Shattered Globe

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The Tao of Now

by

W. Paul Ender

There is a singular beauty that comes when one exists within the moment. Understanding that Now is an existence unto itself, complete in every way, bringing about a peace and clarity that is rare to many. The Tao of Now is a fundamental concept that alludes the masses as they carry their past upon their shoulders much like a beast of burden while striving constantly to catch a glimpse of their future. Denying the moment in a vain attempt to find that ever elusive utopia that always appears just over the horizon, the spirit of man is forever trapped in a loop of time.

Consider for a moment that Now is the only reality that exists for anyone at any given time. The moment is perfect and without wrong or right for it can be neither, only Now. To Be is complete in and of itself. Whatever the moment, it is exactly where you should be, it is the result of a vast and complex equation composed of actions, reactions, and environment. Each moment is unique and exquisite, never to be repeated. Each life is not the sum of these individual moments but rather a tapestry of moments woven together to reflect an image of each person's existence.

If one lives their life haunted by a past moment, they created a time loop that vainly attempts to recreate a single event over and over, hoping where hope does not exist to somehow change the past. Even a favorite book or song grows tedious and monotonous if repeated chronically, how much worse when the moment repeated is from a past one wishes to deny.

Looking to the future for the promise of a brighter and happier life by definition regulates Now as being less than what one can accept as happy. If tomorrow is the goal with the concept that tomorrow will bring happiness, then the goal is unattainable for the simple fact that one can not live Now in tomorrow. For one to have any hope for happiness, security and peace tomorrow, one must first find that happiness, security, and peace Now and carry that with them into whatever the future may hold.

The past is simply the path that allows one to exist in Now, so one's past can not be declared wrong or evil. A past or path can be difficult and trying but it can not be wrong for it led one to today and now is perfect. The goal is to discover one's self to the extent that events no longer define one's perception of who they are. Truth and knowledge will free one from their past by allowing one to see beyond the events they have experienced to the point where they see a soul who has travailed through circumstances.

Pasts are seen myopically, with either fond memories or painful experiences that become distorted and exaggerated. No single moment is black or white, pleasant or painful but rather is composed much like a symphony with many different melodies and harmonies. Plato said to ignore one's past is to remain perpetually a child but to live in the past is also to remain perpetually a child. The past is a gift that allows one to string together a series of Nows, each moment was a gift and a chance to learn something new about one's being, about one's essence.

Reaching for a future, planning ahead to reach a place of happiness is as futile as living in the past. Concentrating and focusing on tomorrow blinds one to the beauty and opportunities that will exist only Now. Happiness is not a destination that one can reach; however, one can make a conscious acceptance to be at peace today and to be happy in simply being Now. The only moment that one is guaranteed is Now, the only time one can be happy, content, or at peace is Now.

Why attempt to manipulate an uncertain, an unpromised tomorrow when Now is available. Now is an infinite space full of everything that one could hope to experience. There are moments from one's past that stand out a first kiss, a stunning accomplishment, a new and exciting discovery, or a peaceful revelation in which one felt so alive and so complete it seemed it would be days before one could grasp the entire event, and that event may have only lasted a few brief seconds. Each day, each Now can be that way but no tomorrow will ever live up to the expectations and preconceived notions of what it should look like, sound like, feel like, and taste like. Any future moments that one might be granted will always fall short of expectations as long as one is looking for the future to be more than the Now. If one can not find completeness in today, when tomorrow becomes today, it will still be incomplete and disappointing. Live for today, live in the Now, be wise with each individual moment and that appreciation, peace and joy will carry over to any possible future moments one might be granted. Until today is good enough to be lived and treasured, tomorrow will never be enough.

What is Now, and why should each moment be exalted? Now is when one can act, when one can discover new and beautiful things. Ideas, experiences, sensations, accomplishments, triumphs, mourning, consoling, sharing...these can only be done Now. One has never experienced anything from tomorrow or yesterday, the past moment may have been so intense that the discovery continued into new moments but those are birthed in each new moment. The only time one is alive is Now, the only time one can cry or laugh is Now. Now is what life is composed of. Exist in a single moment and one can live for eternity. Now is forever new and different, full of possibilities that one can not even begin to fathom. Blink, and it might pass one by, never to be repeated. Being alive and conscious in Now gives one freedom and power, chose to be in that moment for whatever it is. Toss aside accepted norms and expectations of right and wrong. Decide to live and learn, find oneself and one will find that one can exist beyond and through each life experience. When a moment contains unpleasant, painful or even horrid experiences, live that moment and in that moment you will discover beauty and peace that can transcend and transform not only one's self but also the events that transpire in that moment. Through difficult and trying Now's, one discovers their inner self, one finds a strength of being that is indomitable and eternal. When living in the moments, one realizes that they are not helpless or simply a pawn. Living Now grants one power to gain control over one's self, it is a responsibility that empowers and encourages one to be truly alive in each moment. It frees one from accepting the status quo or falling victim to someone's expectations of who one should be. Living in Now is as simple as being open to one's self, emotional, mentally, physically and spiritually while maintaining true honesty with one's self. When honesty and Now converge, one discovers that they are no longer prey to one's dark side, one can acknowledge desire as a potential. One can choose to act overtly or covertly the moment encourages, freedom to exist becomes one's ally. Now is the time to act, now is the time to experience, now is you.

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Keep your laws off my body

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Keep Your Laws off My Body

The long debated issue of abortion is a tough one. There are many legal and moral debates. That's where the problem lies; is it a moral issue or is it a legal issue? The world may never know. Many problems arise with the fact that people say abortion is killing a baby, a human. Opposing sides say that abortion is a woman's right and no body can do away with of that right. Indeed, the subject probably ranks in moral controversy with such dilemmas as capital punishment, 'right to die' legislation, and just versus unjust wars, (Legge ). Should our country take into consideration that someone's body is their body, not the governments? Or, should we take into consideration that the fetus inside is a growing person who had no decision or no choice over their own destiny? Usually, the dependant variable is categorized into, favoring complete freedom of choice, favoring abortion under particular social or medical circumstances, and opposing abortion under any circumstances, (Legge 6). Whether or not it is morally right to abort a growing fetus, our society has no right to input or judge someone else's decision.

