Lysistrata- Fantasy or Real

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Aristophanes' Lysistrata is a masterful comedy about sex, war and gender. Its main comedic device partly fails in our modern interpretation because of our more balanced views of women in the 1st century. The plot is shown to be fantasy, an absurd idea to the ancient Athenians. This then is the root of its humour. However, a few points in the play relate directly to the original audience's lifestyle during the Peloponnesian war, and therefore are the plays link with reality, its dramatic landline for the audience.

Lysistrata deals with the sensitive and possibly offensive subject matter by parodying it. Aristophanes dodges the seriousness of war, a subject close to home for all Athenians, by making crude jokes - There isn't anyone to have an affair with - not a sausage! - ll. 10. This shows the fictional element of the play, as in Aristophanes time in Athens, both women and men were known to have numerous adulterous affairs, and if the sex strike were to be successful, then the mistresses and all such people would have to be striking also. This plays on the real life frustrations of the war torn Athenians without bringing to light the darker aspects of war. In some ways, Lysistrata was designed as a form of escapism for the audience, and to poke fun at the very things causing them pain. Aristophanes ignores possible plot problems in order to present the delightfully comic idea of a sex strike. In 'Aristophanes and Athens', Douglas McDowell remarks that the genuine problem of the continuing war is solved by a fantastic scheme which in real life would be impossible.#

Another way Aristophanes turns grief into laughter is by describing things in terms of the human body. This is a common method in Aristophanic plays, as metaphors or simply to talk around the subject. For example, towards the end of the play, Reconciliation is personified into the form of a beautiful young woman whom the men cannot take their eyes off. The Spartan equivalent of Lysistrata, Lampito, is another example. Special attention is paid to her bodily attributes, which differ greatly from her Athenian counterparts, mostly in reproductive areas - And such marvellous tits too. - ll.81. This is a foreshadowing of the main plotline, in which the women, using their only real source of power orchestrate the sexual starvation of the men. This allows the audience to further switch off from the traditionally grim motif of war and enter a fantasy where war is dismissed as being second to sexual satisfaction.

The center of Lysistratas comedy is that it shows women acting bravely, even aggressively, against men who seem resolved on ruining the city. In ancient Greece, women were looked at as property, something beautiful to own, and did not have any redeeming social values. To even consider putting a woman into a position where she was required to think outside her domestic purposes was laughable. Some argue that Aristophanes portrayal of Lysistrata is a somewhat proto-feminist idea. However, this play clearly does not promote women taking political power. The only intended outcome of this situation is humour. Aristophanes relies on his male dominated audience's predisposed ideas about women, which at the time would have been along the lines of the Homer verse quoted in line 515 of the play - Go and attend to your work let war be the care of the men folk. Role reversal is Lysistratas true humour because to imagine a woman in a multifaceted role was insane.

The view of politics in Lysistrata is somewhat different. In the only really true political scene in the play, a quasi-agon takes place between a magistrate, who represents male authority, and Lysistrata. This scene is unusual in a number of ways the women beat and subdue the men physically in a very masculine manner, and the ensuing debate was regarded to be a strictly male only action. Therefore we see women taking over traditionally masculine roles, another situation that could only be described as fantasy to the original audience.

The proceeding debate is interesting and poses many questions about Aristophanes political stance. Women are not mentioned actually taking into action any of the advice given by Lysistrata. She simply addresses the magistrates as you, referring to the male population and goes on to complain about some major blunder of yours - ll.500. This gives the impression that Aristophanes is in fact giving serious advice to the city of Athens using Lysistrata as a mouthpiece. He may be making a serious practical proposal of how to clean up Athens political affairs and this is why the 'fantasy' of women in positions of political power is omitted. Douglas McDowell writes

Maybe the weaving metaphor is a serious piece of criticism towards Athenian politicians, more so those who collaborate to get one another elected to office #

But on the other side of the argument is a point, which does indeed fit in with the comic style of the play. Lysistratas weaving metaphor seems to be a good model for the city's workings, but how seriously can we take this? The advice within the passage is so shrouded in metaphor that it is almost impossible for there to be any serious political advice in it whatsoever. It seems that in saying this speech, Lysistrata believes that the women will finally be seen as capable of managing Athenian finances - again, an absurd idea for the original audience.

However, to truly tap into the audiences minds, Aristophanes needed to include something that they all had in common and were familiar with. This is not only war, and it is not the dangers and horrors of war, but the real life frustrations of the Athenian people. The women in Lysistrata complain that the men are away at war for too long, and that they are being deprived of sex - this scenario is not merely fantasy, but must have been a familiar feeling to most, if not all adult Athenians. This is Lysistratas one main connection with reality besides its central subject of war, and it is in this way that Aristophanes keeps the audience inside the fantasy world of Lysistrata. It is easy to see why early Athenian women would get tired of their men leaving. Most of them were married in their teens and never knew what it was to be on their own. And if the husband was killed in warfare, a widow in ancient Athens had few good prospects.

In conclusion, the plot of Lysistrata demonstrates that the overriding mode of Aristophanic comedy is fantasy. For an audience at war, this play was the ultimate form of escapist entertainment. Albeit in Lysistrata the women are shown as revolutionaries rising up against the men, women in classical Greece were never like that. Aristophanes created the play as a comedy, showing what the world would be like in the times of the Peloponnesian war if women tried to do the impossible.

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"Only the strong can cope with difference"

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Only the strong can cope with difference

Discussed by Emily Uzzell

Difference, whether it is racial, sexual, or economic is an issue with which everyone must cope, one way or another. Society as a majority constantly discriminates, and this theory, Only the strong can cope with difference, suggests that only those who are considered strong will reject this attitude of discrimination. First of all, any theory, which classifies people as either weak or strong, is problematic, as such a simplification of something as complex as the human condition is easily challenged on its own.

Consequently, the concept that solely people who are strong have the ability to fight intolerance is flawed. There are so many valid, though conflicting viewpoints on this theory it is difficult to produce a clear-cut conclusion. In reality, we are all essentially discriminatory, if not in one way, then another. So is it merely a persons strength that causes them to retaliate against this bigotry, both within themselves and in society? Though, whether they are strong or weak, is it not a persons individual circumstances and consequent values that decide how they respond to the majorities prejudice? Both these concepts are explored in three texts, Mississippi Burninga film directed by Alan Parker, To kill a Mockingbird, a novel written by Harper Lee and I Have a Dream, an address by Martin Luther King.

