the sales budget would be reduced and the cost budget would be increased for the subsequent months. This help in easing their job to reach the reduced budget and they would have higher allowances to spend on. For instance, the manager might only face two difficulties in his task in reality, but he overrate the difficulties to four so that the senior manager understand his situation and do some amendments on the tight budget.

Senior manager in many ways can identify the distortion of the budgetary system.

The senior managers can try to compare the recent sales with other similar departments. For example, if the manager in Accounts Department is able to fully use or spend less in his cost budget, the manager in Finance Department should be able too and not over spend or overestimate.

Besides, senior manager can make a review on pass trends to measure the sensibleness of budget. The comparison of current figures with previous record must consider the market growth and market share. For instance, if formerly the manager was able to reach the tight budget, he is supposing able to achieve the same budget at the same activity levels and working practices.

Senior manager should also consider the environment changes. Changes in government policy may have changes in business environment. Inflation, efficiency level, movement of interest rate as example, may affect sales volume. For instance, as the inflation rate increases, consumer might reduce their consumption, which then affected the quantity of sales.

A proper meeting should be held between managers and senior manager. Senior manager may use their knowledge on the management style of managers to identify the area of slack introduced. During the meeting, senior manager should discuss with budget holders about the sales reduced and how they determined to pick up their performances. This indirectly builds the awareness of those managers that distort the budgetary system.

Senior manager can discover these manipulations by investigating the sales and spending behaviour of managers around the budget period end. The growing of complexity of business, as example will enhance the difficulty implicated in determining the interaction between different elements of business. Therefore it is depend on the behaviour of managers on how they take it.

Senior manager may also attempt issue of transparency where all the departments coordinate and cooperate among themselves. Each and every task of all the departments will be report to one another, so that their jobs are transparence and managers do not have the chance to slack the budget. For instance, if Account Department is doing task A, then the task will be transparent to all the departments.

Zero based budgeting (ZBB) approach may be used where all expenditures must be justified each new period, as opposed to only explaining the amounts requested in excess of the previous periods funding. For example, if an organization used ZBB, each department would have to justify its funding every year. That is, funding would have a base at zero. A department would have to show why its¡¯ funding efficiently helps the organization toward its goals.

A detailed review of the complete draft budget needs to be performed by senior manager to ensure its rationality. Then compare the draft budget with external data, the information published by competitors and information from trade associations as examples. If the draft budget is not complement with the references, then there is a high possibility that managers attempt slack.

Senior manager should do study on the background of managers too. Some managers are likely to introduce slack because they are not well trained regarding the system. For instance, those managers who are fresh graduate and do not have the knowledge on the budgeting system of the organisation may be unable to plan the budget well. The burden of managers should also be review. Sometimes managers are loaded with too many tasks and lead them attempt budgetary slack.

Senior manager may also study the budgetary system that he expected managers to achieve. Sometimes the budget might be too high and hardly to attain in the competitive market. The low actual results might be the best performance from managers. For instance, the senior manager set the budget for RM15 million for the year 00. This high budget may be successful when economy rises but not during the economy crisis. Then the senior manager should improve in planning the system.

In conclusion, the budgetary system is vital for every organisation for strategic planning. Hence, the senior manager should have co-ordinate the managers correctly towards the organisation¡¯s goals.

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Animal Cloning

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Animal Cloning

Each day thousands of lives are threatened and sometimes lost from food-borne illnesses, or waiting for organ donations. It is reported by the Center for Disease Control that each year there are approximately 76 million cases of people infected with food-borne illnesses. (Food-borne Illnesses, 1) Another source, The Gift of Life Foundation, indicates that over eighty thousand patients are currently on waiting lists for transplants. (Organ Donor Awareness, 1) Which makes me wonder why anyone would protest or question animal cloning as a viable solutions to these problems.

First of all, of the thousands of men, women and children on waiting lists, only twenty two thousand people received organ donations. From the remaining fifty eight thousand, six thousand died and the rest are still waiting for a life saving organ. (Organ Donor Awareness, 1) The solution for organ shortages lies in the continuation of research of using animal organs in human transplant patients. One goal of the Human Genome Project researchers is to reproduce organs suitable and compatible for humans. This occurs by genetically altering organs created from single cells and adding human proteins. (Cloning Fact Sheet, ) Without this research, we will never know how many lives could have been saved.