Those who oppose abortion, pro-lifers as they are called, do make good points onto why abortion should be illegal. The main view stressed in this case is the fact that the growing baby inside is actually a baby and more than just a fetus. Radical pro-lifers do not find any acceptable reason for abortion. They view abortion as 'murder' and they say, …there simply existed no sustained argument to establish abortion as a fundamental right of women and as an essential aspect of what it is that constitutes a good society, (Kopaczynski 14). Here in the United States anti-abortionists are constantly in the court systems arguing that it is inhumane and arguing the baby's right to live and saying that it is not a right given to the Supreme Court. In Canada abortion may be implicitly viewed by feminists as a woman's right, but in the U.S. it is sanctified as a right by the supreme court, (Tatalovich 18). It is a hard decision to make with a country so strong in tradition and so conservative with 'sexual liberation'. Americans feel as though there are levels of morality and if our society isn't strict with ethical issues our moral standards aren't set high enough. It is a particularly troubling issue for a country with strong traditions of individual initiative and enterprise plus conservative views of sexual behavior and societal service responsibilities, (David 7).

Many people throughout the world debate this issue through a religious perspective. When someone conceives a baby they are carrying God's child, and who are we as a democratic society to say that we can abort one of God's children? It is inevitable that someone who is into their religion, regardless of what they follow, will be opposed to abortion. The entire issue of whether it is just a fetus is not looked at but rather the fact that it is a growing baby inside of a woman. As a rule, individuals who are more religious are more likely to oppose abortion, (Legge 6). One is bound to be black-balled by the holy community if a child is aborted.

The two major political parties have vastly different views on the subject, sometimes persuading one to vote a certain way. The democrats believe it is up to the woman to decide. The woman makes her own destiny. The democratic government believes that they don't have any right to tell a woman when and where to create a baby, so why should they have a right to tell her if she can abort or not? The republicans see a different side. They don't think that it is acceptable to kill an innocent baby, regardless of what the mother wants. Pro-choice women have entered the political struggle valiantly and the political debate eloquently. But the impression is left that 'the ethics' of the issue are 'owned' by anti-abortion proponents, (Kopaczynski 14). But a good argument to refute the republican stance is that, when this baby is conceived and born the government isn't going to take care of that child. It is not the government's responsibility to take care of that baby and it is not the government's choice whether the baby is born or not. The republicans are conservative with sex and conception and believe in the right to live. The democrats are liberal with sex and believe in the right to choice. The democratic plank says, It is a fundamental constitutional liberty that individual Americans-not government-can best take responsibility for making the most difficult [decisions], (Tatalovich 150). The republican side states, …the unborn child had a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed, (Tatalovich 158).

Alternative solutions are offered to those, republicans, who oppose abortion but don't have the resources in order to keep their baby (if pregnant). The Democratic Party poses many solutions to prevent unwanted pregnancy. To prevent pregnancy in this age of sexual liberation, contraceptives and classes are offered quite cheap or even free. The Republican Party pushes either abstinence or adoption, but never abortion. If a couple conceives a child out-of-wedlock then the only other option is to give the baby up for adoption, simply because they believe that baby also has a right to live. Democrats think the republicans and their, …alternative solutions such as forced marriage, bearing an out-of-wedlock child, giving a child up for adoption or adding an unwanted child to an already strained marital situation are also likely to be accompanied by psychological problems for the woman, the child, the family, and society, (David 84).

The government essentially has no right to tell a woman what she can do with her body. With everything people can do to their bodies, abortion being one of them, the United States government legally cannot make a law restricting anything one does to their own self. Regardless of whether there is another self in that woman's body, it is still her body something is being done to. The decision to have an abortion should be the responsibility of the pregnant woman, (Tatalovich 114). Those who don't oppose abortion, or even have the procedure done, aren't far from the ethical boundaries set by conformists. They follow the same routines in the morning and have a good ratio of similarities when it comes to most issues. The only difference is the reform/conform stand. Many of the people who get abortions have values very similar to the anti-abortion people, (Ginsburg 154). Other countries have the same problems/views on this subject as well. Canadians are said to have the same dilemma that Americans face and most Canadians reacted favorably to a general statement that abortion should be a woman's personal decision, (Tatalovich 114). The United States is founded on an idea that all men are created equal, freedom of choice, religion and way of life. The government then takes away that equality if they put themselves higher than the people in order to say abortion is wrong. They take away that freedom of choice if the woman can't chose the destiny of her unborn child. Religion or non-religion is also the choice given as Americans, thus determining their abortion views. The way a woman lives her life, through abstinence, abortion and sexual freedom is also a right given to her by the United States government, ethical or not. People recognize that human life is precious, and they think it should be protected. At the same time, they feel strongly that individual choice should be respected, (Ladd ).

Women have fought long and hard to gain equality in a seemingly equal world. Increasingly the trend in the world today, with a few exceptions, is toward liberalization, (Legge 16). Liberalization was a fight in the past and a reality of the present. Women fought to have their voices heard and rights established and they are now living those rights. Females gained the right to walk side by side to men and, the right to an abortion is a moral necessity if women are to attain full equality with men, (Kopaczynski 151). Women stand in a place in society that demands justice and liberation. They need to, …establish the right to abortion as a foundational claim to justice…with abortion as a legal right, women at long last will be able to take their rightful place in society, (Kopaczynski 14).

There are many reasons as to why a woman would want or even need an abortion. In these cases the government has no way to rectify one instance versus another. Moral generalizations are not likely to hold much intellectual weight, (Legge ). Ethical conflicts don't have much importance in certain circumstances such as rape, incest or deformities in the fetus. Factors like alcohol, drugs and genetic illnesses can cause a child with down-syndrome or health problems which may cause a mother to want an abortion. Rape and incest are the biggest arguments for abortion. Without any laws to prohibit abortion a woman can easily obtain one in one of these cases. They also then have the option to abort if a lot of abuse or drugs were used. No one can tell someone else that they have to raise a child who was conceived on drugs. …Who in the world has the right to tell someone that they have to bring a deformed child into the world, (Ginsburg 15). That kind of stress can cause psychological effects on a female who has to raise the child, thus warranting a need for abortion. Another reason women chose to abort their babies is because of their poor financial standing. People don't want to raise a child in a deprived, low-wage family. There is that constant fear of not being able to provide a nice life for that baby and causing psychological damage that way.