In the novel, To kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch, a young girl growing up in a prejudiced, 140s America said;

Atticus had used every tool available to free men to save Tom Robinson, but in the secret courts of mens hearts Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man the moment Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed.

Although her community was one of racist and ignorant people, Scout was taught by her father to be unprejudiced in her attitude to racial difference. Like most children, she was for some time oblivious to all beliefs outside of those expressed in her home environment, and the realisation above was a significant moment in her life. The communities attitude to black people was a testament to the belief that to cope with difference, people must accept faults within themselves, however difficult this proves to be. So before they are able to reject prejudice within society, people must reject prejudice within themselves.

The amount of personal strength necessary to reject this prejudice is also evident in the immense lack of rebellion against decades of racism, sexism, and almost every possible kind of discrimination in all aspects of our society. Deep down, most people are suspicious and intolerant of those who go against the grain. Mans desire for conformity is greatly responsible for its inability to feel compassion for those who look or act differently, whom they usually associate with illegal or immoral activity. It takes strength of character and a willingness to make great sacrifices in order to actively campaign against the majority.

This strength is conveyed in To Kill a Mockingbird by central character, Atticus Finch, the father of Scout Finch. The novel is centred on family and morals, but also the story of a black man accused of a crime he did not commit. Atticus believes this man is innocent, and so takes on the case, despite all warnings to the contrary. He staunchly condemns prejudice in any capacity, he is an exceptionally strong person, and this is reflected in his willingness to risk his own personal interests in the ambition to change peoples prejudice, and this book is based in an environment where prejudice is rarely even questioned as an attitude.

As well as being basically prejudiced, there has always been a human tendency to scapegoat people, to blame others for our own shortcomings, or hardships, because it is easier than accepting our own faults, and easier than actively changing ourselves. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Bob Ewell harasses and abuses Negroes as a result of his own feelings of inferiority. He uses what society sees as his only advantage, the colour of his skin, and exploits it.

The magnitude of rejecting prejudice within ourselves is ascertained in I Have a Dream an address by Martin Luther King, which introduces this idea in a slightly different context, voicing that a persecuted black man should not be tempted into prejudice against the white majority. King believed that all men were created equal, and stated The marvellous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people...Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.

This attitude, from someone who suffered greatly from the shameful condition of a racist America in the 50s and 60s, is commendable. Immense moral strength would be crucial in accepting any majority that had so cruelly exploited and mistreated your ancestors. Such strength was also central in his optimism about the future and the belief in an inevitable time of justice. Subsequently he inspired millions of persecuted African Americans into upheaval with his hopeful words; We refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt...And so weve come to cash the cheque, a cheque that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.

The majority of humanity does not control their predisposition to discrimination, and so we have created a society in which the common attitude to difference is persecution. To stand alone against a majority takes great strength of character, as well as moral beliefs solid enough to warrant great personal sacrifices. It takes strength to put morals over emotion and feel compassion for those who seem so different from you. It is easy to let yourself slip in a world full of people who think a certain way, and it is easy to be careless over such matters that do not appear to affect your own life.

The distinction between weak and strong in coping with societies differences is manifest in the Film, Mississippi Burning, by the relative courage shown by people on opposing sides of the issue of apartheid in the deep South of America. The film, based on a true story, follows two FBI agents investigating the murder of three activists, two whites, and one black. The difference in attitudes of the two agents is evident from the first scene, where the older of the two utters his first in a string of controversial attitudes, If you aint better than a nigger who are you better than? This highlights the issue of scapegoating, which is a recurring issue in this particular film, with the community at large persecuting blacks as a result of their insecurities regarding ignorance, stupidity and poverty.

The manner in which the FBI and the racist police in the South cope with difference, which is in this case racial, is obvious. But what is slightly less obvious is the essential strength or weakness demonstrated by these people. The FBI give an impression of moral fibre, diligence and tolerance, all typical characteristics of strong people, while the prejudiced people are weak when unaccompanied, buckle under pressure, ignorant and unruly. These racists are weak in every sense of the word.

Mississippi Burning has an underlying message, and this is that the stance this hideous community has on Negro people is much more violent and dangerous than first thought by those living in relatively liberal areas of America, this naive attitude being represented by character Mr. Ward, the younger FBI agent

Unlike the key emotions in the previous texts, pain and suffering are at the heart of this film. The director forces us to look at these persecuted people in their pain and grief, close up shots ensuring the audience feel their bitterness, but also their courage and their hope. This emphasizes the strength, which is a basic requirement in fighting prejudice, for to cope with difference, we must be strong enough to accept it within ourselves.

On the other hand, individuals who cope with societies differences may do so with their intentions influenced, possibly inadvertently, by their individual circumstances and subsequent values, as opposed to their strength. It may be a belief in their own, or selected minorities rights rather than universal human rights that shape their response to societies discriminating mind-set. So often those who reject attitudes of prejudice may be regarded as weak in other aspects of their beliefs.

The issue of anti discrimination in society is akin to a snakes and ladders game, where one minority will rally for equality, only to be just as bigoted on the subject of another. Ignorance may play a part, hence people stand up for minorities they happen to know about, or that appeal to them or that they can relate to. So this is actually self-interest coming before morals, a classic aspect of a weakness. The church, or any other organization may fight for the acceptance of black people into our society in the efforts to create more followers, but have strong views against homosexuals, and vice versa.

The majority of our society falls under this category. The majority of Australian society, including the government, do not agree with Hitler on the subject of the Holocaust, but where were these self-confessed tolerant people when the Afghanistan refugees came to our shores in desperate need of shelter? Hiding behind their collective ignorance, judging once again on the colour of these peoples skin. All political parties, even the government was afraid to speak up. If it takes such strength to stand up to intolerance, how can the majority of these people consider themselves tolerant, civilised and educated people? They are not tolerant. They merely happen to be born into a society which has built up such an unquestionable impression of relative acceptance it is blind to its own ignorance.

An instance of this selective tolerance in To Kill a Mockingbird was in schoolteacher Miss Gates. Miss Gates believed in equality for the Jewish community and condemned Hitler. She stated that over here we dont believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced. This was a belief that earned her Scouts respect, as in this basic human right Atticus also believed. However, Miss Gates completely contradicted this in her attitude to Negroes. She was heard to express that Negro people were getting above themselves and needed to be taught a lesson. This provoked doubt in Scouts mind, who asked, How can you hate Hitler so bad an then turn around an be ugly about folks right at home?