Secondly, another benefit of animal cloning would be improving the quality of the food we eat. As I stated earlier, many people have suffered from food-borne illnesses, some leading to death. The cause of these illnesses are bacteria's found in many meats. The bacteria's result from improper slaughtering, handling of meats, and undercooked meat. Many of the illnesses are left untreated, because people pass the symptoms off as the flu or minor indigestion. One bacterium in particular, Campylobacter, often found in chicken, can lead to a severe neurological disease called Guillain Barre Syndrome. (Food-borne Illnesses, ) With animal cloning, animals will be raised and processed in a well-controlled and more sanitary environment. Although the United States Department of Agricultures Food Safety and Inspection Service conducts testing of meat processing plants, the rising number of recalls of contaminated meat reveal that their techniques are lacking. This leaves little confidence that we are buying and consuming a clean product.

Some people may say that animal cloning is wrong. As a result, many people are protesting the use of cloning for many reasons. Because of the untested waters that still remain, many people are fearful of what the outcome will produce. Therefore, they want to prevent the research for continuing. Over the past couple years I have read newspaper articles and had conversations with several people about cloning. Some of the reasons for protest are beliefs that it is not humane to create and kill animals for any purpose. For this I argue that we have been creating, killing and using animals for centuries to benefit humans. They have clothed us and fed us; provided us with transportation and have even been used for our entertainment in sports such as the Polo. Religious individuals argue that cloning is tampering with God's creations. However, it was the same God that gave man the will to survive and the intelligence to find new avenues to achieve this. Others claim that it will lead to human cloning. Although I agree that human cloning is going too far, that comes down to a regulatory issue on what can be cloned, and should not prevent all types of cloning.

Personally I love animals. I have owned pets my entire life, and they have all come as a result of some type of rescue. However, I feel that if it comes down to saving humans, it is human instinct to do what we can to improve the quality of human life. If I were approached with the choice of creating an animal to produce a lifesaving organ or letting the individual die, I would create the animal. I feel the same about the food I consume. In the past, I have worked in a pig processing plant, and I know first hand that the environment is not clean enough, and not all abscesses in the meat are discarded. I have always believed there had to be a better way. I also believe that a lot of the health problems with humans are partially caused by the poor quality of food consumed each day.

As quoted by Peter Marshall, Let us not be content to wait and see what will happen, but give us the determination to make the right things happen. If the research is stopped we will never know what could have been. There is no magic crystal ball that can show us the result. To complete the research is a great leap of faith, yet I think if it's succesful it will provide great benefits. To turn our back on the possibility to maintain and improve life would go against our nature.

Works Cited

McGuigan, James J. Organ Donor Awareness. Gift of Life Foundation

00 http//www.giftoflifefoundation.com

Hamilton, Doug. Food-borne Illnesses. Frontline.

00 http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/meat/safe/foodborne.html

Adamson, Anne E. Cloning Fact Sheet. Human Genome Management Information System.

Nov. 1, 00 www.ornl.gov/hgmis/elsi/cloning.html

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Michigan's no-Fault laws

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Michigan should continue utilizing its No-fault insurance system. The no-fault concept is one of the most controversial and misunderstood plans in insurance history. No-fault insurance is exactly whats its name suggest theres no-fault placed in the event of an accident. when an accident occurs under no-fault, your insurer automatically pays for your damages, regardless of fault. The no-fault concept came into existence in 171 after the tradional fault-based system caught flak due to its high cost and lengthy delays in settling claims of accident victims. The no-fault system simplified things there are no lawyers, judges, or juries. You are guaranteed immediate compensation without the lenghty court battles. By reducing the number of auto accident cases in court, drivers will be rewarded with lower premiums down the line. lower rates mean that auto insurance is accessible to people of lesser means. it has been stated that under no-fault laws drivers are barred from suing another driver for damages, thats not true.Youre allowed to sue if your damages exceeds your policy limits. Heres an example, lets say the damages from an auto accident totalled $0,000 but your policy only covers $15,000, you the driver than have the right to sue for the difference. Not all states using the no-fault plan have seen successful results. However a recent article in Consumer Reports states Michigans no-fault system has effectively held down cost while still allowing people with grave injuries accessto justice. Accident victims are promptly compensated for their losses. Severly injured people no longer have to bear devastating financial burdens while waiting for lawsuits to be settled.

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The 30-Second President

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Little, if any attention was given to political advertising until 15, when Eisenhower effectively competed for the U.S. presidency. Advertising executives, rather than politicians lead Eisenhower's presidential campaign. Since 15, marketing on television has played a more important and even unimportant role in political campaigns. My views somewhat conflict with those represented in the video and textbook, along with my views the textbook and video contradicted themselves on media's portrayal of politicians.