The number of legal abortions in the U.S. passed the million mark in 175, (David 80), and made abortion a growing phenomenon. Many people poled are against abortion personally but think that it is a woman's decision whether she wants to do that to her body or not. Seventy-four percent of Americans say it is morally wrong but it is a woman's decision, while sixty-one percent say that it is completely wrong. The majority of the people surveyed, eighty-one percent said that minors should have parent's consent before getting an abortion, and fifty-three percent favored requiring a woman to get consent of the natural father before under-going the procedure, (Tatalovich 117).

An extensive number of abortions are performed on minors. Approximately one-third of all abortion patients in the U.S. are teenagers, (David 8). This is a chain effect of the sexual revolution and liberation that women are taking today. Because the virginity age for teens is decreasing and sex is becoming more frequent in teens, the teenage abortions are rising. There is growing evidence that the frequency of sexual intercourse is increasing and beginning earlier among young people, (David 81). Since more and more teens are engaging in sexual intercourse and they are conceiving children and as a result of that more abortions are arising, the question comes up, who decides that a minor can have an abortion? The government certainly can't decide, because as stated previously, the government has no right to place laws pertaining to someone else's body and the fetus. The next in the hierarchy of rulings would be the parents of the minor. The parents of the pregnant teen do not have a say in her abortion. Just as the parents of the teen are responsible for that teen, the adolescent is responsible for the baby inside of her. That is her unborn child and she is the one to decide his/her destiny. The situation gets a bit chaotic when the father of the baby feels as though he wants a say in where the child belongs. He too conceived this child, but he is not the one who would carry the baby to term. It is not his body therefore he does not get a say on the abortion issue.

The effects or consequences of making abortion illegal far surpass those of making it legal. A baby born to someone who didn't want it in the first place will always have that feeling of uselessness from the parent(s). There could be insufficient care for the baby if funds are not superfluous. The biggest consequence of making abortions illegal would be that women would have to resort to back ally abortions. This is the most unsafe procedure where women will do anything that they can to rid their bodies of the fetus. Thus abortions need to be legalized.

Abortion in the U.S. has been a widely discussed and wildly debated issue for a long time. Many people have varying opinions. These opinions are expressed through politics, riots, protests and general word of mouth. The government has no right to say what a woman can do with her body and there are many reasons as to why abortion is a procedure needed in our country. The United States of America is a free country where men, women and children are free to do what they want. If abortion is one of those things that a woman feels as though she needs to do then by all means it is her prerogative to do so.

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Analysis of Short Stories by Kate Chopin

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Kate Chopin was an author who was underappreciated by those in her generation. Much of this was due to the fact that she was a contemporary author, who primarily wrote about women's sexuality and their roles in the world. Two prime examples of this writing style are her short stories The Story of an Hour and Desiree's Baby. While these two works do share some similarities there are also vast differences and a few parallels from Chopin's own life. A brief look into the settings and themes of the two stories along with Chopin's biographical information aid in portraying this.

The actual settings of The Story of an Hour and Desiree's Baby are the first instance where the two stories differ. In The Story of an Hour, the entire piece takes place in Mrs. Mallard's home or the scenery outside the house. In fact, the outside scenery plays an important role to the story, paralleling the new spring with Mrs. Mallard's new found freedom. Where as the inside of the house does not play as major of a role, not even revealing what room Mrs. Mallard was in when she was notified of her husband's passing (Hicks, ). In Desiree's Baby, the main factors of the setting include the Louisiana Bayou, the gates of Valmonde mansion, and L'Abri, a vastly larger group of settings than the prior. As in The Story of an Hour, one setting is described more clearly and most of the story takes place there, L'Abri. The homestead is described as making Madame Valmonde shudder at the first site of it and it being a sad looking place…..Big solemn oaks…branches shadowed it like a pall (Chopin, 1). The description of L'Abri foreshadowed events to come and symbolized the relationship of Armand and Desiree. Even though the two stories do not share a setting you can see the similarities that there is some obscure background with one major setting paralleling the main character in some way. This, in part, could be due to Chopin wanting to have a writing style of her own, but I also think the storyline the two main characters, Mrs. Mallard and Desiree, benefited from concentrating on the one main setting. Largely, because this setting was a reason of conflict in the characters' lives.

In the same way that the settings shared likenesses and differences, the plot and theme of the two stories also do. The plots of The Story of an Hour and Desiree's Baby obviously have to be different for the most part. In The Story of an Hour, the plot is a woman who finds out her husband is dead and after an initial shock, she feels free to finally live her life. However, when she has finally come to grips with all of the events and looking forward to her new life, her husband comes in and she dies of shock and a pre-existing heart condition (Chopin, 77-7). In Desiree's Baby, the plot involves a woman named Desiree. As a child she was abandoned, and taken in by the Valmondes, but as a woman fell in love with Armand, a wealthy plantation owner. They get married and have a baby together, and after a short lived bliss come to find that the baby has African American heritage. Armand turns against Desiree, assuming she is the one with African blood in her. As the story goes on, Desiree kills herself and the baby, only for Armand to find out he is the one who actually has African heritage (Chopin, 1-5). These two plots at first glance do not seem to share anything in common, there is one gleaming through, the women's relationships with their husbands. Both women do love their husbands, but the relationships are not on an equal level. In each case the woman is looked upon as a possession. Mrs. Mallard's thoughts were There would be no powerful will bending her. She openly felt controlled, while Desiree did not seem to care about the controlling attitude on Armand, which is shown in the line When he frowned she trembled, but loved him (Chopin, ). While it is evident that the plots are for the most part different, one woman relishing the loss of a husband, and the other so fearing abandonment from hers that she kills herself, the themes are quite similar. The theme of the two stories, also shared with many other works by Chopin, is women in search of themselves (Korb, 1). Mrs. Mallard, from The Story of an Hour, can see her life finally beginning after the death of her husband, as illustrated by the line Free! Body and soul free! (Chopin, 7). She was looking forward to a life by herself, getting to know herself as an individual. Desiree, on the other hand, was searching for an identity, or herself, from the beginning when Monsieur Valmonde found her at the gate. While the Valmondes did take her in she did not feel like she had an actual identity until Armand gave her his name and she became his wife (Korb, 1-). After it became evident that the baby had black blood, and the identity she had as Armand's wife was taken away, she could not handle the idea of finding a new identity. Another similarity shared by Mrs. Mallard and Desiree is their death, in both instances provoked by their husbands. The similarities and differences are important because while people might be experiencing the same thing in real life, their attitudes towards it may not be the same along with the outcomes, which could have been a goal of the author's.