This issue is also dealt with in I have a dream, again in the context of Prejudice against the majority. Martin Luther Kings dream, as a persecuted black man, was not that black people should become dominant, his dream was that one day everyone will become equal, that one day The sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood It takes great strength to refute prejudice. It does not take much strength to stand up to one, or a number of prejudices. The issue of selective charity is not handled in Mississippi Burning, as it is not so much prejudice in general, but racism, and the reluctance to change, which highlights accordingly the importance of change, that is at the core of the film.

Where all the texts have a common thread is in the hope they preach. In To kill a Mockingbird, the style of the novel is such that it finishes much the same way it began, with family life. This creates an air of both change and constancy, as the children have grown older and with this they have grown wiser. In I Have a Dream, the speech ends with the hope that we will all one day sing, Free at last, and we are free at last. God Almighty we are free at last. In Mississippi Burning, where the films great strength lies, is that although the case is solved, theres no real sense of triumph, no sense that racism has been dispensed. The mood of the film as it moves to its close shifts between despair and hope. The texts have a significant message which influences them all, and that is that all these battles against prejudice take great strength, and that all these battles will have to be fought again and again and much harder than before. Strength plays an eminent part in fighting prejudice. It is easy to say only the strong can cope with difference, but like all theories this creates exceptions, like Miss Gates, or the government, or well, the majority of the world. But therein lies the real distinction and that is that only the truly strong can cope with all aspects of difference, both within themselves and within society. To overcome any superficial differences humans may boast, and feel compassion, empathy and acceptance for all is a quality only the strong may possess, but all should aspire to.

Please note that this sample paper on Only the strong can cope with difference is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Only the strong can cope with difference, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Only the strong can cope with difference will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Acceleration of Free-Falling Masses

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SPH UAcceleration of Free-Falling Corey McCormick

Masses 0/14/0

Purpose What effect does the mass of a free-falling object have on the objects acceleration?

Independent/Dependent Variables The independent variable in this lab is the free-falling objects mass, while the dependent variable is the free-falling objects acceleration.

Hypothesis If the mass of the free-falling object is doubled then the acceleration will be the same because everything falls at the same speed no matter its mass. A free-falling object can be defined as an object whose acceleration depends solely on the ¡§acceleration of gravity¡¨, which is measures at .8 m/s/s [downwards].

Materials

„h Ticker Timer

„h x - Ticker Tape (~0 cm long)

„h x - A piece of scotch tape

„h 100g mass

„h 00g mass

„h School bag

„h A table

Procedure

1. The ticker timer was plugged into an outlet on the wall.

. One of the pieces of ticker tape was inserted into the ticker timer (shinny side up).

. The 100g mass was taped to the end of the ticker tape with one of the pieces of the scotch tape.

4. The ticker timer set up was then placed near the edge of the table.

5. The school bag was placed under table (directly below the edge of the table where the ticker timer set up was placed). (The school bag was used simply to stop the mass from hitting the floor when it was dropped from the table).

6. The ticker timer was turned on and set to 60 Hz.

„³ The set up looked like this

Top view

Side View

7. The 100g mass was dropped from the edge of the table allowing the ticker timer to mark the ticker tape every 1/60th of a second showing the objects position every 1/60th of a second.

8. The ticker tape used was labeled ¡§100g mass¡¨.

. Procedure steps # through #8 were repeated using a 00g mass to replace the 100g mass.

10. Using time intervals measuring 0.017 seconds each, the displacements of the 100g and 00g masses were recorded, up to the 10th time interval (0.15s ¡V 0.170s).

Results

100g Mass

Time Interval

(s)Time Change

(s)Displacement

(m) [down]Average Velocity

(m/s) [down]

0.0 - 0.0170.0170.0010.058

0.017 ¡V 0.040.0170.000.176

0.04 ¡V 0.0510.0170.0040.5

0.051 ¡V 0.0680.0170.0070.41

0.068 ¡V 0.0850.0170.010.706

0.085 ¡V 0.100.0170.0150.88

0.10 ¡V 0.110.0170.0171.000

0.11 ¡V 0.160.0170.011.176

0.16 ¡V 0.150.0170.01.4

0.15 ¡V 0.1700.0170.041.41

00g Mass

Time Interval

(s)Time Change

(s)Displacement

(m) [down]Average Velocity

(m/s) [down]

0.0 - 0.0170.0170.0010.058

0.017 ¡V 0.040.0170.000.176

0.04 ¡V 0.0510.0170.0060.5

0.051 ¡V 0.0680.0170.0100.588

0.068 ¡V 0.0850.0170.010.765

0.085 ¡V 0.100.0170.0160.41

0.10 ¡V 0.110.0170.0181.058

0.11 ¡V 0.160.0170.01.4

0.16 ¡V 0.150.0170.011.5

0.15 ¡V 0.1700.0170.071.58

All of the x and y values on all of the graphs are shown at ¡§# x10e-¡¨ for better clarity.

Analysis (For each mass)

1. Create a position-time graph

. Create an average velocity-time graph. Draw a line of best fit

. Use the average velocity-time graph to calculate the acceleration. Show your work.

100g Mass

Line of best fits coordinates (0, 0) and (0.180, 1.600)

=y ¡Vy1

x ¡Vx1

=1.600 ¡V 0

0.180 ¡V 0

=1.600

0.180

= 8.888

=The acceleration of the free-falling 100g mass was 8.888 m/s/s.

00g Mass

Line of best fits coordinates (0, 0.050) and (0.175, 1.600)

=y ¡Vy1

x ¡Vx1

=1.600 ¡V 0.050

0.175 ¡V 0

=1.550

0.175

= 8.85714

=The acceleration of the free-falling 00g mass was 8.857 m/s/s.

4. Write a conclusion to answer your question.

The mass of a free-falling object has no effect what so ever on a free-falling objects acceleration. Merriam-Websters definition of ¡§free-falling¡¨ is ¡§The condition of unrestrained motion in a gravitational field.¡¨ In Laymens terms, this means that every free-falling object on this planet has the same acceleration due to Earths gravity, .8m/s/s [down]. .8 m/s/s [down] is also called the ¡§acceleration of gravity¡¨.

Evaluation

1. Use the information in your textbook to find the accepted value of the acceleration of a free-falling object. Calculate the percent error.

The accepted value of the acceleration of a free-falling object is .8 m/s/s [down] (The acceleration of gravity).

