Television effects

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Television effects. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Television effects paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Television effects, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Television effects paper at affordable prices!

MEDIA AND FEAR OF CRIME

The mass media constantly surrounds us, frequently informs us and just as well misinforms us and mainstreams us into a common reality (Gerbner, 176). With newspapers and magazines, the mass media entered our homes. With radios and television, the mass media became accessible from cradle to grave. With VCRs, cable, and satellite access, the sheer volume of programming available at any one time exploded. The real world increase in the occurrence of stranger crimes and mass attacks could make the media image even more potent because of the prevalence of random crimes reported by the media. This paper looks at mass media research and it's effects on perception of crime danger, personal fear of crime, and reactions to crime risk. Sections describing the effects of television, newspapers, and the new technologies on fear of crime are all covered.

TELEVISION EFFECTS

From the earliest days of television there has been concern about the depiction of crime and violence in programs. For a long time anxieties centered on whether examples set by television characters shown as using violence to overcome obstacles and achieve personal goals, encouraged the development and display of delinquent and antisocial behaviors among viewers, especially the young and impressionable. More recently, there has been fresh concern that through its repeated portrayal of criminal and violent behavior, TV can cultivate distorted perceptions of the incidence of violence in the real world and produce exaggerated fears for personal safety (Gerbner, 176).

Gerbner suggest that, TV is the central cultural arm of American society. It is an agency of the established order and as such serves primarily to extend and maintain rather than to alter, threaten, or weaken conventional conceptions, beliefs, and behaviors…Its function is, in a word, enculturation. In regard to fear of crime, the fear and heightened perceived risk that television may enculture leads to increased acquiescence to and dependence upon established authority (Gerbner, 176, p. 175).

The TV world contains much more violence than the real world (Gerbner, 176). Measuring television violence can be done through obtain ratings and opinions from viewers about which programs are violent and how seriously so. This can be done by asking individuals to indicate from a list of program titles which are violent and which are not (Gomme, 186). One problem with this kind of measure is that it cannot indicate how much violence there is in specific episodes (Gomme, 186).

There is also failed attempts to find a link between TV viewing and fear of crime after controlling for variables like age, education, and income (Gomme, 186). When looking at ratings of crime seriousness related to amount of television news viewing, suggesting an anchoring effect caused by the more serious crimes usually targeted by TV news (Potter, 186). TV viewing, fear of crime relationship held only for those respondents who expressed a belief in the truth of television drama (Potter, 186). It is termed as magic window dimension, reflecting a belief that TV shows the world as it really is (Potter, 186).

It can be seen that a process of influence in which greater amounts of TV viewing can produce biased or distorted beliefs about the world that are consistent with TV's stereotyped portrayals (Gerbner, 176). Viewers absorb information, often inadvertently, from TV programs, which may influence the way they think about the world around them (Gerbner, 176). Continuous exposure to TV may cultivate public beliefs about various social entities that are consistent with images of these entities portrayed on TV (Gerbner, 176).

Typically, the violence of a program is assessed in terms of the number of incidents it contains that match what the researchers themselves decide is violent. All incidents that match an a priori of violence are given equal weighting for intensity and seriousness, irrespective of the dramatic context in which they occur (Gerbner, 176).

A related study looked at respondents' fear of victimization and then assigned them to view a film about killing and murder (Wakshlag, 18). The relationship between TV viewing and fear of crime was considered complex. Factors such as the type of programming (e.g., drama vs. news), the credulity of the viewer, the extent of justice displayed at the program's end, and the level of apprehension about crime before the viewing all lead to patterns rather then effects (Wakshlag, 18).

Although it may be impossible to define exactly what the audience in general means by violence, there is evidence to suggest that viewers' perceptions do not accord strongly with objective counts of program incidents (Halloran, 17). A British TV output, using a fixed definition of violence, showed that the rate of violent incidents per hour was four times as great for cartoon shows as for any other type of program (Halloran, 17). Meanwhile another study of the audience's perceptions of TV violence indicated that cartoons were not ruled as violent (Halloran, 17).

In a field study conducted by the audience researchers at the British Broadcasting Corporation, viewers were asked to fill out a questionnaire about programs shortly after they were seen on TV. Reactions to violence and other aspects of program content were probed in this study. It was found that perceptions of programs as violent didn't depend on the actual number of violent incidents (B.B.C., 17). There also wasn't a strong relationship between perceiving a program as violent and verbally reported emotional arousal (B.B.C., 17). Most respondents also claimed that realism was an essential element in their perceptions of televised violence, with violent real life events reported on news bulletins or shown in documentaries generally rated as more violent than violence portrayed in fictional settings (B.B.C., 17). This indicates that viewers' personal assessment of TV programs are determined by many different factors, of which violence is the most important.

Adults' perceptions of TV violence

A report of twelve experimental studies in which people were shown scenes from British crime series, American crime series, sci-fi series, and cartoons (Gunter, 185). Viewers were invited to make a variety of personal judgements about each scene along a set of qualitative rating scales. Some factors that came into effect were the types of programs the scenes came from, the types of weapons or instruments of violence used, physical setting, and the degree of observable harm the violence caused to victims in each scene. The results showed that viewers may be influenced in their opinions about TV violence by many different attributes of TV portrayals (Gunter, 185).

Familiarity of surroundings is one of the most powerful factors influencing viewers' perception of TV violence (Gunter, 185). The closer to home the violence is portrayed in terms of place and time, the more serious it is judged to be (Gunter, 185). In the British crime series it was rated more violent when compared to the US series. Portrayals of violent behavior in cartoons or sci-fi programs, were seen as essentially nonviolent. Of the different physical forms of violence, shootings were the most often, but stabbings, were perceived as most frightening and disturbing (Gunter, 185).

Children's perceptions of TV violence

Similarly, in Holland 14 children were shown full-length episodes of eight TV scenes (Van der Voot, 186). The episodes varied from realistic crime drama to adventure series and fantasy cartoons. Right after the shooting scenes in each show, a questionnaire was filled out. Some area's questioned were readiness, approval, enjoyment, evaluation, absorption, identification, and comprehension of the content. Results showed that law enforcement programs as well as children's adventure programs were rated as realistic (Van der Voot, 186). Realistic shows were watched with more involvement, more emotion and less detachment (Van der Voot, 186). Although cartoons are seen as being the most violent of TV shows in terms of incidents per hour or per show, such shows tend to be seen by children as having little violence at all (Van der Voot, 186).

NEWSPAPER EFFECTS

Newspaper readers tend, to be better educated, to have higher incomes, and to live in neighborhoods that have less crime, which has been found to be the mirror image of TV viewing (Heath, 184). Research on newspaper reading differs form research on TV effects because newspapers contain only news and not the fictionalized crime drama has on TV (Heath, 184). Newspaper readers select which article to read in detail and which to scan or skip, whereas the selectivity of TV viewing is less clearly established. Newspaper reports of crime are accessible only to people who can read, eliminating concerns about direct effects on children.

Moreover, newspapers show many of the same patterns as TV programming. Sex and violence are staples in newspapers, violent crimes are much more likely to be reported than less violent ones, and with important details, like motive.