As stated earlier, many of Chopin's works concentrate on women trying to find themselves, and in these two cases after the ending of their relationships with their husbands. When reading the biography of Chopin, there is a striking similarity with The Story of an Hour and Desiree's Baby in particular. Kate O'Flaherty met and wed a man named Oscar Chopin around 186. She lived a happy life with him and had five children. This was to be a short lived happiness though, when Kate was only thirty-six year old, her husband died of swamp fever. While she loved her husband dearly, it is believed that she only first begun writing after her husband's death (Kirszner & Mandell, 77). In a way this resembles the way that Mrs. Mallard only thought her life was beginning after her husband's death. On the other hand, she could have been portraying her sense of abandonment by her husband in Desiree's character in Desiree's Baby. Another reason Chopin writes her characters only release as death is because of the time period she lived in. Divorce was often unheard of or taboo.

In conclusion, while two completely different stories, The Story of an Hour and Desiree's Baby do share quite a few similarities. A major one being their overall themes of women trying to find themselves, but one of the main differences being the way that each of the women traveled the path to self discovery and their outcomes. This in a large part could be from Chopin's own marriage and life.

Please note that this sample paper on Analysis of Short Stories by Kate Chopin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Analysis of Short Stories by Kate Chopin, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Analysis of Short Stories by Kate Chopin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Should Britain join the Euroland

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. Britain Should Join the Euroland. Discuss

'Euroland' is the colloquial terminology used to describe the collection of European countries that have fully adopted EMU and use the Euro as their currency of exchange. The whole concept of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) came into official being at the Maastricht Treaty in December of 11, and the Euro started circulating in participating countries on the 1st of January 00. Britain, along with Denmark and Sweden, opted to pull out of adopting the Euro, and Britain kept their sterling pound in circulation. The Government and the people of Britain have long been divided over when would be the right time, if at all, to fully undertake EMU with Europe and exchange their own currency for the Euro. Combining research with my own point of view, I would like to present both sides of the argument as to whether or not they should join EMU, and also hopefully shed some light on why they are not part of EMU yet.

Britain has always seen itself as separate to Europe, and this has been reflected in it's attitude towards The European Union and EMU as a whole. They only joined the European Community (the EU's predecessor) in 17, so were not part of the original six founders, and this perhaps explains some of it's aloofness when it comes to matters of European integration. In John Millful's book he explains it slightly deeper, 'Part of Britain's unsure attitude to Europe has been based upon a self-perception of 'exceptionalism'. Lord Beloff refers to Britain's specific historic experience, its unwritten constitution, and it's identity which is contrasted to that of continental Europeans. Unlike them the British are not suitable for full and devoted membership of the Union' (John Millful, Britain in Europe, 1, Ashgate Publishing House, England). From this quote we can see that perhaps it is the British perceptions of themselves that have a lot to do with them not being part of the EMU yet. This quote taken from the same source reinforces this view, 'As an island nation, separate from continental Europe, and as a great Empire…., British elites came to see their country as distinct from Europe and British identity came to be linked to its Great Power status and world role.'

But times are obviously changing Britain no longer has its empire and Europe is emerging as an economic superpower. A more pro-European Labour Government came into power on the 5th May 17, taking over from a Conservative Government that had found itself increasingly mired on European issues (according to Henig it was this split over European integration that had caused Margaret Thatcher to be deposed of her job as prime minister and replaced with John Major (Stanley Henig, The Uniting of Europe, Routledge, New York, 00)).

The Tony Blair Government called themselves 'New Labour', and used the term 'modernisation' to describe how Britain would change their perceptions of themselves. Blair is very pro-Europe and the Euro, and soon after his election said, 'there is confidence in Britain, a sense of dynamism and adventure and, as a result, people are not frightened of Europe.' Britain's trade in Europe had risen to account for 51% of all its foreign trade, as opposed to 6% in the mid 150's, and this, coupled with the shrinking of their empire, showed that, as Defence Secretary George Robertson said 'Europe is the only real arena where British influence can be exercised' (John Millful, Britain in Europe, 1, Ashgate Publishing House, England). I think it looked to be that if Blair had his way Britain would be under the Euro sooner rather than later, and quotes like these of his reinforce that theory 'The Euro is now a reality, so I think the idea that we can run away from it or hide our heads in the sand and pretend it doesn't exist would be very foolish' (Christopher Dickey, Unity After the Euro, Newsweek (International Edition, 14th January 00, New York).

Blair placed the major responsibility of the EMU decision with the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown. Brown set out five tests that would need to be satisfied before Britain joined EMU

•Is entry good for investment?

•Is it good for jobs and prosperity?

•Is it good for Britain's financial services industry?

•Is there enough flexibility on both sides to cope?

•Are British and European economies sufficiently converged for Britain to join?

The British public would also have to show approval in a referendum vote. Brown, with his five points, seems to take the viewpoint that 'a decision taken in haste to join the single currency is one we might live to regret for a very long time' (David Smith, Plotting Our Path into Euroland, Management Today, London). This view is adopted by the whole Labour Party, as we can tell from this quote taken from their website, 'In principle, we are in favour of UK membership of EMU, in practice the economic conditions must be right' (www.labour.org.uk). So the determining factor would have to be whether the economic cause for joining is clear and unambiguous.

Bradley and Whittaker share a very pessimistic view of the economics of Britain joining EMU. One of the advantages cited for the merger would be it would remove the uncertainty of exchange rate fluctuation for trade and investment between member countries. But as Bradley and Whittaker point out 4%of British foreign trade is still outside of Europe, so trade related benefits of EMU would be lower for them than for other members. Of their foreign trade capital, three quarters of 000 billion pounds lies outside Europe, so the foreign exchange value of the pound follows the US dollar closer than it does the Euro. Thus aligning the pound with the Euro would raise the overall level of exchange rate risk for Britain (S. Bradley, J. Whittaker, Britain, EMU and the European Economy, Industrial Relations Journal, Blackwell Publishing, March 000).