=100¡V Labs acceleration valuex100

Accepted acceleration value

=100 - 8.888 x 100

.8

= 100 - 0.8058 x 100

=100 - 8.058

=10.4

The percentage error of the value for the acceleration of a free-falling object that was obtained in this lab experiment was 10.4 %.

. Suggest at least three possible sources of error for this investigation.

1. Ticker Timer not Accurate

Using a ticker times is not an accurate way of measuring position or displacement.

The ticker tape tends to slide to the left and the right, while it is running through the ticker timer during the experiment, affecting the line of dots on the ticker tape (they do not form a straight line). Since the dots are crooked , it is much more difficult to measure the displacement between each one of them. Instead, some sort of automatic machine that not only counts the time intervals, but also records the displacements between the time intervals, should have been used. The calculations would have been much more exact.

.Ruler not Accurate

Using a ruler is not an accurate method of measuring displacement for this lab. In this investigation, a setting of 60Hz was used. This means that the time intervals being used were 0.017 seconds. When working with very small numbers, using the naked eye to estimate the measurements of positions and displacements using a ruler is not very accurate at all, especially in cases such as this one, where being 0.001 meters off will affect the final readings. Instead, some sort of automatic machine that not only counts the time intervals, but also records the displacements between the time intervals, should have been used. The calculations would have been much more exact.

.Line of Best Fit not Accurate

Since there are no specific equations or steps to reach an exact location, a scientist can only estimate where to place a line of best fit on a graph. When estimated variables are used in an experiment, the end results will almost never be exact, especially when working with detailed numbers, where if an estimation is off by even a very small amount, the final calculations are skewed. Instead, several instantaneous accelerations should have been calculated to help find the average acceleration rate. At least that way, exact numbers would have been used instead of estimations.

Please note that this sample paper on Acceleration of Free-Falling Masses is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Acceleration of Free-Falling Masses, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Acceleration of Free-Falling Masses will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Dell Computers, a New Future

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A coming of age for the planet continues on as the digital world develops into the norm. Children, adults and the elderly all make use of machinery originally used for government and business. The importance of the latest technology is a critical element for any user in today's society; where modern conveniences help the lives of all people. Dell Corporation has made a commitment, Dell is building its technology, its business and its communities through direct relationships with our customers, our employees and our neighbors (Dell 1). This proclamation basically displays how Dell brings a sense of value to all people and by utilizing the latest technology they transport the notion of a digital world into any setting. From educational institutions to business and back to the home world, Dell indeed focuses its efforts to creating technology for virtually everyone on earth.

The schools of tomorrow without a doubt are developing into the schools of today. Many schools equipped with computers and accesses to the internet have certainly made an impact on education itself. Yet Dell brings a little bit of the future now with the introduction of an innovative educational network that is used in Dell standards-based servers. This type of new technology referred to as an OpenManage Server Administrator allows customers to easily manage individual servers from virtually any location. The server provides an important administrative solution for managing Power Edge servers. Storage and wireless networking give students access to the software applications, projects and information on a school district's network. This notion that high school students and teachers all across the district can make use of technology can only lead to prominence. School officials indicate, since the installation of an innovative school network, students in the Beacon City New York School District have shown improved test scores, attendance and overall pride in their schools. The network is the result of an alliance between the Beacon City School District and Dell. Technology has had a tremendously positive impact on our school district, and since installing our new educational network...the kids are proud of their schools because they have the latest technology and because the technology is Dell(DiCesare 1). To cause that sort of an effect truly is reward in itself. Dell certainly receives high marks in this area; however they indeed excel at making businesses more successful as well.

Businesses can only go so far before a realization is made that any chance to cut expenses and more importantly upgrade efficiency embodies a viable solution. As the PC platform continues to evolve, many enterprises plan on phasing out the diskette drive. Ford Motor Company has recently been upgrading their systems to increase efficiency and productivity. Dell and Ford worked closely to resolve the technical challenges. Probably the most prevalent gain and use of Dell's newest technology stems from the removal and acquisition of all floppy drives from their workstations and use Dell Memory Keys instead. A memory key is just a small device with a USB output and acts as a mini storage device. With these keys the transfer of larger files are accomplished without the need for a floppy drive. Therefore this capability enables companies such as Ford Motor Company and their IT managers to transition from obsolete devices to smart devices that require modest computing experience. On a more recent note, Dell announced an agreement with T-mobile that will make for easy admission for Dell's notebook computer customers to get high-speed wireless internet for an affordable price. At such places where hotspots of the internet are located, a consumer can log on the internet from places outside the confines of their home or office. This type of technology presents an outlet for Dell with T-Mobile to revolutionize how people stay in touch and conduct business through the internet. As indicated by the General Manager of T-Mobile, Dell's promotion of T-Mobile Hotspot clearly demonstrates how quickly Wi-Fi is becoming a technology mainstay for wireless broadband connectivity in places where people already go(Sims 1). Wireless internet access is just another of Dell's contributions to the creation of a global union of all people; including the normal consumer.

Personal computers represent the most important digital product in the home. Average consumers desire a strong change to ensure they also receive the best in what the latest technologies offer. Dell claims that the company already is taking steps to give the normal everyday user what businesses and the government now enjoy, which is to simplify, enrich and most importantly lower the cost of the networked home computing experience. By driving industry standards for consumer technologies and services that are easy to deploy, this leads to the move for home end users to shop more efficiently and with less anxiety. Consumers want to connect their computer, home networks and consumer electronics under an open, standards-based manner. As with personal computing, high-performance workstations, server computing, services, storage, and the data center, standardization is inevitable. With standardization comes another certainty; customers always win through lower costs and freedom from proprietary products at unreasonable prices. Dell currently offers thousands of consumer technology products through its catalog and online, ranging from digital camera and MP players to TiVo digital video recorders and wireless access points. Dell publicized the introduction of its own line of printers, the Axim X5 handheld computer, and redesigned a wireless-ready Inspiron notebook. Dell's primary goal in its push to standardize consumer electronics will focus on the company's product development efforts, as well as direct involvement with industry groups into developing digital rights technology, media format and network connectivity standards for the digital home of the near future. Mr. Dell commented, That it would be the development and emergence of an IP-based digital home network that will allow for devices to talk to each other, share information, and make customers' lives easier (Dell ). Approximately 85 percent of all Dell's sales are to businesses and government, yet for Dell to represent the home user as a center focal point now near future definitely demonstrates their willingness to unite all people with the desire for a digital environment.

