Wednesday, July 7, 2021

We can get a sense of the future by studying the past.Do you want to know what's around the corner?

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It started with the dinasors.


The first UNIVAC computer (Universal Automatic Computer


is developed in 151. It can store 1,000 digits in random


access mercury-delay lines) was delivered to the Census


Bureau in June 151.


Internally, the UNIVAC operated at a clock frequency of


.5 MHz, which was no


mean feat for vacuum tube circuits. The UNIVAC also


employed mercury delay-line memories.


Unlike the ENIAC,(electronic numerical integrator and


computer)


--the worlds first electronic digital computer the UNIVAC


processed


each digit serially. But its much higher design speed


permitted it to add two ten-digit numbers at a rate of


almost 100,000 additions per second.


The machine designed by Drs. Eckert and Mauchly was a


monstrosity.


When it was finished, the ENIAC filled an entire room,


weighed thirty tons,


and consumed two hundred kilowatts of power. Vacuum


tubes, over 1,000 of


them, were


the principal elements in the computers circuitry. It


also had fifteen


hundred relays and hundreds of thousands of resistors,


capacitors, and


inductors.


Too soon, Charles, sadly.


A century and a half ago Charles Babbage, Lucasian


Professor of Mathematics, devised his Analytical Engine,


which embodied most of the concepts which we now take for


granted in the digital computer. But those concepts were


far ahead of the available technology.


The man Maurice Vincent Wilkes, finally brought to its


fullest


reality Babbages dream, by providing the computer with the


one vital organ which it still lacked a capacious memory.


He converted a program and its data, punched onto paper


tape, into ultrasonic pulses, and he fed the pulses into a


tube of memory, which delayed their progress, and he caused


the pulses to circulate indefinitely. And so EDSAC was


born, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator,


the first full operational computer with its own memory.


From all sides they flocked to admire it, and stayed to


use it. Soon it was performing the vital calculations by


which our chemists and radio-astronomers perfected their


Nobel Prize-winning work. On those glorious pioneering days


he has never ceased to build.


Spreadsheets are born.


Years later,while at Harvard, Bricklin began to formulate


the


groundwork for something that would eventually lead to his,


and one of the computer industries, most influential


products ever, VisiCalc.


The idea for the project stemmed


from Bricklins belief that computers could be used in the


business industry for more than just word processing. Up


until that point calculations that now seem simple and


practically error-free had to be done by hand. Not only was


the work long and tedious, but it often produced inaccurate


results.


Bricklin decided that a computer could do the job


faster, easier, and more accurately than had ever been done


before. His program would enable users to manipulate


numbers as easily as they could manipulate words. Budgets,


cost estimates, inventories, and investments could be


easily managed through one program. The benefit to the


business world would be tremendous.


Such a project, though,


required long hours of planning, coding, and testing.


Receiving a masters degree from Harvard was tough enough


without having to revolutionize the PC industry by himself.


Luckily his old friend from MIT, Bob Franksten, was around


to help. The two combined to take Bricklins idea from the


drawing board to a reality. With Bricklin designing the


interface and Franksten coding, the project was in full


swing. The two men formed Software Arts in 178 with the


express purpose of producing and (later) enhancing


VisiCalc. By the time Bricklin received his degree in 17


the product was ready for market.


At the same time changes were


being made in the hardware industry as well. Steve Jobs and


Steve Wozniak were in the process of creating their own


place in history. This was the era of the Apple Computer.


177 Apple is selling its Apple II for $1,15, including


16K of RAM but no monitor. (unbelievable)


For the first time small, relatively inexpensive computers


were available to the general public. There was only one


problem who wanted to buy a machine that did nothing


useful? What Jobs and Wozniak needed was the so-called


killer application; the one item that would turn the


computer from a curiosity into a necessity.


It was in 17 that VisiCalc was made


available to the public for use on the Apple II. The impact


was felt immediately. Software Arts develops the first


spreadsheet program,


Visicalc, by the spring of 17. It is released in October


and is an immediate success. Copies shipped per month rise


from 500 to 1,000 between 17 and 181.


Who would like to have been an affilliate then?


At $100 per copy the software was


being bought by just about anyone who could afford it.


Apples sales rose accordingly, as many people bought


computers just to be able to run VisiCalc. To capitalize on


the market Bricklin and Franksten made their product


available on many more platforms; most notable was a


version for IBM, which became available in 181.


Throughout all this Bricklin made the decision not to


patent VisiCalc, holding to his ideal that software should


not be proprietary.


Alas, the decision not to patent VisiCalc


would soon prove disastrous.


This allowed countless others to


develop and further his work. Products such as Lotus 1--


and Excel may never have materialized as quickly as they


did without Bricklins influence.


The Birth of Microsoft (opportunities are still around)


In December of 174, Allen was on his way to visit Gates


when along the way he stopped to browse the current


magazines. What he saw changed his and Bill Gatess lives


forever. On the cover of Popular Electronics was a picture


of the Altair 8080 and the headline Worlds First


Microcomputer Kit to Rival Commercial Models.


He bought


the issue and rushed over to Gatess dorm room. They both


recognized this as their big opportunity. The two knew


that the home computer market was about to explode and that


someone would need to make software for the new machines.


Within a few days, Gates had called MITS (Micro


Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), the makers of the


Altair. He told the company that he and Allen had developed


a BASIC that could be used on the Altair . This was a lie.


They had not even written a line


of code. They had neither an Altair nor the chip that ran


the computer. The MITS company did not know this and was


very interested in seeing their BASIC. So, Gates and Allen


began working feverishly on the BASIC they had promised.


The code for the program was left mostly up to Bill Gates


while Paul Allen began working on a way to simulate the


Altair with the schools PDP-10.


Eight weeks later, the two


felt their program was ready. Allen was to fly to MITS and


show off their creation. The day after Allen arrived at


MITS, it was time to test their BASIC.


The program worked perfectly the first time.


MITS arranged a deal with Gates and Allen to buy


the rights to their BASIC. Gates


was convinced that the software market had been born.


Within a year, Bill Gates had dropped out of Harvard and


Microsoft was formed.


Bill gates speaking, now.


Documents on the Internet are


showing rapid improvement in terms of taking advantage of


whats possible. When people started out, they were mostly


taking the idea of a paper document and simply transferring


it to the screen. Now were seeing documents with pictures,


sound, motion, and interactivity. The opportunity here is


for creating a whole new document type


The next step...


Business computers have been able to read text aloud for


years, but systems and programs for use at home have


typically cost hundreds of dollars, and their quality,


design, and usability have varied wildly. But all of that


has changed with the introduction of new high quality and


affordable screen reading software.


Now it is possible for your computer read to you! You no


longer have to feel tied to your computer monitor in order


to get the information you needyou can perform other tasks


or simply sit and relax while listening to e-mail messages,


Microsoft Word documents, Adobe Acrobat files, or Internet


Explorer Web pages being read aloud to you in a natural,


pleasant, human-sounding voice.


In addition, screen-reading technology


offers assistance to users with vision, learning, or


physical disabilities that may make using a computer


difficult or impossible. Font size, volume control, and


speed control can be easily adjusted to suit individual


preferences, and programs are available now in both English


and Spanish, with more languages coming soon.


Be ready for the next step, judge for yourselves. The


technology


is alraedy being used, and its just about to break into


the home


market.


-----------------------------------------------------------


Alex Armet


www.acomputerspeaks.com


---------------------------------------------------------


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