Another economic advantage of EMU is it's supposed to deliver low and steady inflation for the Euro currency. Bradley and Whittaker again argue against this, saying the one-size fits all interest rate of the EMU is one of it's greatest flaws. A single Euro rate cannot be appropriate for all EMU countries, because they are not all at the same stage of the business cycle. Britain's interest rates are poorly aligned with other EMU states (it is 6%, while the Eurozone's is %), thus convergence would be problematic (S. Bradley, J. Whittaker, Britain, EMU and the European Economy, Industrial Relations Journal, Blackwell Publishing, March 000).

So while the economics at present do not favour Britain's entry, those who do believe it should join still have a strong argument. Peter Mandelson in fact believes there are six economic tests, rather than just Browns five. The sixth What is the cost to the UK economy of staying out of the Euro?' (Peter Mandelson, There are Six Economic Tests, not Five, The Guardian, May 00). He thinks that Britain is turning their back on what has become their domestic market for goods and services. As long as Britain stays out of Euroland, 'it will mean fewer jobs being created, fewer foreign businesses investing here, and less trade being done with our European partners' (Peter Mandelson, There are Six Economic Tests, not Five, The Guardian, May 00). He believes a damaging loss of influence will be suffered if Britain doesn't signal their intention to join within a realistic time frame. In my opinion this is a strong point- Europe looks set to certainly become a global economic superpower, and Britain will not want to be left in the dust if this happens.

Justin Erquhart- Stewart, head of the stock trading unit at Barclays Bank in London, agrees with this, saying, 'I think theres a concern we might end up as a sideshow unless we get in there with the rest of Europe. We are by far and away Europe's largest trading equity market, we do more foreign exchange and other trading than any other financial trading capital. But now London is feeling like it's been left out of the Euroland party' (Suzanne Mcgee, Humbler Britain Rethinks Europhobia, Wall Street Journal, Jan 11th 1). Proponents of EMU for Britain are scared of a similar situation arising to that of the USA and Canada, where the USA has distinct and established inter-state trading routes, and Canada seems to sit marginalized and dull on the outside of a big trading bloc. Britain doesn't want to be the 'Canada of Europe'.

Richard Layard of the Financial Times strongly believes in Britain merging with the EMU, saying that for trade purposes 'separate currencies, with fluctuating exchange rates, are themselves barriers to trade and investment' (Richard Layard, One Market Does Demand One Money, Financial Times, June 1th 000, London). He believes that joining the Euro does not have to mean Britain should copy bad institutions where they exist on the continent, but can still maintain their high economic standards. He quotes this in his article to support his argument 'In the rest of Europe productivity per hour worked north of the Alps is as high as the US and 0% higher than Britain'.

Britain and Europe are keenly aware of the massive size of the decision of whether or not Britain joins the Euro. It has been said the adoption of the EMU in Europe 'could be the most far reaching political event of the 0th Century' (Martin Feldstein, quoted in David Mckay, The Political Sustainablity of European Monetary Union, Cambridge University Press, 1). This could look like an exaggeration when compared with events like World War , but it still puts the message of the importance of the event across. These words of Jacques Delors, who was head of the European Commission, sum up the importance of Britain's entry to this event 'If Britain under Blair embraces the single currency, it will play a leading role, perhaps even the leading role in framing the future of Europe' (Christopher Dickey, Unity After the Euro, Newsweek (International Edition,

14th January 00, New York). Britain is essentially a handbrake on Europe emerging as a world superstate, and that is why European officials need them to join EMU.

Yet still Britain's public is mostly against joining the Euro. 61% of the British people said no to the Euro in June this year, up from 54% in December 00. Even 4% of European people think that Britain should wait and see how the Euro develops for the time being. Britain is now keenly aware of its position as the fifth largest economy in the world. Their economic growth for 00 stood at 1.8%, which is high when compared to Germany's (who incidentally are Europe's largest economy) 0.% growth rate (Stanley Reed, Britain No Go on the Euro, Business Week (US Edition), June 16th 00). These statistics seem to quell the feelings I mentioned earlier that London may lose it's financial pre-eminence if Britain failed to join.

These figures have something of the same effect Since the Euro was introduced in 1, British GDP growth has averaged 0% higher than in the Euro zone. In March of 00, UK unemployment stood at 5.1%, whilst the Eurozone average was 8.7%, and Germany's stood at 10.7%. Thus clearly Britain had less of an unemployment problem. In 001 the UK received 4% of the foreign investment into the EU, second only to Norway. This clearly shows Britain's dominance of the European external market (Jennie Jones, Is the Euro a No Go Zone?, Time Finance, vol. 161 no. 1, May 6th 00).

From what I have researched, and in my opinion, the route that Britain are taking at the moment seems to be the safest and wisest, not only for the British Government, but also for Britain's economic situation. Reed said that 'Blair remains a formidable Prime Minister, but the Euro is the kryptonite of British politics if not handled carefully it can bring superman to his knees'. Blair often appears over eager to rush into EMU, but he would be wise to follow the lead of Gordon Brown, and the feelings of the public, and just bide Britain's time before rushing into EMU. This may not satisfy those pro-Europa individuals, who want integration and the formation of a world superstate to happen immediately, but it will likely prove to be the wisest. Britain is enjoying the best of both worlds at the moment, with being part of the EU and having their own currency, so they should try and maintain this as long as it's viable.

Reference List

•John Millful, Britain in Europe, 1, Ashgate Publishing House, England

•Stanley Henig, The Uniting of Europe, Routledge, New York, 00

•Christopher Dickey, Unity After the Euro, Newsweek (International Edition), 14th January 00, New York

•David Smith, Plotting Our Path into Euroland, Management Today, London

• (S. Bradley, J. Whittaker, Britain, EMU and the European Economy, Industrial Relations Journal, Blackwell Publishing, March 000

•Peter Mandelson, There are Six Economic Tests, not Five, The Guardian, May 00

•Suzanne Mcgee, Humbler Britain Rethinks Europhobia, Wall Street Journal, Jan 11th 1

•Richard Layard, One Market Does Demand One Money, Financial Times, June 1th 000, London

•Martin Feldstein, quoted in David Mckay, The Political Sustainablity of European Monetary Union, Cambridge University Press, 1

•Christopher Dickey, Unity After the Euro, Newsweek (International Edition,

•14th January 00, New York

•Stanley Reed, Britain No Go on the Euro, Business Week (US Edition), June 16th 00