Dell Corporation justly embodies an organization whose purpose and commitment to unite all facets of computer technology to all types of users really makes them a leader. There focus on the development and use of the latest technology allows them access and control over the computer industry as a whole. With this type of clout the future of computer technology and all the advances there in seem boundless.

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DISCUSS THE CHANGING ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF MALAYSIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE IN 1957

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DISCUSS THE CHANGING ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF MALAYSIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE IN 157

INTRODUCTION

Malaysias economic success has seemed like a miracle to many observers. Malaysias economy has successfully weathered the depression of the 180s and the currency crisis of 17 and emerged stronger. Today, Malaysia is regarded as a Newly Industrialising Country and is one of the most successful developing countries. This miracle has not occurred overnight but has been the result of the hard work and sacrifices of the Malaysian government and its people.

At the time of independence in 157 the Malaysian economy was a lopsided economy heavily dependent on rubber and tin for 70% of total export earnings, 8% of government revenue and 6% of total employment. The economy has diversified to an industrialised economy. By 10, rubber and tin no longer dominated the economy and the manufacturing sector accounted for 7% of the GDP and surpassed agriculture and forestry. In 170, agriculture share of GDP accounted for % declining to 18.7 % by 10. Rubber exports, which accounted for % of commodity exports fell to 1. % in 18. Oil accounted for 1. % of gross exports in 10.

SCOPE

This paper will discuss the changing economic structure of Malaysia since independence in 157. The economic structure will be discussed with reference to the structural changes in the economy reflected in the changes in the sectoral contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is defined as follows -

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an estimate of income accruing to residents and generated within the country only. It is Gross National Product (GNP) excluding net property abroad. Although GNP is the more global statistic, GDP is used in reference to sectoral industrial analysis. GDP like GNP can be calculated at either factor cost or at market cost like GNP. It is sometimes referred to as Gross Value added.

The figures for analysing the changing economic structures have been extracted from various financial reports published by the Government of Malaysia. The figures are all with reference to the 178 prices unless mentioned otherwise.

ECONOMIC PROGRESS

The economic progress of Malaysia can be seen from the average annual growth rate of GDP in Table 1.

Year156-60161-65166-70171-75176-80181-85186-011-518000

1.1.46.10.011.66.1.-

.56.1.0.47.86.05.4-

0.55.54.11.76.76.8.-

44.55.810.48..7.88.7-

5.5.65.00.87.4-1.1.8-

Avg.4.15.05.48.08.65.6.88.7-7.55.0

Table 1 - Average Annual Growth Rate (%) of GDP at Constant Prices

The dip in the growth of the GDP in the early 80s was due to the depression being faced by the world and the negative growth was recorded in 18 due to the economic crisis of 17. However, the economy is on the path to recovery as indicated by the 5 % growth recorded in 000. Table gives the major economic indicators from 170 to date.

17018010151000

GNP/ Capita (US $)601680740554

Unemp (%)7.85.65.1.8..0

Inflation (%)1.66.7.1.5.0.0

RM/US$.08..71.5.8.8

Table ¡V Major Economic Indicators

Reasons for Economic GrowthMalaysia did not really have to fight for her independence. There was a lot of goodwill for the British when they left. Peace and Stability, which ensured the safety of the citizens and the foreign investors and security of property were the major factors that allowed the economy to grow and prosper. The synergy between the proactive policies of the government and the private sector was another reason for the economy to prosper.

The other factors that helped in the economic growth were as follows -

„The liberal foreign exchange regulations

„Malaysias tradition of relatively open and free trade.

„The fair treatment of the business community.

„Openness to Foreign Investment.

„The mixed economy model which was followed.

ECONOMIC PLANNING

The development process from independence in 157 has gone through the following major periods , namely,

„A period for growth and transformation from 157 ¡V 16.

„A period of growth and distribution from 170 ¡V 10.

„A period of growth and consolidation from 10.

The initial economic plan (156-60) was basically a development expenditure plan. This was basically concerned with building infrastructure, agricultural land development and diversification in agriculture. New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced in 170 following the racial riots of May 16, which placed far greater emphasis on equity and redistribution through growth, with the twin objectives of eradicating poverty irrespective of race, and the restructuring of society to correct the identification of race with economic functions.

The initial economic plan has been followed by the five-year plans. Malaysia is currently in its 8th Malaysia plan (001-005) which is a comprehensive and integrated macro plan with detailed sectoral analysis and socio-economic programmes. This socio-economic planning gives direction and focus to the economic development. Based on these plans, the private sector and foreign investors can carry out long term planning in congruence with the governments plans. These five-year plans are part of the overall perspective plans which cover 0-year periods. The five-year plans are revised and reviewed every 1/ years by the mid term reviews.

STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY

Economic Structure in 157

The economic structure at the time of independence in 157 was that of a highly trade oriented economy exporting mainly rubber and tin and dependent on outside sources for essential foodstuffs and manufactured products.

The primary sector accounted for 45 % of the GDP. The tertiary sector consisted of supporting activities for the primary sector accounted for about 44 % while manufacturing activities, consisting largely of the processing of estate type agricultural products in factories off the estates, made up the remaining 11 %.The Gross exports constituted nearly 47% of the GDP dominated by the rubber and tin industries. These two industries alone accounted for 85 % of the gross export earnings. The imports consisted mainly of consumer goods (66 %) while the capital goods accounted for only 8 %.

Such an economic structure was highly economically unstable being very susceptible to the price fluctuation of the primary commodities i.e. tin and rubber.

Sectoral Contribution to GDP

Table gives the sectoral contribution to the GDP from 156 to 1 The average share of Primary, Secondary and tertiary sectors in the GDP were respectively 4., 8. and 41.8 during 147 to 157. The inter-sectoral changes following the NEP during 170 ¡V 1 is quite conspicuous as can be seen from Figure 1 which shows the trend of sectoral contribution to GDP. The structure of the economy underwent major changes resulting in a better balance between agriculture, industry and services.

The growth of the nations output was led by the expansion in the manufacturing and mining sectors, mainly oil and gas fuelled by the discovery of new oil and gas fields off Sabah and Terengganu in the 170s. The manufacturing sector grew rapidly at a rate of 10. % per annum during the period of the NEP and its share in GDP rose from 1. % in 170 to 7 % in 10. The agriculture sector which traditionally provided the growth impetus to the economy, continued to languish, and its share of GDP fell from % in 170 to 18.7 % in 10.