I felt the video contradicted itself because Roser Reeves used two completely different ways of describing what he was doing with political advertising. He called what he was doing as, Partipulation, participation in your own manipulation. However, he also said, Commercials do not educate the public, it is not their purpose, but instead to tell the candidate's position. I believe Reeves is trying to say that the public is so uneducated when it comes to politics that they will stick with whatever idea is presented more often with the simplest terms. However, telling the candidate's position is not exactly, in any form, manipulative. If advertising were simply just telling the candidate's position, then we would not have tons of commercials that slander opposite political competitors. I doubt, however, that advertising is manipulating the public; I do however suppose that advertisers manipulate the facts.

Most of the evidence portrayed in The 0-second President was new and very surprising; still some of it was formerly and previously accepted. I was shocked to hear that, Unpopular commercials do not equal bad sales. I recognize the fact that I purchase things based upon how I perceive them in commercials. If I do not like a commercial, I will not buy the product because I feel that by buying the product, I then endorse the commercial and therefore I will once again see the commercial. I did not find it interesting that even in the 160's, a politician standing on the busiest street corner, shaking hands with everyone that passed for ten seconds that it would not compare to the amount of people television reaches. Nine out of ten people have televisions. The textbook is correct in saying television is the First true mass communication medium.

The textbook and video conflict each other on a few points but for the most part agree that televisions is a great way to reach an audience. In the textbook, UP CLOSE How to Run for Office, they state, Be prepared to define you opponent in negative terms. Negative advertising works. Emphasize his/her positions that clearly deviate from your districts voters' known preferences. However, the video said that negative commercials are no good. Stevenson tried to use negative ads against then president, Dwight D. Eisenhower. People resented the mean commercials against their president, and Eisenhower ended up winning with 58% of the popular vote. I believe that the textbook is just saying what we want to hear. The textbook does not really publish that guide for politicians, and they are just showing what uneducated American's think politicians do. I believe the video is correct in their observation that negative commercials do not work. While disagreements did occur between the book and video they both agreed that television was a great way to induce emotions. The power of television derives not only from its large audiences but also its ability to communicate emotions, the video agrees. The video concluded that they could use sayings stored in the public's mind and it would evoke them. For instance, the use of the little girl not being able to count, and then zooming into her eye and seeing an atomic weapon explode, without even saying a name reminded the public about their fear and needed prevention of atomic warfare. I also found it interesting that the book and video both agreed that it was not the purpose of commercials to educate the public, however they did not agree on what its true intentions are. The textbook said, Television does not tell people what to think but rather what to think about. Whereas the video said, TV commercials do not tell people what to think, rather what the politicians think. I believe both inferences are correct when it comes to this issue. I do however believe they are not telling the whole truth, they should admit that political commercials are aimed at manipulating the fact to make one politician look better than the other.

I always thought mass media was not that important. I am current with public, political speeches, and I prefer to do my own research on politicians or parties and their ideas and concerns. I did not realize that over two-thirds of people say then receive all or most of political news from media sources. In addition, the majority of people consider television as the most believable way of communicating news. The American public must realize that politicians depend on them being uneducated and only judging a candidate on their 0-second commercial. Not until the public educates themselves, will there be any major changes in our politicians.

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MER

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Q. Australian Microeconomic Reform

·The meaning of microeconomic reform

·The objectives of competition policy

·Microeconomic reforms that have occurred in Australia during the last two decades

·Industries and sectors that face future microeconomic reform and structural change

Microeconomic Reforms are the actions taken by the government to improve resource allocation between firms and industries within the economy, in order to maximise output from scarce resources. Microeconomic reforms have played a central role in economic policy in Australia since the early 10s, as Australian governments recognised that extensive structural change was needed to deal with the structural problems in the economy. If these microeconomic reforms are used well, Australia's economy will experience a shift in the supply curve, which is known as supply side economics. Supply side economics… should have the effect of providing more goods and services at the same prices.

Draw demand supply curve supply curve shift to right

Competition policy refers to policies implemented by the government in order to maximise the level of workable competition in specific markets in the economy. Competition policy aims to reduce barriers to entry in industries by eliminating monopolies and uncompetitive behaviour by businesses. The RBA bulletin from June, 17 says that the initial focus has been in sectors such as electricity, gas, water and road transport and government business enterprises, with the reforms then being addressed in government trading entities, the professions and other entities such as the statutory marketing authorities.