•Jennie Jones, Is the Euro a No Go Zone?, Time Finance, vol. 161 no. 1, May 6th 00

•www.labour.org.uk

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Crime and Punishment in Various Countries

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Five Works Cited The effectiveness of the United States criminal legal system has been questioned and scrutinized by the media and legal analysts for decades. Even with laws to lengthen sentences and to try younger offenders as adults, the overall crime rate in the nation is still on the rise. But why is it that in places like Iceland and Singapore crime rates are so low yet both countries have very contrasting criminal laws? It has been brought to my attention that Congress will attempt to create an entire new criminal legal system for the states to adopt in an effort to finally make the streets of America safer for its citizens. Assuming that all states will forfeit their own policies to take up the system Congress builds, it is my duty to shed light on the criminal legal system and differing views of the United States and other countries legal systems and differing views of the United States and other countries of different governments, geographies, and legal systems. I will also explore the common ground they share when prosecuting criminal offenders. The information I will discover will be taken into consideration by legislators when designing a new and improved criminal justice system.

It is first important to take a close look at the crime rate occurring in America. The United States has more citizens in prison than any other country. The incarceration rate of the U.S. is second only to Russia with 666 incarcerated per 100,000. The U.S. constitutes one third of the worlds population that is imprisoned while it only makes up five percent population. (Fathers Manifesto) The criminal legal system is slightly different in every state. For example, only thirty eight states practice capital punishment while the other twelve employ life imprisonment with no parole as an alternative to putting serious offenders to death. The death penalty in the United states is one of the most criticized policies in American society. Under the Constitutions eighth amendment, Americas are protected against cruel and unusual punishment. While it does not clearly define what punishment is deemed cruel and unusual, several campaigns argue that capital punishment is cruel and unusual and is a direct violation of human rights. Organizations like Amnesty International, a worldwide human rights group, claims that capital punishment is not only inhumane, but it does not deter crime more effectively in comparison to other punishments not involving death. (Amnesty International) Other studies have proven that it in fact costs up to three times more to put a person to death that it does to sentence life in prison with no parole. A Texas death penalty case costs an average of $. million, about three times the cost of imprisoning someone in a single cell at the highest security level for forty years.(Hoppe 1A)

Yet, with all the polls, statistics, and studies conducted to discourage the practice of the death penalty in the United States, other nations have found the death penalty, as well as other harsh punishments, is not a violation to human and civil rights, but an effective tool in keeping public safety. Singapores criminal laws are some of the most extreme and consistent laws found in all of the world. Its government still employs the use of corporal punishment for some offenses that would receive a mere parole sentence in the U.S. Singapores citizens have stated that even though its punishments are severe and outrageous to some, their streets are safer, cleaner, and the quality of life in Singapore is valued more because of these punishments. In this country the punishments that undergo heavy crossfire in the U.S. are swiftly carried out and as a result, crime in Singapore is significantly lower in comparison to the U.S. crime rates. (Fathers Manifesto) There is a consistent mandatory death sentence for narcotic offenders. A death sentence is also immediately carried out for anyone who opens fire while committing an unlawful act - whether or not you shoot anyone or anything is not taken into consideration. (Singapore Law FAQ) Caning is another form of punishment carried out for crimes such as vandalism and sex offenses. Convicts are strapped to a trestle and the exposed buttocks of the offender are flogged by a martial arts expert. The caning is usually coupled with a prison sentence. Singapores officials argue that its strict laws and swift, severe punishment are what sets it aside from a crime-ridden place like New York City. (Fathers Manifesto)Of course, opponents to CP (corporal punishment) argue that this is also a cruel and unusual way to deter crime. However, those that argue this only need to compare the crime rates of Singapore to those of the United States. Whipping or caning is indeed stressful and painful but it is Singapores alternative to costly long-term confinement. This way criminals are quickly reformed and released back into society as law abiding citizen. Another factor to be considered in Singapores low crime rate is its geography and its size. The country is located northeast of Indonesia just south of Malaysia. It is roughly .5 times the size of Washington D.C. It is arguable to say that the reason Singapores crime rates are low compared to the U.S. is because of its small, controllable area.

But is the size of a nation or governed land a factor in determining its crime rate? Take into consideration the territory of Puerto Rico. It is a small island in the Atlantic Ocean; considerably smaller than Singapore. However, Puerto Ricos murder rate is more than three times higher than that of the U.S. (National Center) The sharp contrast between a place like Puerto Rico and Singapore and the U.S. is that while citizens of the U.S. and Singapore enjoy a high standard of living, over half of Puerto Ricos population earns less than US$ 11,000 a year. This brings us to another question in this research. Does a socioeconomic factor playa role in a countrys crime rate? Another interesting tidbit is that capital punishment does not exist in Puerto Rico. Their courts are set up similar to those of Singapore. A magistrate judge is the one who hears the case, decides the verdict and delivers the sentence. The prisons in Puerto Ricoare, for the most part, run by gangs, dilapidated, infested with insects and pose a serious health threat to inmates. (Penal Lexicon) The prison system has been under the watchful eye for the drastic and costly changes not only for the prisons, but for juvenile treatment centers, discipline measures and improvements in mental health care. The brutality of violence and disease in prisons seem like enough to prevent anyone from committing a crime that would result in jail time. Unfortunately, even with the abolishment of capital punishment and the anarchy in prisons, Puerto Rico is notorious for holding one of the worlds highest murder rate. (Penal Lexicon)

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Team Dynamics

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What is the purpose of a team and what is the process to form one? The type of team you want to create and the dynamics involved are very important. Organizations grow and become more complex; individuals become more specialized; therefore, individuals must learn to rely on others expertise and form a common bond to obtain the teams goals and objectives.

The principle of creating a team is to gather individuals and come together as one to accomplish a common goal and mission. Team members are interdependent of each other and contribute individual skills and knowledge toward a shared goal. Teams can be linked by technology, thus improving the ability to communicate from a distance. Teams have proven that when people amass, with diverse backgrounds and in different areas as one, the sky can be the limit. Teams achieve synergy, and therefore, the assumption is that teams can accomplish more than the same amount of people individually. Team members share culture, trust each other, and collaborate to reach a common goal.