The share of the Primary Sector in GDP fell from 46.8 % in 160 to 17 % in 1, whereas the secondary sector increased from 11.5 % to 5 % in 15. The share of the tertiary sector has increased from 41.7 % in 160 to 50.1 % in 1.

Sectoral Contribution to Exports and Imports

Exports/Imports have also been reflecting the changing structure of the economy. Agriculture products were the primary exports at the time of independence as it was an agrarian economy. In 000, the agriculture goods are estimated to only account for 6 % of the total exports and manufactures have taken the lion share of 81.8% of the exports reflecting the changed nature of the economy. The imports have also reflected the changing nature of economy. The consumption goods share in imports have been decreasing and investment goods share increasing.

Figure 4 shows the change in the export structure and Figure 5 shows the change in the import structure between 10 and 000. This change reflects the maturing of the economy.

Figure 5 ¡V Changing Import Structure

Intra Sectoral Changes

The structural change in the economy has been accompanied by substantial structural changes in the composition of output within sectors.

Primary SectorThe primary sector has undergone a structural change. It can be seen from the graph above that the contribution of mining and quarrying to the Primary sector has increased while the contribution of agriculture has steadily declined.

In agriculture, the changes in output were the direct consequence of the vigorous pursuance of the diversification efforts aimed at broadening the agricultural production base. The 160s witnessed the active cultivation of a whole new range of crops to exploit the world demand including oil palm, pepper, paddy, pineapples, coconuts and cocoa.

The mining sector also experienced substantial structural changes in output. The share of tin, bauxite and iron ore declined due to the depletion of known reserves. The discovery of crude oil ensured that the mining sector account for .7 % of the GDP in 10. This has declined thereafter due to the stagnation of oil production and increase in the services sector.

Secondary SectorThe secondary sector consisting of the manufacturing and construction sub sectors also underwent major changes. The manufacturing sector recorded the highest rate of output growth expanding at the rate of 10. % from 170 to 10 during the period of OPP1.The manufacturing sector contribution to GDP has been steadily increasing, and in 187 surpassed agriculture to account for .5 % of the GDP. In the early stages of industrialisation , this sector was dominated by industries oriented primarily towards the domestic market. Subsequently, the growth was fuelled by the export-oriented industries such as textile and electronics. This transformation occurred with the expansion of resource-based industries ¡V tobacco, wood, palm oil, footwear, rubber and plastic goods. The eighties saw the emergence of heavy industries established by the Government, including the national car, methanol, sponge, iron ore and paper. The 180s also witnessed the active development of small and medium scale industries as the government sought to promote industrial deepening and inter-industry linkages. The construction sub sector also recorded a substantial contribution to the GDP due to the construction boom in the 80s.

Tertiary SectorThe development in the services sector has been satisfactory. The sector grew at a rate of 7.6 % during the period of OPP1, the most rapid growth being in the communication, gas and water, electricity and finance and banking sub sectors. This sector has been able to provide the necessary support for the growth of the leading sectors and has grown largely in consonance with these sectors

CONCLUSION

The dependence of the Malaysian economy has shifted from primary sector to the secondary sector in the 180s and there is a further trend of shifting to the tertiary sector in the 10s. The focus of economic planning has shifted from economic diversification and modernisation towards macro economic stability. This is reflected in the changed emphasis and the goals of the NEP, NDP, the OPPs and now the Vision 00. The economic crisis of 17 led to a slow down in the economy but it led to a greater emphasis on macroeconomic stability. The emphasis on social restructuring along with the economic development has ensured that there has been no major racial tensions in Malaysia since the 16 racial riots and the atmosphere for economic development has been fostered.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

David Lim (ed.), Readings on Malaysian Economic Development, Kuala Lampur Oxford University Press, 175

Ramon V Navaratnam, Managing the Malaysia Economy, Selangor Pelanduk Publications, 17

SE Stieglar & Glyn Thomas (eds.), A Dictionary of Economics and Commerce, Suffolk,UK Pan Books Ltd, 176

Sham Sani, Environment and Development in Malaysia Changing Concern and Approaches, Kuala Lampur ISIS Malaysia, 1

Teh Hoe Yoke & Goh Kim Leng (eds.), Malaysias Economic Vision Issues and Challenges, Selangor Pelanduk Publications, 1

VV Bhanoji Rao, Malaysia Development Pattern and Policy 147 ¡V 171, Singapore Singapore University Press, 180

Various Malaysia Plans

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Shattered Globe

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The Tao of Now

by

W. Paul Ender

There is a singular beauty that comes when one exists within the moment. Understanding that Now is an existence unto itself, complete in every way, bringing about a peace and clarity that is rare to many. The Tao of Now is a fundamental concept that alludes the masses as they carry their past upon their shoulders much like a beast of burden while striving constantly to catch a glimpse of their future. Denying the moment in a vain attempt to find that ever elusive utopia that always appears just over the horizon, the spirit of man is forever trapped in a loop of time.

Consider for a moment that Now is the only reality that exists for anyone at any given time. The moment is perfect and without wrong or right for it can be neither, only Now. To Be is complete in and of itself. Whatever the moment, it is exactly where you should be, it is the result of a vast and complex equation composed of actions, reactions, and environment. Each moment is unique and exquisite, never to be repeated. Each life is not the sum of these individual moments but rather a tapestry of moments woven together to reflect an image of each person's existence.

If one lives their life haunted by a past moment, they created a time loop that vainly attempts to recreate a single event over and over, hoping where hope does not exist to somehow change the past. Even a favorite book or song grows tedious and monotonous if repeated chronically, how much worse when the moment repeated is from a past one wishes to deny.

Looking to the future for the promise of a brighter and happier life by definition regulates Now as being less than what one can accept as happy. If tomorrow is the goal with the concept that tomorrow will bring happiness, then the goal is unattainable for the simple fact that one can not live Now in tomorrow. For one to have any hope for happiness, security and peace tomorrow, one must first find that happiness, security, and peace Now and carry that with them into whatever the future may hold.

The past is simply the path that allows one to exist in Now, so one's past can not be declared wrong or evil. A past or path can be difficult and trying but it can not be wrong for it led one to today and now is perfect. The goal is to discover one's self to the extent that events no longer define one's perception of who they are. Truth and knowledge will free one from their past by allowing one to see beyond the events they have experienced to the point where they see a soul who has travailed through circumstances.