Over the last two decades there have been many actions taken by the government to improve the allocation of goods and services. Some microeconomic reforms include

·Deregulation of markets

·Privatisation of government assets

·Labour Market Reforms

·National Competition Policy

·Industry policy

·Tax Reforms

Microeconomic reforms bring out structural changes in the economy. The most important microeconomic reform the government has implemented was the National Competition Policy in 15 following the recommendations from the Hilmer Report. Although a 5.5% boost in economic growth was expected, the National Competition Policy has contributed to a higher productivity growth since 15 averaging around %. Furthermore individual industries have benefited from the reforms, with most facing lower costs for electricity, water and telecommunications and having access to new markets both overseas and locally. The National Competition Policy removes price fixing, enhances competition within government agencies and encourages privatisation, corporatisation and deregulation of markets. However the competition policy is still unpopular in rural areas of Australia, as they have experienced decreased service levels, higher costs and increased unemployment.

The government has deregulated many markets during the last two decades. Beginning in 18 where the Australian dollar was floated and interest rates were controlled by the financial sector. In 18, the RBA became responsible for the levels of interest rates.

Competition policy reduced barriers to entry and exposed many industries to full competition, such as the telecommunications industry. During the early 10s, the industry was dominated by the government monopoly Telstra and until 17 only Telstra and Optus were allowed to offer a full set of customer services. Since 17, prices have fallen substantially with many more competitors in the industry forcing firms to cut costs and maximise outputs. The fact that competition policy forces Telstra to give other phone companies access to their local call networks its critical in making it possible for them to offer long distance and other services.

But the agricultural industry has experienced adverse effects from the government's national microeconomic reforms. Deregulation in QLD and NSW areas have forced many farmers in the sugarcane, fruit and eggs and dairy industries out of business. The dairy industry is currently going through a major structural change, which is expected to see between a third and a half of dairy farmers exit, their industry. In the short term this leads to an increase in unemployment, but in the long term it leads to the creation of larger and more efficient farms, which are more internationally competitive.

The domestic aviation industry was deregulated in the early 10s, which saw Ansett become Australia's second international carrier. The government privatised many of Australia's airports after breaking the Federal Airports Corporation's monopoly over air terminals. But during the late 10s the outbreak of Virgin Blue and impulse saw airline prices drop to an all time low. But now with Ansett declared bankrupt and Impulse bought by Qantas, once again there remains only two competitors in Qantas and Virgin blue but Qantas is in a virtual monopoly position with over 80% of the aviation market.

An Industry that faces future market economic reforms is the labour market. Although the government has implemented some changes, there is still more to come. The Howard government's current policy to reduce unemployment focuses on the labour market reform, because of the belief that structural problems and inefficiencies plague the labour market. From this, the government have pursued the deregulation of the market to encourage employment. The government have also restructured the employment services market by privatising most of these firms, with the aim of supplying training and employment more quickly. These policies have obviously helped in reducing unemployment, Morgan Mellish from The Financial Review commented, An unexpectedly large surge in new jobs in November has provided more evidence that the Australian employment market is improving. The number of full-time jobs rose by 57, 00 to 6.7 million. The annual rate of jobs growth now stands at .5%… above the long-term average of %.

Taxation reform has had the most extensive changes since the Second World War. The Howard Government's tax reform package, which was implemented in July 000 aim to benefit the entire economy, although they have had different impacts on individual industry sectors. The tax reform package consists of the introduction of the 10% GST with minimal exemptions covering basic necessities such as food, water and shelter, the abolition of the Wholesale Sales Tax and the entire revenue from the GST allocated to state governments. The government claims that it will bring substantial economic benefit such as reducing average business costs by % and reducing costs for exporters by .5%. Ross Gittins says that introducing the GST was to give us a broad and sturdy indirect tax capable of generating revenue as fast as the economy grows and thereby helping to finance growth in the state governments spending on education, health and all the rest.

The major indirect policy initiative to promote exports and trade was the reform of industry assistance. The dismantling of tariffs and quotas aimed to promote import competition, raise efficiency and increase the volume of exports although decreasing the export base. The Mortimer Report recommended that the government adopt an industry policy with a high growth objective as the central focus of all its business programs. The government has to find a balance between encouraging international competitiveness through reforms and ensuring competitiveness by providing protection. The government's new reforms incorporate many of Mortimer's suggestions. Increasing support of business research and development, increasing foreign investment and measures to increase the opportunities for access to global information revolution.