Teams are instrumental in facilitating projects, and are useful in everything we do. Before you can build a team, you have to decide the type of team is necessary. Work teams, task teams, and management teams are three basic types common in the world. Work teams are usually natural work teams, or teams formed within an existing department or unit of an organization, working as a collection of individuals versus working as a team. Work teams usually have goals and objectives that are fairly well

defined work to be done, and are the most logical teams to form in an organization. (Tools for Teams p.) In addition, work teams do not necessarily share a common goal, because they do not understand the work of the other departments and will often perform interdependent work. Work teams are also usually not cross-functional.

Unlike work teams, task teams are usually cross-functional and temporary in character, or usually brought together to resolve issues. So it is necessary to consciously design the team in terms of membership, time commitment, and direction to better be able to work together. (p.18) Task teams are created for a given purpose, although that purpose needs to be important and well defined. (p.) Task teams often meet resistance from the rest of the organization because they form a closely-knit group and will not look to outside sources for input.

The most challenging team to organize is the management team because they often are ambiguous of why they are meeting. Management teams are typically vision builders; they refine the culture, or improve the moral of an organization. They must not confuse their goals of the management team with the organizational goals of the company. Organizational goals relate to the functional responsibilities the members of the management team have, and are generally focused downward in the organization. (p.) Management teams provide synthesis to organizational goals and activities. A management team defines what it will hold itself collectively responsible for, and they must take on tasks that inspire and integrate the work of the organization as a whole. (pg's.-4).

The number of team members is also instrumental; teams usually should have fewer than ten members, more like five or six. Organizations are beginning to form smaller groups to gain the focus, energy, relationships, and communication found in small companies. Teams need to be small enough to allow people to develop relationships, to provide for participation at meetings and to engender a feeling of mutual accountability. (p.) The size of a team can have a direct effect on the productivity of the team and the use of its members. The chance of indifference on the part of team members increases as a team becomes larger. Team members tend to be more involved in a smaller team environment, because each team member has a greater responsibility to the greater good of the team.

Teams improve efficiency, creativeness, focus and customer satisfaction in the work place. Because of technological changes and globalization in the work place, many companies are pressured to compete in the areas of productivity and growth. Product life cycles have become shorter and facilities are becoming obsolete faster than ever. Having a good, diverse working team ensures a company's opportunity to be more productive and thus more competitive.

In order to have an effective team the following characteristics must be present. A team must have the ability to work together and have a high degree of participation. Decisions should be reached with a proper evaluation of the information. The team should be good at gathering all necessary information, which entails looking at options carefully, and considering consequences. Its members must be pragmatic and realistic. In this environment, creativity is certain.

When team members interact with the outside world, individuals have the opportunity to choose which learning experience is necessary to achieve the collective goals of the team. All of this being said, which type of team is better-- manager-led or self-managed? In a manager-led team, the manager acts as the team leader and is responsible for defining the goals, methods and functioning of the team (Thompson p.15). Manager-led teams are functional teams assembled by a leader who runs most meetings, sets most agenda items, and makes decisions.

In a self-managing or self-regulating team, a manager or leader determines the overall purpose or goal of the team, but the team is at liberty to manage the methods by which to achieve the goal (Thompson p.16). Self-managed teams are free to perform, once given their charter. The leader is available for counsel, resources, and support and they share leadership. Leadership may change during the process depending on the specific situation or task. Team members share information, perspectives, and insights, make decisions, and help people do their jobs better, but the focus is on individual goals and accountability. In a self-managing team, team members must leave the department mind set behind and focus on the task of the team. (p.8)

Good teams result from hard work, careful planning, and commitment from the sponsoring organization. Team design from the inside out is a skill. It requires a thorough understanding of teams to ensure that the team works as designed. Although there are no guarantees, we believe that understanding what makes teams work will naturally lead to better and more effective teams, whether manager-led or self-managed. The team, now managed, needs to access what types of skills are required.

The first and most important step for creating a team is called Team Chartering or the process by which a team is formed. This process is crucial and it will often determine the success or failure of a team. During this process, the team will establish rules, policies, and secure commitment from members. The type of team, who will be in charge, and the purpose of the team, is set. Conflict resolutions are determined, the project plan is established, and measurements of success and failure are clearly defined.

Every team needs a team action plan, a plan that will specify the activities in which the team needs to be engaged. Teams need to set goals in order to establish what is to be accomplished. Team members come from different backgrounds or stages in their lives, each having their own personal resources and ways to finding information. Teams need different personalities with diverse ideas and opinions. Members need to develop their skills by practicing and refining their talents. There are no exact skills for every goal, but by evaluating the teams goal and purpose, the right people with the right skills are elected.

Evaluating the team's goals, purposes, and the type of team has a great deal to do with how your team members are chosen. If you are in a work team, you may operate based on an informal selection. If you are in a sorority or a more formal organization, you may have a specific selection process. The processes of selecting team members can go from the simple to the complex. As far as the corporate scope is concerned, candidates may be invited to join a team based on their work performance. Candidates may also be interviewed, prior to being selected as a member of a team.

Companies are generally interested in getting the best results for the minimum amount of money, and hiring the proper team will guarantee them success. Before team building can take place, several issues must be addressed and agreed upon. The first step for team member selection is for leaders to re-evaluate the team charter. By understanding these agreed upon objectives, team leaders can foster a more intelligent selection process. This set of objectives is, in essence, a profile for the perfect employee. Employees should be judged based on these criteria alone and not on personal persuasions.

Team members should have an equal opportunity to discuss and ratify the charter as they see fit. Ultimately, the company leadership and the team must negotiate the expectations and address the concerns of the team members before the team can become productive. Teams must understand their limits and boundaries. Team members must know how much time is needed to complete a particular goal and the deadlines by which they must achieve consensus. The team must agree upon meeting times, the length of the meetings, and what should be conducted at those meetings. After all of this has been achieved, the team is now ready to produce results.

What process will the team use to get results? The first stage is defining the group's function, organization, and leadership. Defining the purpose is defining ground rules or the way the team will operate. The team must decide what they want to accomplish and how they will operate as a team. The team must validate and clarify why and what the team will accomplish within an established length of time. Without rules, team meetings can be a waste of time and energy.