Heath(184) content analyzed crime articles form 6 newspapers in 4 us cities. She looked at sensationalism, randomness, and location of the crime. She then used phone interviews of people in those cities concerning their media habits and fear of crime. Results indicate that location of crime interacted significantly with crime sensationalism and randomness (Heath, 184). Which means, reports of local crimes that were sensational or random were associated with higher levels of fear of crime, whereas reports of nonlocal random or sensational crimes were associated with lower levels of fear of crime.

A similar pattern was demonstrated in Great Britain (Williams, 1). They also found a significant relationship between readership and fear of crime (Williams, 1). Reading about bizarre, violent crimes resulted in more fear if the crimes occurred in one's neighborhood than if the crimes occurred elsewhere (Williams, 1). Reading about nonsensational crimes, was less frightening for local crimes than for nonlocal crimes (Williams, 1).

NEW TECHNOLOGY EFFECTS

No longer does the number of local newspapers equal or exceed the number of TV channels in most areas. Newspaper choice is decreasing at the same time TV choice is increasing wildly (Fergson, 14).

A study examined the effects of VCR ownership, cable access, and channel changers on fear of crime (Fergson, 14). He hypothesized that cable subscription would be related to lower fear of crime and less mistrust because cable subscribers have more choice about viewing options, many of which present scenes not related to the high crime diet of regular broadcast TV (Fergson, 14). He also hypothesized that greater viewing of broadcast channels would be related to high fear of crime. Regarding VCR ownership and use, he hypothesized that VR ownership and tape rentals would be negatively related to fear and mistrust. Finally, he hypothesized that ownership and use of remote control devices would be negatively related to fear and mistrust, because of the greater control these devices offer over TV offerings.

The results from this study were mixed. Broadcast viewing was positively related to fear of crime and specialized cable channel viewing was negatively related to fear of crime (Fergson, 14). VCR ownership was negatively related to fear of crime, but the other hypotheses about time shifting and tape rental was not supported. Even thought mixed results happened, this study represents an important step in examining the effects of these new technologies.

CONCLUSION

Media effects are not simple effects but they involve many judges. Researchers trying to understand the relationships between media and fear of crime need to attend to characteristics of the message, and of the audience.

Regarding the characteristics of the message, factors such as sensationalism or randomness of the crime, proportion of the entire newspaper devoted to crime rather then to the raw number of articles about crime, and the drama or news content all affect the relationship with fear of crime.

Regarding the characteristics of the audience, belief in the reality of TV drama and viewer apprehension about crime victimization affect the relationship with fear of crime.

By all means, continuing to count violent incidents in programs to produce TV violence profiles is good, but the definitions of violence or violent acts on screen should be determined or at least guided by audience opinions. It would be wrong to assume that all such incidents have the same meaning for, are perceived in the same way by, or generate the same level of response from viewers. The meaning of the event will be affected by the type of program in which it occurs, characters involved, reason and consequences, and other factor, as well.

Please note that this sample paper on Television effects is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Television effects, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Television effects will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Drugs, Alcohol and Crime

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Drugs, Alcohol and Crime. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Drugs, Alcohol and Crime paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Drugs, Alcohol and Crime, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Drugs, Alcohol and Crime paper at affordable prices!

Assignment Question

Consult the readings about theories of addiction and discuss your opinion as to which is most relevant. In other words, What do you think are the main causes of addiction? Is the main cause physical, psychological or social? Or are all three dimensions involved?

--

Introduction

For centuries, drugs and alcohol consumption have been a part of every day life. The Ancient Chinese would smoke opium in 'Opium Houses' to relax and contemplate, the Ancient Romans would congregate in large numbers and have parties with enormous consumption of wine and alcohol, and even as early as Queen Victorian times, Royalty and the upper class were a little partial to sniffing cocaine from their 'snuff' boxes. All of these types of behavioral patterns were seen not as illegal dealings but rather as a social way of life. It may not have been determined or documented if, those who indulged in such activities became addicted by means of social, physical or psychological means, and if so, did those addictions lead to crime to support those addictions?

During this assignment, the author will outline and discuss the main physical, psychological and social causes of addiction and to determine if these are based on individual problems or if all three dimensions are involved.

Definition of Addiction

physiologic or psychologic dependence on some agent (eg. Alcohol, drug) with a tendency to increase its use. (Miller, B. & Keane, C. 187, p18.)

There are many forms of addiction, such as, a person may be addicted to his/her form of sport, wanting to always improve on ones physical health, appearance and well being. Some may be addicted to social interaction by being around other people, some are addicted to life in general, enjoying what life has to offer. In general terms, these types of addictions are seen to be healthy and socially acceptable.

-4-

However, there are other forms of addiction that can be harmful, not only physical, but mentally on the person directly and upon others around him/her. These addictions may consist of gambling, sexual offences (serial rapists, pedophiles, etc), drugs and alcohol.

Addiction to either alcohol or drugs can be fatal, not only to the user, but can have an devastating impact on those who have any form of relationship such as family, friends, employers and even innocent bystanders. The author believes that no one person sets out in life to become an addict to alcohol or illicit drugs, but rather due to the outside influences or other underlying problem areas, one may find themselves in.

Of all legal and illegal substances, alcohol is the one that most Australians regularly consume and for the majority, it is a normal part of our cultural and social activities. However, alcohol is also a major factor in homicides, domestic violence, and police custodies. Homel and Bull (16), suggest that the experience of alcohol-related disorder in our society is very common. Such disorder has implications for public policy, for not only does disorder contribute to a fear of crime, it contributes to the actual incidence of crime.

There are many reasons why people use alcohol, the most common being the social factor to interact with other people whether in-group functions or individually. Alcohol allows the body to suppress anxiety and allows the person to relax and give them a sense of wellbeing. This also allows them to interact with another person more confidently, for example a young male wishing to have a conversation with a female he is attracted to finds himself not having the courage to approach the female whilst sober.

-5-

However, upon the consumption of a number of alcoholic drinks, his body's central nervous system is suppressed, his brain and thought pattern takes away his apprehension to socialise with a person of the opposite sex. His thought process is now relaxed and he finds within himself that courage that he earlier did not have. Over a period of time, this person may tend to believe that by drinking alcohol is his only way to relax and interact with other people. Slowly the continuos consumption of alcohol may lead him/her to become dependant on it just to cope with his/her day to day life.

Schlaadt & Shannon (14), suggest that whilst young adults congregate at gatherings such as sorority parties and sporting events etc, they will drink to become more socially active towards each other. The introduction of 'soft' drugs, such as marijuana, is introduced to heighten the euphoria of well being and allow both young males and females to communicate on a more open level. The author believes that at this stage, the use of illicit drugs is not due to peer group pressure or other external pressures but as a part of the individual allowing him/herself to become more socially active. The effects of the alcohol or drugs suppressing the body's brain of feeling apprehensive, allows that person to be more self-confident to communicate with others; however, this may not necessarily mean that the person now becomes addicted or dependant to those forms of drugs.