The aims of microeconomic reforms are to increase the effectiveness of the markets in order to

·Maximise output (supply side economics)

·Improve resource allocation

·Increase productivity

·Increase the flexibility of labour

·Increase international competitiveness

·Initiatives to promote structural change

·Increase competition

·Decrease demand for imports

Microeconomic reforms have increased productivity up to 5% during the 10s and enables consumers to buy more and better products. Most importantly, microeconomic reforms increase community welfare and living standards but there are some disadvantages, such as increases in short-term unemployment and an increased inequality in the distribution of income. In order for microeconomic reforms to work effectively, they must be complemented with deregulation, the process of removing protection levels and a flexible labour market.

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Communication Process Paper- Mgt 331

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Communication Process Paper

The importance in being able to effectively communicate with others is essential in the world that we live in. Although everyone participates in some process of communication, not everyone knows how to communicate well. Communication is a process involving the encoding and decoding of messages being sent and received by a source and receiver, respectively. Messages are sent through various channels, such as face-to-face interaction, electronic mail, or telephone. Depending upon the channel used to communicate a message, it may allow for the communication to be transactional or unilateral. All of this occurs within a certain context, and it may also include noise factors, such as cultural differences or physical distractions, that may disrupt the effectiveness of the message being communicated. The more knowledgeable one is of the multiple factors involved in the communication process, the better the chances of effective and efficient communication.

In Organizational Behavior, John Schermerhorn et al believes that it is useful to think of communication as a process of sending and receiving messages with attached meanings (10). At (My job), where I work, vast amounts of messages are sent and received daily, and depending on its availability, certain channels will be utilized. Due to the high volume of different messages, there is always the chance that some messages will be successful while others are not.

An example of an unsuccessful message, where the source of the message was unable to effectively communicate the tasks that were to be completed, involved a voicemail that (My boss), my boss, had left for her assistants. In this certain situation, (My boss) had called and left a message listing about 0 tasks that needed to be completed and she did so by leaving a message on the voicemail. We, my co-workers and I, were required to transcribe her encoded directions before performing the tasks. However, some of the directions were unclear and we were unable to decode them. There were times when the reception on the phone she called from was filled with static, preventing us to clearly decode her message. There were also times when she asked us to fax out information regarding a property listing, yet she did not specify which details were to be included and which details were to be excluded.

Since (my boss) message was through the voicemail, we were unable to ask for clarification or give her feedback. We tried calling her on her cell phone, but it was off. Nevertheless, we proceeded to perform the tasks only to find out later that some were not done to her liking. Some of her intended messages were perceived incorrectly by us. In one instance when she asked us to fax out some information to a client, we misinterpreted the name Thompson with Johnson. Thus, Thompson did not receive the time sensitive information he needed and instead we incorrectly faxed out unnecessary information to Johnson. To this misunderstanding, we lost a one million dollar contact.

In another instance, we were to prepare disclosure packages. However, it was not clear what (My boss) wanted us to include in it. Unable to ask her to specify which documents, we just included everything regarding the property. When (my boss) checked it the following day, she informed us that it was done incorrectly because we included more than was needed. Thus, we had to go back and remove the extra documents, which was ineffective time spent and lost.

On the other hand, an example of a successful communication process at work was when my boss was present at the office and delegated work to us verbally. (My boss) announced to all of the employees that she needed us to work together to help her with advertising. She effectively and efficiently communicated what she wanted in the ad. Schermerhorn et al states that effective communication occurs when the intended meaning of the source and the perceived meaning of the receiver are virtually the same whereas efficient communication is low cost in its use of resources (1). Having (my boss) present made such a difference. She effectively communicated to us that work needed to be done by telling us step by step instructions of what needed to be done. Also, we were able to ask her any questions if we were not clear about the issue. Furthermore, by having all of the employees present and her explaining the tasks to us as a group, she efficiently communicated to us what needed to be completed.

Messages are constantly being sent back and forth within every organization. Thus, effective communication is an essential part of every organization. Undoubtedly, there will always be some sort of miscommunication that may occur. To combat this problem, or at least to minimize it as much as possible, all members within the organization should understand the basics of the communication process.

Works Cited

Schermerhorn, John, James Hunt, and Richard Osborn. Organizational Behavior 7th Edition. New York Wiley & Sons Inc., 00.

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