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It started with the dinasors.
The first UNIVAC computer (Universal Automatic Computer
is developed in 151. It can store 1,000 digits in random
access mercury-delay lines) was delivered to the Census
Bureau in June 151.
Internally, the UNIVAC operated at a clock frequency of
.5 MHz, which was no
mean feat for vacuum tube circuits. The UNIVAC also
employed mercury delay-line memories.
Unlike the ENIAC,(electronic numerical integrator and
computer)
--the worlds first electronic digital computer the UNIVAC
processed
each digit serially. But its much higher design speed
permitted it to add two ten-digit numbers at a rate of
almost 100,000 additions per second.
The machine designed by Drs. Eckert and Mauchly was a
monstrosity.
When it was finished, the ENIAC filled an entire room,
weighed thirty tons,
and consumed two hundred kilowatts of power. Vacuum
tubes, over 1,000 of
them, were
the principal elements in the computers circuitry. It
also had fifteen
hundred relays and hundreds of thousands of resistors,
capacitors, and
inductors.
Too soon, Charles, sadly.
A century and a half ago Charles Babbage, Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics, devised his Analytical Engine,
which embodied most of the concepts which we now take for
granted in the digital computer. But those concepts were
far ahead of the available technology.
The man Maurice Vincent Wilkes, finally brought to its
fullest
reality Babbages dream, by providing the computer with the
one vital organ which it still lacked a capacious memory.
He converted a program and its data, punched onto paper
tape, into ultrasonic pulses, and he fed the pulses into a
tube of memory, which delayed their progress, and he caused
the pulses to circulate indefinitely. And so EDSAC was
born, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator,
the first full operational computer with its own memory.
From all sides they flocked to admire it, and stayed to
use it. Soon it was performing the vital calculations by
which our chemists and radio-astronomers perfected their
Nobel Prize-winning work. On those glorious pioneering days
he has never ceased to build.
Spreadsheets are born.
Years later,while at Harvard, Bricklin began to formulate
the
groundwork for something that would eventually lead to his,
and one of the computer industries, most influential
products ever, VisiCalc.
The idea for the project stemmed
from Bricklins belief that computers could be used in the
business industry for more than just word processing. Up
until that point calculations that now seem simple and
practically error-free had to be done by hand. Not only was
the work long and tedious, but it often produced inaccurate
results.
Bricklin decided that a computer could do the job
faster, easier, and more accurately than had ever been done
before. His program would enable users to manipulate
numbers as easily as they could manipulate words. Budgets,
cost estimates, inventories, and investments could be
easily managed through one program. The benefit to the
business world would be tremendous.
Such a project, though,
required long hours of planning, coding, and testing.
Receiving a masters degree from Harvard was tough enough
without having to revolutionize the PC industry by himself.
Luckily his old friend from MIT, Bob Franksten, was around
to help. The two combined to take Bricklins idea from the
drawing board to a reality. With Bricklin designing the
interface and Franksten coding, the project was in full
swing. The two men formed Software Arts in 178 with the
express purpose of producing and (later) enhancing
VisiCalc. By the time Bricklin received his degree in 17
the product was ready for market.
At the same time changes were
being made in the hardware industry as well. Steve Jobs and
Steve Wozniak were in the process of creating their own
place in history. This was the era of the Apple Computer.
177 Apple is selling its Apple II for $1,15, including
16K of RAM but no monitor. (unbelievable)
For the first time small, relatively inexpensive computers
were available to the general public. There was only one
problem who wanted to buy a machine that did nothing
useful? What Jobs and Wozniak needed was the so-called
killer application; the one item that would turn the
computer from a curiosity into a necessity.
It was in 17 that VisiCalc was made
available to the public for use on the Apple II. The impact
was felt immediately. Software Arts develops the first
spreadsheet program,
Visicalc, by the spring of 17. It is released in October
and is an immediate success. Copies shipped per month rise
from 500 to 1,000 between 17 and 181.
Who would like to have been an affilliate then?
At $100 per copy the software was
being bought by just about anyone who could afford it.
Apples sales rose accordingly, as many people bought
computers just to be able to run VisiCalc. To capitalize on
the market Bricklin and Franksten made their product
available on many more platforms; most notable was a
version for IBM, which became available in 181.
Throughout all this Bricklin made the decision not to
patent VisiCalc, holding to his ideal that software should
not be proprietary.
Alas, the decision not to patent VisiCalc
would soon prove disastrous.
This allowed countless others to
develop and further his work. Products such as Lotus 1--
and Excel may never have materialized as quickly as they
did without Bricklins influence.
The Birth of Microsoft (opportunities are still around)
In December of 174, Allen was on his way to visit Gates
when along the way he stopped to browse the current
magazines. What he saw changed his and Bill Gatess lives
forever. On the cover of Popular Electronics was a picture
of the Altair 8080 and the headline Worlds First
Microcomputer Kit to Rival Commercial Models.
He bought
the issue and rushed over to Gatess dorm room. They both
recognized this as their big opportunity. The two knew
that the home computer market was about to explode and that
someone would need to make software for the new machines.
Within a few days, Gates had called MITS (Micro
Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), the makers of the
Altair. He told the company that he and Allen had developed
a BASIC that could be used on the Altair . This was a lie.
They had not even written a line
of code. They had neither an Altair nor the chip that ran
the computer. The MITS company did not know this and was
very interested in seeing their BASIC. So, Gates and Allen
began working feverishly on the BASIC they had promised.
The code for the program was left mostly up to Bill Gates
while Paul Allen began working on a way to simulate the
Altair with the schools PDP-10.
Eight weeks later, the two
felt their program was ready. Allen was to fly to MITS and
show off their creation. The day after Allen arrived at
MITS, it was time to test their BASIC.
The program worked perfectly the first time.
MITS arranged a deal with Gates and Allen to buy
the rights to their BASIC. Gates
was convinced that the software market had been born.
Within a year, Bill Gates had dropped out of Harvard and
Microsoft was formed.
Bill gates speaking, now.
Documents on the Internet are
showing rapid improvement in terms of taking advantage of
whats possible. When people started out, they were mostly
taking the idea of a paper document and simply transferring
it to the screen. Now were seeing documents with pictures,
sound, motion, and interactivity. The opportunity here is
for creating a whole new document type
The next step...
Business computers have been able to read text aloud for
years, but systems and programs for use at home have
typically cost hundreds of dollars, and their quality,
design, and usability have varied wildly. But all of that
has changed with the introduction of new high quality and
affordable screen reading software.
Now it is possible for your computer read to you! You no
longer have to feel tied to your computer monitor in order
to get the information you needyou can perform other tasks
or simply sit and relax while listening to e-mail messages,
Microsoft Word documents, Adobe Acrobat files, or Internet
Explorer Web pages being read aloud to you in a natural,
pleasant, human-sounding voice.
In addition, screen-reading technology
offers assistance to users with vision, learning, or
physical disabilities that may make using a computer
difficult or impossible. Font size, volume control, and
speed control can be easily adjusted to suit individual
preferences, and programs are available now in both English
and Spanish, with more languages coming soon.
Be ready for the next step, judge for yourselves. The
technology
is alraedy being used, and its just about to break into
the home
market.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Alex Armet
www.acomputerspeaks.com
---------------------------------------------------------
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