The author believes that some young adults, as a result of being curious, would experiment in the use of drugs in an attempt to see for themselves what effects they have. The most common for any young adult was to consume their first alcoholic drink or cigarette. These experiments could be started as young as 11 or 1 years of age.

-6-

As they become older, experimenting with alcohol or cigarettes may increase to smoking marijuana or taking an ecstasy tablet, then perhaps LSD. At this point in time they may not believe that by conducting these experiments is causing a number of health issues with their bodies and also could be starting a journey down a path to becoming a full time user of heavier forms of illicit drugs.

Various forms of fashion, music and social events, for example, are seen to be a major influence on societies way of life. An example could be recognised in the fashion industry over the past four decades. Where there have been many styles of clothing products that have lead the consumer to purchase and follow such trends, for example in the 160's bright coloured flare pants and multi-coloured shirts were seen to be the accepted form of dress by young adults.

If you were not seen to be in the 'trend' as a young person, you were generally not accepted into the 'in-crowd'. Drug use in this era was also very common, again to be accepted by your peers, one would need to be seen using drugs or drinking alcohol freely as a form of rebellion against those who opposed it. Even today, many of these types of trends have not change for the younger generation.

Schlaadt & Shannon (14), suggest a similar view that one will copy the behavioral patterns and activities of others and peers as a direction of gaining acceptance by those within the group and a way of learning social behavior. The peer group pressure has a huge influence on young adults who just want to be socially accepted by others, a chance to 'fit in'. By being accepted allows young adults to gain more self-confidence but at the risk of indulging in the consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs.

-7-

McAllister, Moore & Makkai (11), suggest that perhaps the physical properties of alcohol or drugs can lead to the addiction of a person of such substances whereupon if that person was to cease his/her use of a drug, pending long term use, places that person at risk of going into withdrawal. Such drugs include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates and other substances also have the properties that contribute to the process of addiction. However, McAllister, Moore & Makkai (11), also suggest that drugs such as marijuana, LSD and cocaine may not be addictive in the physical sense as a result of their properties. However, as a result of the effects endured upon their use may lead a person to become dependant on that particular type of drug because of their psychological addictive properties.

The author believes that if a parent, being that of the mother, was dependent upon a certain drug and was a long-term user during her stage of the pregnancy, may pass on the craving of drug addiction to her unborn child. Thus upon the birth of that child, having shared her mothers addiction whilst in the womb, would now also become dependent on drugs even though he/she is too young to even know what a drug is. As the child grows and becomes a young adult, he/she could more likely become a drug user. In an attempt to stop a child such as this becoming addicted, he/she would need to have medical support at a very early age within a drug re-habilitation clinic to give the child the best chance of having a normal life without the use of drugs.

-8-

Such is the want or desire to use the drug, he/she very quickly becomes dependant on the drug believing that life will become unbearable if they do not have another dose and to then stop using the drug appears to be non existent. McAllister, Moore & Makkai (11), suggest that some of the reasons of drug abuse in the psychological field may be a result of low self-esteem, problems with self image or ego, problems associated with disfunctional families, the feeling of being rejected by society, or perhaps the person has been subjected to a personal tragedy who tries to escape the pain and reality through the use of drugs are just a few. Each person with a drug addiction are all individual cases with individual reasons on why they became drug dependent, even though some may appear to be similar in other ways.

The author believes that from the information presented within the readings, there is no one cause of addiction and that all three have some form of relationship. Each area whether physical, psychological or social all have some form of link between them. Some perhaps more than others, however, it appears that there is a dist0inct relation. For example, the person who uses drugs or alcohol only as a social activity, may become dependent upon them to enable them to communicate with others more easily; therefore, psychologically their mental ability to socialise without alcohol or drugs becomes a problem. Or the fact that the mere properties of a substance such as marijuana also allows a person to relax and converse with others without the fear of apprehension.

--

Conclusion

There are many theories on the subject of drug addiction. Drugs and alcohol have been available for centuries all over the world. Today, the drug problem is every increasing amongst the younger generation. It is impossible to police every young adult who indulges in the consumption of alcohol or illicit substances, and at times, such indulges lead to a fatal result. There may not be any real short term answer to this problem; however, by educating those who are able to be educated and assist those who have already become drug users via rehabilitation clinics etc, may lessen the fatalities and allow those who are trying to assist others help understand some of the problems associated with drug abuse.

-10-

References

Homel, R. & Bull, M. (16). Under the Influence. Alcohol, Drugs and Crime. Chapter 7 in Crime and Justice An Australian Textbook in Criminology by K.M. Hazelhurst (ed). Melbourne LBC Information.

Miller, B.F. & Keane, C.B. (187). Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, p 18.

McAllister, I., Moore, R. & Makkai, T. (11). Some Theoretical Perspectives in Drugs in Australian Society by these authors. Sydney Longman Cheshire, 11, Chapter 1.

Schlaadt, R.G. & Shannon, P.T. (14). Theories of Drug Use. Chapter in Drugs Use, Misuse, and Abuse by R.G. Schlaadt & P.T. Shannon. New jersey Prentice Hall, 14.

-11-

Bibliography

Homel, R. & Bull, M. (16). Under the Influence. Alcohol, Drugs and Crime. Chapter 7 in Crime and Justice An Australian Textbook in Criminology by K.M. Hazelhurst (ed). Melbourne LBC Information.

Mason, G., & Wilson, P.R. (15). Alcohol and Crime. In Issues in Crime, Mortality and Justice. P.Wilson (Ed.). Canberra Australian Institute of Criminology, 15, pp. 145 158.

Miller, B.F. & Keane, C.B. (187). Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, p 18.

McAllister, I., Moore, R. & Makkai, T. (11). Some Theoretical Perspectives in Drugs in Australian Society by these authors. Sydney Longman Cheshire, 11, Chapter 1.

Peele, S. Addiction to an Experience. Chapter 5 in The Meaning of Addiction Compulsive Experience and its Interpretation. Mass Lexington Books.

Schlaadt, R.G. & Shannon, P.T. (14). Theories of Drug Use. Chapter in Drugs Use, Misuse, and Abuse by R.G. Schlaadt & P.T. Shannon. New jersey Prentice Hall, 14.

Witters, W.L., & Venturelli, P.J. (188). Drugs and the Law. Chapter 1 in Drugs and Society by W.L. Witters & P.J. Venturelli, Boston

Please note that this sample paper on Drugs, Alcohol and Crime is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Drugs, Alcohol and Crime, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Drugs, Alcohol and Crime will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Ozone Depletion

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Ozone Depletion. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Ozone Depletion paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Ozone Depletion, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Ozone Depletion paper at affordable prices!

Ozone Depletion

Is out planet in danger? Are we losing our protection from the sun's UV rays? These are a couple of frequently asked questions when people talk about ozone depletion.

The Earth's atmosphere is composed of several layers. We live in the troposphere, where most of the weather occurs; like rain and snow. It extends from the Earth's surface up to about ten kilometers in altitude. The stratosphere is above the troposphere. It extends from around ten to fifty kilometers in altitude. Most airline traffic occurs in the lower stratosphere. There is a little area between the troposphere and the stratosphere. This narrow region is called the tropopause.