Pasts are seen myopically, with either fond memories or painful experiences that become distorted and exaggerated. No single moment is black or white, pleasant or painful but rather is composed much like a symphony with many different melodies and harmonies. Plato said to ignore one's past is to remain perpetually a child but to live in the past is also to remain perpetually a child. The past is a gift that allows one to string together a series of Nows, each moment was a gift and a chance to learn something new about one's being, about one's essence.

Reaching for a future, planning ahead to reach a place of happiness is as futile as living in the past. Concentrating and focusing on tomorrow blinds one to the beauty and opportunities that will exist only Now. Happiness is not a destination that one can reach; however, one can make a conscious acceptance to be at peace today and to be happy in simply being Now. The only moment that one is guaranteed is Now, the only time one can be happy, content, or at peace is Now.

Why attempt to manipulate an uncertain, an unpromised tomorrow when Now is available. Now is an infinite space full of everything that one could hope to experience. There are moments from one's past that stand out a first kiss, a stunning accomplishment, a new and exciting discovery, or a peaceful revelation in which one felt so alive and so complete it seemed it would be days before one could grasp the entire event, and that event may have only lasted a few brief seconds. Each day, each Now can be that way but no tomorrow will ever live up to the expectations and preconceived notions of what it should look like, sound like, feel like, and taste like. Any future moments that one might be granted will always fall short of expectations as long as one is looking for the future to be more than the Now. If one can not find completeness in today, when tomorrow becomes today, it will still be incomplete and disappointing. Live for today, live in the Now, be wise with each individual moment and that appreciation, peace and joy will carry over to any possible future moments one might be granted. Until today is good enough to be lived and treasured, tomorrow will never be enough.

What is Now, and why should each moment be exalted? Now is when one can act, when one can discover new and beautiful things. Ideas, experiences, sensations, accomplishments, triumphs, mourning, consoling, sharing...these can only be done Now. One has never experienced anything from tomorrow or yesterday, the past moment may have been so intense that the discovery continued into new moments but those are birthed in each new moment. The only time one is alive is Now, the only time one can cry or laugh is Now. Now is what life is composed of. Exist in a single moment and one can live for eternity. Now is forever new and different, full of possibilities that one can not even begin to fathom. Blink, and it might pass one by, never to be repeated. Being alive and conscious in Now gives one freedom and power, chose to be in that moment for whatever it is. Toss aside accepted norms and expectations of right and wrong. Decide to live and learn, find oneself and one will find that one can exist beyond and through each life experience. When a moment contains unpleasant, painful or even horrid experiences, live that moment and in that moment you will discover beauty and peace that can transcend and transform not only one's self but also the events that transpire in that moment. Through difficult and trying Now's, one discovers their inner self, one finds a strength of being that is indomitable and eternal. When living in the moments, one realizes that they are not helpless or simply a pawn. Living Now grants one power to gain control over one's self, it is a responsibility that empowers and encourages one to be truly alive in each moment. It frees one from accepting the status quo or falling victim to someone's expectations of who one should be. Living in Now is as simple as being open to one's self, emotional, mentally, physically and spiritually while maintaining true honesty with one's self. When honesty and Now converge, one discovers that they are no longer prey to one's dark side, one can acknowledge desire as a potential. One can choose to act overtly or covertly the moment encourages, freedom to exist becomes one's ally. Now is the time to act, now is the time to experience, now is you.

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Keep your laws off my body

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Keep Your Laws off My Body

The long debated issue of abortion is a tough one. There are many legal and moral debates. That's where the problem lies; is it a moral issue or is it a legal issue? The world may never know. Many problems arise with the fact that people say abortion is killing a baby, a human. Opposing sides say that abortion is a woman's right and no body can do away with of that right. Indeed, the subject probably ranks in moral controversy with such dilemmas as capital punishment, 'right to die' legislation, and just versus unjust wars, (Legge ). Should our country take into consideration that someone's body is their body, not the governments? Or, should we take into consideration that the fetus inside is a growing person who had no decision or no choice over their own destiny? Usually, the dependant variable is categorized into, favoring complete freedom of choice, favoring abortion under particular social or medical circumstances, and opposing abortion under any circumstances, (Legge 6). Whether or not it is morally right to abort a growing fetus, our society has no right to input or judge someone else's decision.

Those who oppose abortion, pro-lifers as they are called, do make good points onto why abortion should be illegal. The main view stressed in this case is the fact that the growing baby inside is actually a baby and more than just a fetus. Radical pro-lifers do not find any acceptable reason for abortion. They view abortion as 'murder' and they say, …there simply existed no sustained argument to establish abortion as a fundamental right of women and as an essential aspect of what it is that constitutes a good society, (Kopaczynski 14). Here in the United States anti-abortionists are constantly in the court systems arguing that it is inhumane and arguing the baby's right to live and saying that it is not a right given to the Supreme Court. In Canada abortion may be implicitly viewed by feminists as a woman's right, but in the U.S. it is sanctified as a right by the supreme court, (Tatalovich 18). It is a hard decision to make with a country so strong in tradition and so conservative with 'sexual liberation'. Americans feel as though there are levels of morality and if our society isn't strict with ethical issues our moral standards aren't set high enough. It is a particularly troubling issue for a country with strong traditions of individual initiative and enterprise plus conservative views of sexual behavior and societal service responsibilities, (David 7).

Many people throughout the world debate this issue through a religious perspective. When someone conceives a baby they are carrying God's child, and who are we as a democratic society to say that we can abort one of God's children? It is inevitable that someone who is into their religion, regardless of what they follow, will be opposed to abortion. The entire issue of whether it is just a fetus is not looked at but rather the fact that it is a growing baby inside of a woman. As a rule, individuals who are more religious are more likely to oppose abortion, (Legge 6). One is bound to be black-balled by the holy community if a child is aborted.

The two major political parties have vastly different views on the subject, sometimes persuading one to vote a certain way. The democrats believe it is up to the woman to decide. The woman makes her own destiny. The democratic government believes that they don't have any right to tell a woman when and where to create a baby, so why should they have a right to tell her if she can abort or not? The republicans see a different side. They don't think that it is acceptable to kill an innocent baby, regardless of what the mother wants. Pro-choice women have entered the political struggle valiantly and the political debate eloquently. But the impression is left that 'the ethics' of the issue are 'owned' by anti-abortion proponents, (Kopaczynski 14). But a good argument to refute the republican stance is that, when this baby is conceived and born the government isn't going to take care of that child. It is not the government's responsibility to take care of that baby and it is not the government's choice whether the baby is born or not. The republicans are conservative with sex and conception and believe in the right to live. The democrats are liberal with sex and believe in the right to choice. The democratic plank says, It is a fundamental constitutional liberty that individual Americans-not government-can best take responsibility for making the most difficult [decisions], (Tatalovich 150). The republican side states, …the unborn child had a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed, (Tatalovich 158).