Ozone is a molecule that has three oxygen atoms and occurs naturally in the Earth's atmosphere. Out of each ten million air molecules, only three million ozone molecules are present. However, even the small amount of ozone plays a key role in the Earth's atmosphere. Ozone forms a layer in the stratosphere. It is strange that at ground level it is a health hazard and in the stratosphere we could not live without it. Ozone absorbs a portion of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. UV radiation has had many harmful effects on the Earth such as causing different types of skin cancer, cataracts, and harm to crops, certain materials, and sea life. The ozone layer is thinnest around the tropics, and thicker toward the poles. The amount of ozone above a point on the Earth's surface is measured in Dobson units or DU. It is typically measured 60 DU near the tropics and higher other places. There are also large fluctuations between different seasons and sunspots. There have been natural deductions in the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere, but have been followed by recovery. Scientists have records that detail the normal ozone levels during these natural cycles. Then scientists found convincing evidence showing that the ozone shield is being depleted well beyond changes due to natural processes.

For a long time, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were thought of as miracle substances. They are stable, nonflammable, low in toxicity, and inexpensive to produce. CFCs have found many uses as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing agents, and in other smaller applications. All of these are chlorine-containing compounds. Any compounds that release chlorine or bromine when they break down can most likely damage the protective ozone layer. For example, methyl chloroform, a solvent, and carbon tetrachloride, an industrial chemical both contain chlorine. Halons, fire extinguishing agents, and methyl bromide, a soil fumigant, contain bromine. All of these compounds have long enough lifetimes to allow them to be transported to the stratosphere by wind.

CFCs are very stable and do not dissolve in rain, so it is easy for them to reach the stratosphere. Only exposure to strong UV radiation breaks them down. When this happens, the CFC molecule releases atomic chlorine. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules.

Large fires and certain types of marine life produce one stable form of chlorine that reaches the stratosphere. However, numerous experiments have shown that CFCs and other chemicals produce around 85% of the chlorine in the stratosphere, while natural sources only contribute 15%.

An example of ozone depletion is the annual ozone hole over Antarctica. It has occurred during the Antarctic spring since the early 180's. It isn't really a hole in the ozone layer; it is a large area of the stratosphere with extremely low amounts of ozone. Ozone levels fall by over 60% during the worst years. Studies show that the amount of ultraviolet light at the surface can double during the annual ozone hole in the Antarctic. Why the Antarctic? During the winter polar night, sunlight does not reach the South Pole. A circumpolar wind develops in the middle to lower stratosphere. These winds are called the polar vortex. They isolate the air over the polar region. Because there is no sunlight, the air in the polar vortex can get very cold. So cold that extraordinary clouds can form once the air temperature gets to below about 80 degrees Celsius below zero. These clouds are called Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), but they are not like the clouds you normally see. They aren't made of water droplets, they first form as nitric acid trihydrate. As the temperature gets even colder, larger droplets of water ice with nitric acid dissolved in them can form. Their exact composition is still being studied. These PSCs are very crucial for ozone loss to occur.

Thus, ozone depletion is a global issue and not just a problem at the South Pole. Research has also shown that ozone depletion occurs over North America, Europe, Asia, and much of Africa, Australia, and South America. Over the U.S., ozone levels have fell 5 to 10% depending on the season. The reduction of ozone levels means higher levels of UV rays reaching the Earth's surface.

The world's reaction to the concern of the ozone layer in the 170's, led to a ban on the use of CFCs as aerosol propellants in several countries, including the United States. However, the production of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances grew rapidly after new uses were discovered. Throughout the 180's, more uses came for CFCs and the nations became more concerned about the chemicals harming the ozone layer. In 185, the Vienna Convention was adopted to formalize international cooperation on this issue. Other efforts resulted in signing the Montreal Protocol in 187. The original protocol would have reduced the production of CFCs by half in 18. Worse damage started to show in the ozone layer so it was decided to completely end the production of halons by the beginning of 14 and of CFCs by the beginning of 16 in developed countries.

In conclusion, I think that our planet could be in danger because of the depletion of the ozone layer. The ozone concentration in the atmosphere has gone down in the last twenty years. I do think that if our planet is in danger, the actual danger wouldn't come for a long time, especially because we are trying to keep the ozone from vanishing. Obviously we are slowly losing our protection from the sun's UV rays also. I don't think that right now it is a really big deal. However, in the future I think it might be more of a concern because more and more rays will be coming though the ozone if we keep damaging it. To keep the ozone layer from depleting, I think we should not use any substances that release CFC's, if at all possible. Try to find other things we could use in place of them so that we are not damaging our environment. Otherwise I do not see a solution to this environmental problem. There will always be something trying to damage our atmosphere.

Please note that this sample paper on Ozone Depletion is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ozone Depletion, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Ozone Depletion will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Pete Rose

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Pete Rose. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Pete Rose paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Pete Rose, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Pete Rose paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service!

Pete Rose To Be or Not to Be

Pete Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame along with the other great players from Major League Baseball because of his on field credentials and because there is no concrete evidence that he bet on baseball while managing the Cincinnati Reds. A. Bartlet Giamatti suspended Rose based on circumstantial evidence, which is not fair to Pete Rose or his fans. Current baseball commissioner, Bud Selig, is the only person with the power to reverse the decision laid down by Giamatti but chooses not to do so.

Pete Rose may be one of the greatest players in Major League Baseball history. The records, alone, that Pete Rose holds are enough to justify his entrance into the Hall of Fame. The most astonishing record owned by Rose is his record for hits in his career. Pete Rose compiled 4,56 total hits in his career, making him one of only two people to get more than four thousand hits along with Ty Cobb. In Roses twenty-four seasons he set the Major League Baseball record for games played with ,56. This meant that rose averaged more than one hit per game throughout his career. Pete Rose also holds the record of consecutive seasons with a hundred hits or more and ten times had two hundred hits, another Major League Baseball record. From June fourteenth until July thirty-first in 178 Rose hit safely in 44 straight games, a national league record, and second only to Joe DiMaggio's 56. Another record that rose holds in terms of hitting streaks is that he had consecutive game hit streaks of 0 games or more seven times. Some other records that Rose holds are the record for most at bats in a career, 14,05, most wins in a career with 1,7. And he is the only player in league history to play more than 500 games at each of five positions (Cosmic Baseball Association).

Pete Rose was banished from being inducted into the Hall of Fame in 18 when baseball commissioner A. Bartlet Giamatti concluded that Rose had bet on baseball games, including his own team, the Cincinnati Reds. Hall of Fame rule five designates that inductees should be honest, have integrity, and good character more than his playing ability. Giamatti thought that Rose did not qualify because he did not meet these guidelines. Baseball should be honest with itself and delete the character and integrity requirements of rule five. If rule five is so important than why are players like Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb and Gaylord Perry allowed in the hall of fame, while Pete Rose, who was never proven to have bet on baseball, is kept out of the Hall of Fame?

He played the game the way it was meant to be played. Hard-nosed and hustling all over the field(quoted in Lahman). Says Oakland Athletics' Dave Parker, describing Pete Roses style of play throughout his twenty-four year career. His stunning statistics can be attributed to his incredible work ethic on the field and in games and off the field during spring training and personal workouts. When most hitters settled for singles, Rose would stretch his hits into doubles or even triples. Most of the players in the Major Leagues respected the way he played. He was known to wake up early in the morning to take jogs in the brisk Cincinnati winter during off-seasons so he would not be out of physical shape when spring training arrived in March. He was well aware that he was working harder than his opponents. His love for the sport of baseball gave him the strength to carry out his grueling workouts.

Supporters of Giamatti's suspension of Pete Rose believe that his suspension from Major League Baseball is warranted by his gambling on sports. Rose admitted placing bets on football and basketball games, but denied placing any bets on baseball games(Dowd). John M. Dowd and Giamatti conducted investigations into Roses gambling. Baseball started an investigation in February 18 into allegations that Rose had been betting on sports, including baseball. These allegations came from one of Roses friends, Paul Janszen, and bookie Ron Peters. (Both had been convicted of felony drug charges.) Both offered documentary evidence of Roses betting to support their claims(Lahman). Among the evidence that was found was betting slips that Dowd had received from Janszen(Betting Slips). A Federal Bureau of Investigation expert concluded that the betting slips were in Roses handwriting, but Rose hired handwriting experts to examine the slips and they stated that the evidence is either wrong or inconclusive(Lahman).

Pete Rose was put on the banishment list and the only way that he can be inducted into the Hall of Fame is to get off the list. To do so, Rose had to put in an appeal to be reinstated back into baseball. Bud Selig, however, would not meet with Roses lawerys immediately. Finally he agreed to meet with Roger Makley, one of Roses lawyers, to discuss the possibility of reinstatement. Selig said however that he is unlikely to allow Rose back into the league and will not hear new evidence brought into the case including evidence that Rose did not bet on baseball games. This is unfair to Rose. He has the right to plead his case; to determine his innocence and have his status among baseball's elite recognized. Selig is denying him of these rights. Makley said that he would meet with Bob Dupay, Baseball's executive Vice President for administration, and chief legal council in an effort to have Rose reinstated(Blum). It is unlikely that Rose will receive a fair chance to plead his case because Dupay stated that he agrees completely with Bud Selig(Blum).

Many people are under the impression that Pete Rose is the only baseball player to have been caught or accused of gambling on baseball games. Some all-time greats have been strongly suspected of betting on baseball. In 11 several members teamed with known gangsters in an effort to throw the World Series. Eight players, Eddie Cicotte, Joe Jackson, Swede Rinsberg, Fred McMulin, Bruce Weaver, Happy Flesch, Claude Williams, and Chick Gandil, were accused and convicted of deliberately losing the World Series so that the gangsters would win bets and the players would receive a cut of the money.( Schwalbe). Joe Jackson, one of the suspended players, was most likely not a part of the deed. He played terrifically throughout the series, hitting the series' only homerun and finishing with a .57 batting average over eight games of the series(Schwalbe). (In 11 the World Series was a best of nine series, now it is best of seven.) How can a player achieve such great numbers and be trying to lose at the same time? He was, nonetheless, banned from the Hall of Fame, as is Pete Rose. Leo, The Lip, Durocher, manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was removed from baseball after being suspected of, and later admitting to gambling on games played by the Dodgers. His suspension was put into effect in the 14 season and revoked in the 151 season(Baseball Historian). This man admitted on betting on baseball. Rose never has admitted or was proven to have bet on the Reds' games, and yet, he is still banned from baseball. Other famous players have been known gamblers and they did not have any action taken against them. Ty Cobb was known to bet on games that he played in. The only other man with 4,000 or more hits in his career other than Rose, was a known gambler. He is, however, in the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown and known for his playing ability, not his habit. Rose deserves to be known for his on-the-field brilliance just as Cobb is(Americas Library). Tris Speaker is another Hall of Famer who was known to gamble on games that he played in(Angle Fire). Hal Chase was a master of deception on the field. He was known to pull his glove away from the ball when it was thrown his way to make it appear as if his teammate had made an errant throw(Baseball Historian). This man is also a member of the Hall of Fame. Rose did not commit acts of cheating like these men did and there is not enough evidence to keep him out of the Hall of Fame.

The majority of baseball fans feel that Pete Rose should be inducted into the Hall of Fame. He was and still is a tremendously popular player. His selection to baseball's All-Century team this past October backs up the notion that he belongs in the Hall of Fame. In an on-the-field ceremony held at Yankee's Stadium, Rose received the longest ovation from the crowd of any of the players, deceased or living(Kettmann). His selection shows his greatness and popularity among baseball fans. Shortly after the ceremony ESPN and USAToday conducted a poll for its viewing audience on its official website, ESPN.com, to see how fans felt about the status of Rose being kept out of the Hall of Fame. In an overwhelming majority, fifty-six percent said that Rose should be reinstated, while twenty-nine percent said that he should not(ESPN). Bud Selig has stated that he agrees with the suspension and will not reinstate Rose. If Selig does not feel Rose should be reinstated, then the matter can not advance any father or to any other baseball officials. If Rose were ruled to be allowed back into baseball, then he would be eligible for the Hall of Fame. The Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA) would be able to put Rose's name on the ballot and in order to be eligible for the Hall of Fame the following criteria must be met He must apply to the office of the Commissioner for reinstatement to Major League Baseball. He then must be reinstated by the office of the commissioner. Next he would be eligible as a Hall of Fame for the ballot of the BBWAA screening committee. If Rose is placed on the ballot, he will have to receive votes on at least seventy-five percent of the ballots cast in any one election to be inducted(Hall of Fame). Pete Rose has his supporters. Former President Jimmy Carter says, It's time to forgive Pete Rose(Cosmic Baseball Association). This quote was published from Jimmy Carter's article Its Time to Forgive Pete Rose. He believed that the testimony from convicted felons does not come from a credible source and therefore does not deserve to keep Pete Rose out of the Hall of Fame. I absolutely believe that Pete Rose should be in the Hall of Fame. If you exclude Pete Rose you have to exclude many other people beginning with Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb, and others whose behavior would not stand the test of our current moral standards (Ken Burns quoted in Cosmic Baseball Association). Ken Burns is a strong supporter of Pete Rose's crusade to be in the Hall of Fame and he agrees with Jimmy Carter's opinion. If Babe Ruth, who was known to be an alcoholic and a womanizer, is allowed in the Hall of Fame; if Ty Cobb, who was known to gamble on baseball games, is allowed in the Hall of Fame, then why is Pete Rose denied entrance into the Hall of Fame after being only suspected of gambling on baseball? Ken Burns and Jimmy Carter are merely two of Pete Rose's high ranking supporters who have offered help in any way to see that Pete Rose will be inducted into the Hall of Fame.