Alternative solutions are offered to those, republicans, who oppose abortion but don't have the resources in order to keep their baby (if pregnant). The Democratic Party poses many solutions to prevent unwanted pregnancy. To prevent pregnancy in this age of sexual liberation, contraceptives and classes are offered quite cheap or even free. The Republican Party pushes either abstinence or adoption, but never abortion. If a couple conceives a child out-of-wedlock then the only other option is to give the baby up for adoption, simply because they believe that baby also has a right to live. Democrats think the republicans and their, …alternative solutions such as forced marriage, bearing an out-of-wedlock child, giving a child up for adoption or adding an unwanted child to an already strained marital situation are also likely to be accompanied by psychological problems for the woman, the child, the family, and society, (David 84).

The government essentially has no right to tell a woman what she can do with her body. With everything people can do to their bodies, abortion being one of them, the United States government legally cannot make a law restricting anything one does to their own self. Regardless of whether there is another self in that woman's body, it is still her body something is being done to. The decision to have an abortion should be the responsibility of the pregnant woman, (Tatalovich 114). Those who don't oppose abortion, or even have the procedure done, aren't far from the ethical boundaries set by conformists. They follow the same routines in the morning and have a good ratio of similarities when it comes to most issues. The only difference is the reform/conform stand. Many of the people who get abortions have values very similar to the anti-abortion people, (Ginsburg 154). Other countries have the same problems/views on this subject as well. Canadians are said to have the same dilemma that Americans face and most Canadians reacted favorably to a general statement that abortion should be a woman's personal decision, (Tatalovich 114). The United States is founded on an idea that all men are created equal, freedom of choice, religion and way of life. The government then takes away that equality if they put themselves higher than the people in order to say abortion is wrong. They take away that freedom of choice if the woman can't chose the destiny of her unborn child. Religion or non-religion is also the choice given as Americans, thus determining their abortion views. The way a woman lives her life, through abstinence, abortion and sexual freedom is also a right given to her by the United States government, ethical or not. People recognize that human life is precious, and they think it should be protected. At the same time, they feel strongly that individual choice should be respected, (Ladd ).

Women have fought long and hard to gain equality in a seemingly equal world. Increasingly the trend in the world today, with a few exceptions, is toward liberalization, (Legge 16). Liberalization was a fight in the past and a reality of the present. Women fought to have their voices heard and rights established and they are now living those rights. Females gained the right to walk side by side to men and, the right to an abortion is a moral necessity if women are to attain full equality with men, (Kopaczynski 151). Women stand in a place in society that demands justice and liberation. They need to, …establish the right to abortion as a foundational claim to justice…with abortion as a legal right, women at long last will be able to take their rightful place in society, (Kopaczynski 14).

There are many reasons as to why a woman would want or even need an abortion. In these cases the government has no way to rectify one instance versus another. Moral generalizations are not likely to hold much intellectual weight, (Legge ). Ethical conflicts don't have much importance in certain circumstances such as rape, incest or deformities in the fetus. Factors like alcohol, drugs and genetic illnesses can cause a child with down-syndrome or health problems which may cause a mother to want an abortion. Rape and incest are the biggest arguments for abortion. Without any laws to prohibit abortion a woman can easily obtain one in one of these cases. They also then have the option to abort if a lot of abuse or drugs were used. No one can tell someone else that they have to raise a child who was conceived on drugs. …Who in the world has the right to tell someone that they have to bring a deformed child into the world, (Ginsburg 15). That kind of stress can cause psychological effects on a female who has to raise the child, thus warranting a need for abortion. Another reason women chose to abort their babies is because of their poor financial standing. People don't want to raise a child in a deprived, low-wage family. There is that constant fear of not being able to provide a nice life for that baby and causing psychological damage that way.

The number of legal abortions in the U.S. passed the million mark in 175, (David 80), and made abortion a growing phenomenon. Many people poled are against abortion personally but think that it is a woman's decision whether she wants to do that to her body or not. Seventy-four percent of Americans say it is morally wrong but it is a woman's decision, while sixty-one percent say that it is completely wrong. The majority of the people surveyed, eighty-one percent said that minors should have parent's consent before getting an abortion, and fifty-three percent favored requiring a woman to get consent of the natural father before under-going the procedure, (Tatalovich 117).

An extensive number of abortions are performed on minors. Approximately one-third of all abortion patients in the U.S. are teenagers, (David 8). This is a chain effect of the sexual revolution and liberation that women are taking today. Because the virginity age for teens is decreasing and sex is becoming more frequent in teens, the teenage abortions are rising. There is growing evidence that the frequency of sexual intercourse is increasing and beginning earlier among young people, (David 81). Since more and more teens are engaging in sexual intercourse and they are conceiving children and as a result of that more abortions are arising, the question comes up, who decides that a minor can have an abortion? The government certainly can't decide, because as stated previously, the government has no right to place laws pertaining to someone else's body and the fetus. The next in the hierarchy of rulings would be the parents of the minor. The parents of the pregnant teen do not have a say in her abortion. Just as the parents of the teen are responsible for that teen, the adolescent is responsible for the baby inside of her. That is her unborn child and she is the one to decide his/her destiny. The situation gets a bit chaotic when the father of the baby feels as though he wants a say in where the child belongs. He too conceived this child, but he is not the one who would carry the baby to term. It is not his body therefore he does not get a say on the abortion issue.

The effects or consequences of making abortion illegal far surpass those of making it legal. A baby born to someone who didn't want it in the first place will always have that feeling of uselessness from the parent(s). There could be insufficient care for the baby if funds are not superfluous. The biggest consequence of making abortions illegal would be that women would have to resort to back ally abortions. This is the most unsafe procedure where women will do anything that they can to rid their bodies of the fetus. Thus abortions need to be legalized.

Abortion in the U.S. has been a widely discussed and wildly debated issue for a long time. Many people have varying opinions. These opinions are expressed through politics, riots, protests and general word of mouth. The government has no right to say what a woman can do with her body and there are many reasons as to why abortion is a procedure needed in our country. The United States of America is a free country where men, women and children are free to do what they want. If abortion is one of those things that a woman feels as though she needs to do then by all means it is her prerogative to do so.

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