The ultimate goal to have as a ball player is to be in the Hall of Fame. Now I do not have a chance(Lahman). Pete Rose gave that statement in 17 to USAToday. Anyone who has played the game or followed it as a fan knows that all players have the dream of being inducted into the Hall of Fame. Rose played professional baseball, the game he loved and devoted twenty-four years of his life to, at a level that places him among the best ever to play. Throughout this career, Rose was a generous supporter of the National Baseball of Hall of Fame, donation more that twenty artifacts to the museums collections. Many of them are on display(Hall of Fame). If the Hall of Fame can except gifts from his playing days then he certainly deserves to be enshrined in the Hall of Fame with them. It is not fair to Rose, Major League Baseball, and baseball fans everywhere to keep Pete Rose out of the Hall of Fame. The words of Pete Rose's lawyer, Gary Spicer, sum up the entire situation of Rose's ban It would be good for the fan, good for Pete, good for baseball if they would reinstate him(Lahman). This is exactly how most fans and baseball lovers across the country feel. It is time for action to be taken to get Pete Rose into the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame.

I believe that Pete Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame based on his on-the-field accomplishments. Another player will not approach his record of 4,56 career hits in the near future, or maybe ever. I feel that if Pete Rose is ever reinstated into Major League Baseball it will be after his death just so he will never have the satisfaction of knowing that he was inducted into the Hall of Fame. There is no credible evidence that he gambled on baseball. There are only accusations and circumstantial evidence linking Rose to betting on baseball. I think that this quote by Roger Kahn sums up my opinions of Rose's situation I don't know if Pete Rose bet on baseball, but I know that he was rail-roaded out of the game(Cosmic Baseball Association).

Please note that this sample paper on Pete Rose is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Pete Rose, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Pete Rose will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap essay writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society?

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society? paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society? paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service!

The role of family has had a significant influence on individuals since the beginning of mankind, and still to this very day. The quality of our social relationships in groups such as family members or friends is the standard against which many of us judge the quality and happiness of our lives. Group connections provide individuals a sense of well being and hence form loyalty and responsibility towards others. The family is the most important one of all the groups that we belong. This essay aims to find the importance of having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society and how definitions of the family can be used to support particular beliefs about what kind of society we should have, and whether we still need families.

Family provides relationships that give an individual a sense of identity and personal history. They also carry out tasks that keep society orderly and stable. The two main functions family perform are primary socialisation and personality stabilisation. Primary socialisation is the process whereby the children learns and internalises the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. The family is especially important throughout their childhood years because this is where their human personality is developed. Personality stabilisation refers to the role that the family plays in assisting adult family members emotionally.

Families can be found in every human society and they all provide societal needs primary socialisation and personality stabilisation. Across cultures however, the way families go about meeting these needs their structure, customs, patterns of authority, and so on differ widely, and hence the ideas about what a family is and how people should behave within it are culturally determined. One cannot speak of 'a family' as if there was only one model of family life that is more or less universal. This is why it is important for sociologists, politicians and the community to understand and use concepts and definitions to help categorise things and consequently make welfare policies targeted to these categories.

Families in societies have seen many shifts in family patterns. Over the past several decades there have been changes that would have been unimaginable in earlier generations. The role of the family has certainly diversified. Each family have their own values, beliefs, norms and attitudes that underpin assumptions about what a family should be like, as evidenced by numerous statistical data on different cultures, such as racial background, lone parent, social class, religion etc. In Britain after World War II, the vision for the British welfare state was predicated on a patriarchal conception of families - the father being the bread winner and the mother being the house wife. Family definitions such as the patriarchal conception of families were important during that time because it helped sociologists, politicians, and policy makers to understand and take necessary action to create welfare programmes designed around this traditional family model. The result was a welfare state that was seen as promoting national solidarity which integrated the nation by providing a common set of services to the entire population. Welfare was a way of strengthening the connection between the state and population. The welfare state managed risks that may occur in life and was like a type of insurance that could be employed against the potential troubles of an unpredictable future. Unemployment, illness and other misfortunes in the country's social and economic life could be managed through the welfare state. Functionalists theorists held that welfare systems helped to integrate society in an orderly way under the conditions of advanced industrialisation. The British welfare system back then not only supported this traditional family model but also provided services for families where the male breadwinner was absent.

In the 180s however, the welfare state was reformed. This was due to the notion of welfare dependency, where people became dependent on the welfare state and were not just materially dependent, but psychologically dependent on the arrival of the welfare payment. and instead of taking an active attitude towards their lives, they tend to adopt a resigned and passive one, looking to the welfare system to support them. The then British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher promoted individual initiatives and self sufficiency as core values. This again stresses the importance of having some sort of definition of the family.

The simple fact that families provide primary socialisation and personality stabilisation shows the need for families. Primary socialisation includes necessary human skills like socially acceptable behaviour, and personality stabilisation where an adult may turn to his family in times of difficulty for emotional support. These days families living in post-industrial societies have become less integrated and connected to each other, due to careers being more mobile and people more readily willing to relocate, and thus more likely to break ties with friends than say, a century ago.

Times have certainly change, the nature of personal relationships, marriage and family patterns have become tumultuous against the backdrop of a rapidly changing world. Families are diverse in structure and have always faced difficulties plays a crucial role in protecting its members from economic hardship, political upheaval and social change. As the world is overwhelming, impersonal, abstract and rapidly changing, love has become increasingly important as Beck and Beck-Gernsheim states, love is the only place where people can truly find themselves and connect with each other. , which is provided by the family.

Giddens, A., Sociology (4th edition), Polity Press, 001

Newman, D., Sociology Exploring the architecture of everyday life, Sage Publications, Inc., 00

Please note that this sample paper on How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap essay writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Memory in "Mean Time"

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Memory in Mean Time. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Memory in Mean Time paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Memory in Mean Time, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Memory in Mean Time paper at affordable prices with custom writing service!

Discuss ways in which memory is explored

Mean time is, in essence, a collection of poems concerned with history and memory throughout the anthology. Carol Ann Duffy uses many literary and thematic devices to explore the theme of memory such as the dramatic monologue which enables the socialisation of self who can then speak without the fear of censorship; objectivity of viewpoints. It provides disassociation for the poet from the persona in which they are speaking thus making the poetry more universal and accessible, especially due to the different personas that Carol Ann Duffy adopts. These enable her to her to incite different times of life from which memories are, for example, Captain of the 164 team for childhood to Adultery for the pinnacle of adulthood and as the anthology progresses, the poetry becomes darker and less idealistic. The language highlights this; star spangled and burst like a red balloon to language of death throughout the later poetry. The difference of gendered and ungendered voices seems to re-negotiate the boundaries more acutely in love poetry between the lover and the beloved. Carol Ann Duffy uses personal memory with interwoven references to texts such as DH Lawrence's Humming Bird in Captain which contexualise her poetry and add weight to its meaning.

A poem in which Duffy uses the device of evoking idealistic memory through childhood is in Captain of the 164 Team. She underwrites personal memories with external textual references, for example in the progression of language from babyhood to adulthood, which encapsulates the meaning of the poem itself. Humming bird is likened to the DH Lawrence's work of the same name citing that it is Primeval dumb, far back which intensifies the theme of memory.

Within the poems I am using to examine the question of memory in Mean Time, temporal progression is represented by the progression by stanza and word association in Captain and in Moments of Grace where they look for the doing words juxtaposed to peeling an orange. This temporal movement is important in the theme of memory and enhances the poems effectiveness in conveying memory through the sense of urgency or disappointment that it invokes.

This is clearly illustrated in Moments of Grace where reflection is the force behind the poems effectiveness. Word association within it of staggering suggests disorientation further heightened by imbalanced lines and complex similes that Duffy uses to evoke remembrance. Dusk suggests an indistinct memory and a close to a light era juxtaposed to an italic yes where the voice of the present can interrupt the reverie of memory and sharpen it. The technical importance of the language is unequalled in other poems with Duffy citing verbs as the most imperative parts of poetry; verbs have the ability to further a theme as opposed to remaining static. This has the paradoxical effect of being an effective way of conveying the feeling of loss within life at never finding that first love by reduction of the actions to being uncontrolled by reason (they are based only in memory) in order to justify the reasoning. However, when Moments of Grace is compared to first love it appears weaker at conveying the exploration of memory due to the preoccupation with the reduction in the penultimate verse whereas in First Love the themes are consistent and based on emotion which the reader can freely empathise with as it leaves room to project one's own memory within an acceptable framework.

First love is one of the most effective poems in terms of relating memory as it talks, not just of love but also of the impact that it has upon one, thus by contrast emphasising the theme of love and memory within it. The evocative mood is created by the rhythm and equality of the stanzas showing a balanced remembrance rather than a disjointed justification of pain in adulthood, which is what is seen in both Captain of the 164 Team and Moments of Grace. The intimacy of the language close to my lips as lipstick introduces an almost voyeuristic element into the poem; a theme that continues in the first and last stanza, pierced by a retrospective past in stanza two. The power of memory is explored in through light which can be seen in Mean Time, suggesting revelation while evoking the past in terms of theological happening in the juxtaposition of light to dark, increasing its intensity and the innocence of what it stands for.

Such faithfulness in the last stanza compared to a star which returns the reader to the power of loss, although this is later challenged by unseen flowers suddenly pierce and sweeten . This invisible scent is reminiscent of memory and the dual pleasure and pain that it invokes. The supernaturalism and invisibility of this is epitomised in Moments of Grace where the present haunts the past. This adds an element of fear and the inability to understand the importance and the ideals that memory contains. In Captain of the 164 Team Duffy allows only a simplified memory to be remembered, perhaps due to the fear of reality seen briefly at the end of the poem by which past and present are measured,

Fear is present as a judge of memory in Mean Time, the last poem to be examined in the light of memory. This poem is unique in charting absolute loss, epitomised in the title itself and the language used throughout. Unmeasurable rain also evokes pathetic fallacy to exacerbate the feeling of loss for the poet and her audience. I felt my heart gnaw, suggests her insecurity and impotence at expressing through words how she actually feels. The animal allusion by association reverts humankind to animals capable of intense feeling while being unable to articulate precisely what is felt. There is movement through Mean Time is darkening sky and the references to future but we will be dead, unique to Mean Time as the anticipation of the only certainty in life adds gravity and resignation to the tone and shows the power of memory exacerbated in endless nights.

Mean Time is an appropriate poem to end the chartered journey of memory throughout the anthology as especially each poem that I have chosen to look at examines a particular part of Carol Ann Duffy's, and indeed of the audience's life. The progression from Captain of the 164 Team 's Do Wah Diddy through First Love, Moments of Grace and Mean Time all represent an important parts of life and experience which memory is vitally important in reliving and indeed making the present slightly more bearable. Memory is a focus for each individual poem and while Carol Ann Duffy uses language persona and form to illustrate each one's individuality, memory links each one through its fundamental importance within the collection.

Please note that this sample paper on Memory in Mean Time is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Memory in Mean Time, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Memory in Mean Time will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from custom writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Gerald O'Neil and space travel

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Gerald O'Neil and space travel. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Gerald O'Neil and space travel paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Gerald O'Neil and space travel, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Gerald O'Neil and space travel paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service!

A plan already exists to build a city in space which could house several hundred thousand inhabitants and boast an environment identical to Earths. This city is part of what will become a space colony orbiting the moon. The colony will have air and water, lakes and mountains. If this project becomes a reality, people born in the space colony can perhaps one day take a vacation on Earth.

The idea of creating a space colony where mankind could live in an artificial city was first proposed by Gerard K. ONeil. ONeil proposed the project soon after astronauts from the Apollo Project landed on the Moon in 16. When scientists gathered together to the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration to discuss ONeils plan, they decided the project was feasible and even came up with an idea about how the colony could be built. The scientists were influenced by the world population problem, then already topping 4 billion and estimated to reach over 0 billion within 100 years. The scientists believed that if the worlds population continued to grow at the same rate there would not be enough food or resources to cope.

Location and Designs

A space colony is seen as one of the most important options available to the continuation of mankind in the future. Prior to 176, the most helpful perturbations, in the best-studied orbits, were thought to involve what are called libration points or Lagrangian points. They are locations where a spacecraft can be placed so it will always remain in the same position with respect to the earth and the moon and the gravity of the Earth and Moon is balanced. The French Mathematician Lagrange showed in 177 that there are five such points. Three of them lie on a line connecting the earth and moon; these are L1, L, and L. They are unstable. The other two are L4 and L5. They lie at equal distances from earth and the moon in the moon's orbit, forming equilateral triangles with Earth and the moon. In the earth-moon system, these points are stable. L5 was decided upon to be the location of the first space colony.

The actual look of the colony is dictated by the needs which the colony must meet. If people are to live in a space colony, they will need an environment similar to Earths. The atmospherical structure, air pressure and temperature must be similar. Gravity should also be like that on Earth. The colony must rotate to create artificial gravity, in the sense of a 'down' toward which they will fall. This is not real gravity of course, but is centrifugal force. Artificial gravity will not be a precisely identical substitute for the real thing, but it will be good enough. It is desirable to make the colony as comfortable and earth like as possible. Space colony designers have tended to agree that the colony should provide normal Earth gravity, one g. This requires a limit to be put on the allowable rotation rate. At first O'Neil believed that the limit would be three rpm (revolutions per minute) to suit his cylindrical colony with petal shaped mirrors, its tracking of the sun, its reliance on solar energy, and its property of being a warm habitat for life in the cold of space (characteristics reflected in its name Sunflower).

A more advantageous design was later thought of, with a one rpm limit. The Stanford Torus space colony, an enormous inner tube with the tube 400 feet wide and bent into a circle with a circumference of some 4 miles. In the 170s, NASA scientists used this plan to formulate a means to build the colony. According to their plan, light would be provided by a massive reflective mirror that would shine the sunrays into the colony. The living quarters would be a donut-shaped area. It was the lightest design yet studied and offered the possibility of making effective use of interior space since there could be terraces for homes and agriculture. The colonists would have unobstructed lines of sight of half a mile or more. The colony would also contain areas for agriculture, animals and plants and would weigh about 10 million tons. The estimated cost of the project at the time it was devised was about 50 billion dollars and was calculated to take about 0 years to build. Without the support of the worlds people, such a massive project will never become a reality.

Mining the Moon It would be more efficient to bring materials from the Moon to create the space colony

If the space colony was to be built at a point between the Earth and the Moon, it is thought better to transport the necessary building materials from the Moon. The lunar gravity is only one-sixth that of the Earth and rockets taking off from there would require less fuel. Even before O'Neil and others suggested the use of lunar materials as building blocks for colonies at L5, other scientists argued for similar colonies on the moon. As it happens, the moon itself provides a wealth of minerals, some of which are already becoming increasingly hard to mine on earth.

The fundamental idea of space colonisation is the use of lunar and other extraterrestrial resources. With only the resources of Earth, there is no hope of building the colonies. With the resources of the moon, space colonies may soon become inevitable. The lunar rocks are not rich ores, but they are adequate. They contain sources of aluminium. Lunar rocks also contain silica- on earth a useless waste product, but of value in space. To build the colony, about 1 million tons of this rock must be shipped each year from the moon into space. The task will be the project of a group of perhaps 100 people the moon miners. Their task will to gather the necessary lunar material and to launch it into space where it can be caught. To do the first they will have bulldozers and power shovels built to operate in the lunar vacuum. To do the second they will build a device called a mass driver.

The mass driver will be an electrically driven launcher, a sort of electromagnetic catapult. It will accelerate masses of lunar material to escape velocity, 1.5 miles per second. There masses are to be launched, one or two per second, day in day out, indefinitely. They will fly out into space, curving in the moon's gravity and slowing down as they go outward. Two days after the launch they will reach the catching point, 40,000 miles above the lunar far side. There they will be intercepted. Nothing like the mass driver has been built yet. Nevertheless, it rests upon such long-understood principles, such as well-established engineering designs, that already can be described in detail. There designs have been prepared for use in high speed trains. For a number of years there has bee considerable interest in building railroads which could compete for speed with airliners. In recent years, most attention has been directed to magnetic levitation and to propulsion by linear electric motors. It is this technology which will serve to build the mass driver.

One of the early tasks in the space colonisation effort will be the building of the lunar base. Only when this is functioning properly will it be possible to begin construction on the space colony.

Terraforming Changing bodies in the Solar System to make them inhabitable

With a number of people concerned about the possible failure of a space colony, the suggestion of terraforming arose. Terraforming first became a topic of discussion in 161 after Carl Sagan, an astrophysicist at California Polytechnic, proposed transforming Venus to make it inhabitable. In our Solar System, there are several planets and satellites that are believed capable of supporting life. Terraforming would require to change planetary environment entirely.

If solar energy can be adequately harnessed it would hold the key to the success of terraforming. Planets like Mars and Venus currently have environments that are quite different to Earths. Looking at these two planets shows that Venus is a red-hot, high-pressured, planet while Mars is cold and dry. These problems are caused by the planet mass and how much of solar energy they receive. As such, the environments of these planets are directly affected by the Sun. Carrying solar energy to cooler planets and removing it from hotter ones is the basis behind the idea of terraforming.

As a result of the probes to Mars, a number of detailed terraforming projects have sprung up. There are two ways that Mars could be terraformed. One would be to increase the amount of sunrays absorbed into the planet, thus raising its temperature. The other way to terraform the planet would have sunrays absorbed by black, carbon objects on the surface. The objects would be fractured and distributed all over the planet, where they could absorb the Suns rays and heat Mars.

Introducing algae has also been discussed as a possible way to change Mars environment. Algae helped give the Earth oxygen, changed its environment and helped maintain it. If Mars can be heated and water maintained in liquid form, bacteria carried to the planet would perhaps help to create and increase the amount of oxygen available there. Some genetic engineers are trying to change algae so that they would be able to survive and thrive on Mars.

Along with Mars, Venus has been proposed as another site for possible terraforming. To make Venus inhabitable, the amount of energy it receives from the Sun would have to be reduced, its carbon dioxide eliminated, its rotation speed increased and water introduced to its surface. Terraforming either Mars or Venus would be a gigantic project. While we may have the technical ability to perform such a project, it seems that the first place that man progresses into space is more likely to be Mars than Venus.

Hazards to life on the Space Colony some people have expressed misgivings about ONeils plan

The space colony is the largest plan for creating an area for man to live in space. However, some people have expressed misgivings about ONeils plan. Mostly, they doubt the system will really be able to become self-supporting merely by the power of the people and creatures living in it and whether an actual living environment can be set up and maintained. In short, some people worry that those living in a space colony would be in open space, well away from the Earth, living under completely different conditions and subjected to life influenced by strong cosmic waves.

There would be some dangers in the colony. The colonists would have to take strong precautions against fire since it could knock out machinery essential for survival. But enough safeguards, including duplication of key equipment, could be built into the system to reduce the risks. Meteoroids might also be an occasional hazard, but an extremely small one. Most meteoroids are microscopic in size and could not penetrate the colony's tough skin. If the occasional rock did crash through a window, there would be no real cause for alarm. It would take at least a day or so for the colony to lose its atmosphere, giving repair crews plenty of time to fix the problem. But the chances of such a hit are very small; about once in ten million years. In any case getting hit by a moderate sized meteoroid would probably be more like being struck with an easily pulverised snowball than with a hard rock.

Cosmic rays would represent a somewhat greater danger, but the colony's heavy shielding and atmosphere should provide adequate protection under normal conditions. If the flow of cosmic rays suddenly become more intensive the colonists could retreat to special chambers with heavy walls until the menace passed.

There is a chance that the cylinder's artificial gravity might trouble some people. If the colony's rotation is too rapid, it will intensify the Coriolis force and possibly disturb the body's sense of balance. The result might be a space version of sea-sickness characterised by dizziness and nausea. There might also be more subtle long term damage that might affect the ability of colonists to cope with Earth's gravity and environment, assuming they wanted to return occasionally or even quit space altogether.

In any case, whatever the hazards might be, they would be offset by certain overwhelming advantages. Unlike earth, the colony would not experience divesting earthquakes or hurricanes or volcanic eruptions, all of which cost millions of lives over the centuries. In addition, slowly but inevitably Earth would recover from the assaults of the past. Rivers and the air would become clean again; dead lakes would spring back to life. Threatened animal species like the great whales might survive. Indeed, as more people decided to make homes for themselves in space indeed, industrial pollution and other ecological ravages would decline and Earth would become in O'Neil's view, a worldwide park, a beautiful place to visit for a vacation.

Colonies in Space the Next Giant Leap, Golden, Frederic 177

Colonies in Space, T.A Heppenheimer 177

The High Frontier, G.K. O'Neil, 175

http//spaceboy.nasda.go.jp/note/kouso/e/kou10_tera1_e.html

Please note that this sample paper on Gerald O'Neil and space travel is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gerald O'Neil and space travel, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Gerald O'Neil and space travel will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from cheap essay writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!