Restricting the scope of discussions prevents wasted time and interference. Discuss team etiquette and procedures. When is the proper time to comment and what methods of comments are permissible? Discuss facial expressions, and other forms of communication that convey messages. Clear rules define a common platform for participation and decision-making. Team members must have an understanding of the consequences of misappropriating team rules.

The level of commitment is established if teams understand clear ground rules and the mission. The goals and objectives of the team must be clearly defined from the beginning. Team members must understand the purpose, vision, and goals in the same way. If these goals and objectives are stated and understood by the team leader, it is up to the leader to identify the goals and the boundaries by which team members will operate. These issues must be discussed and commitments made by the team members at the beginning of the meetings.

The team leader must maintain communication with the members and discuss improvements needed with the members not meeting the commitments. Over-commitment is a common problem within teams. A team member will take on more than they can possibly accomplish. It is up to the team leader and team members to monitor the amount of time needed to perform the tasks and allow the appropriate time necessary. It is important to make every member feel like an important part of the team and every member's voice should be heard. Equal participation is the key. When a group is heterogeneous in terms of personalities, abilities, skills and perspectives, there is a better chance the team will complete its goals without conflict.

Team conflict can be healthy and may allow a group the opportunity to change itself to achieve a healthier functioning group. Odd numbered teams are better able to resolve conflicts. Conflict is usually emotionally driven and one-on-one. You can control this by putting the situation in its proper perspective, examining the conflict, and personal attachment. The process of resolving team conflict should be discussed as part of the Charter process and self-resolution reinforced. If a conflict is not able to be resolved between the two parties, the team must intervene. First, recognize and define the problem, (face to face meetings are best). The purpose of the meeting should be to resolve the issue, not point fingers, or take sides. Team members must recognize the type of conflict Emotionally involved conflict is personal, defensive, and resentful. In contrast, cognitive conflicts may stimulate creativity because it forces people to think and form opinions.

In summary, because of organization complexity, individual career specialization, and technology growth, learning how to be a contributing member of a team is significant to the successful career person. Organizations form teams to facilitate processes, improve communication, and to assist companies to reach their profitability and goals. The first and most crucial step is to establish the Team Charter which gives the team a purpose and direction. Teams achieve synergy and therefore can accomplish more than the sum of its people. There are three basic types of teams common in the world today; work teams, task teams, and management teams. The type of team formed depends on the task. An old Chinese proverb states, Tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand.

Works Cited

Making the Team A Guide for Mangers, by Leigh L. Thompson. Copyright @ 000 by Prentice Hall, Inc.

Tools for Teams Building Effective Teams in the Workplace by Leigh Thompson, Eileen Aranda, Stephen P. Robbins and others.

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Paul Atriedes as a hero in Dune

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Heroes in modern society have been transformed from what Campbell classifies as a hero into something more like glorified villains, much like what Paul Atreides is. What is a hero? Campbell's A Hero's Journey is a perfect example of what a true hero is, which is why every actual hero conforms to it in such a perfect way. Still, there is more to a hero than just his quest; he must make a choice and change his destiny. Paul Atreides, however, does not follow either of these examples, and neither do modern heroes. It is this portrayal of people falsely dubbed as heroes as idols for the youth that has brought so much depression to society. Like modern heroes, because Paul Atriedes does not return to a normal life, he can not be considered a hero, but rather something resembling more of a malignant conqueror that has been glorified into hero status.

In Campbell's A Hero's Journey the path that a hero takes is very well laid out. He divides the journey into three main parts, the departure, the initiation and the return. During the departure the hero has a call to adventure; most times he refuses at first, but eventually he answers to his duties. Later in the departure he leaves his home, normally with some kind of helper or guide, who takes him into the belly of the whale. Next the hero enters the initiation stage of his journey. It is in this phase that the hero undergoes most of his trials, not only of the body, but also of the mind and heart. It is also in this stage that the hero gains a great amount of maturity, which he uses in the last part of this segment, the ultimate boon. The final and most important stage for a hero to go through is the return. It is in this stage that the hero learns to control his powers enough to return to a normal society. The return is often brought on by an outside force or a magical flight, but the hero must first cross a threshold, which is the last triumph he has as a hero. When the hero finally returns, he has a triumphant homecoming, but more importantly, he no longer has to be a crusader. Instead he is the master of two worlds. However, when a hero doesn't return he goes from having control, a very important trait of the hero, to being something far more sinister, a villain.

This is where both Paul Atreides and most modern day heroes fault. Instead of returning to a normal life, they set off to conquer the world, or in Dune, the universe. Like heroes, most villains take a similar journey, but instead of going through the return, they continue to conquer. This is because they lack the strength to destroy the temptation of power, and in Herbert's words, he who can destroy a thing has the real control of it (446). This is why Paul can not be considered a hero; he never returns to a normal life. As the book ends Paul has just finished yet another battle, this one being against his own cousin, Feyd-Rautha. This shows that Paul is not yet ready to make himself a hero, by returning to a normal life. Still, Paul is not necessarily evil; he is just an overly zealous conqueror. This never ending struggle for power is not only evident in Paul, but also in our heroes of today.

Most modern people considered heroes have not yet returned to a normal society, and when they do, they are often no longer considered heroes. Modern society has lead us all to believe that a true hero does not give up or throw in the towel. In fact, we glorify those who are on the initiation of their adventure, and lay shame onto most who try to return. For proof of this, look at a quitting drug addict, he will be praised for his ability simply to correct his prior mistakes, when someone who has never done a drug is considered simple and boring. This is a big problem for our society, and one that brings massive amounts of depression and criticism to our era. This is because a person who sees a modern hero as a role model can never finish, and it is in finishing that we can stand back and admire our hard work. Without seeing that we have already succeeded, we continue with the impression that what we have done is not good enough, leading us to believe that we are not good enough, when, in truth, we are. Still, there is more to a hero than just his return.

Heroes have more to them than just their quest; they have the entire process of becoming a hero. First they have a transformation, from a normal human to a superhuman individual. This is normally seen through a choice made by the hero to aspire to be more than he was in the beginning. However, Paul does not make any choice of that sort. He is trained from birth by his mother, Jessica, to be the Kwisatz Haderach, which is all he becomes. Through massive amounts of spice intake, he is able to see through time better than all guild members can do. Paul is also far from ordinary to begin with; he is a male trained in the ways of the Bene Gesserit, a group made entirely of witches. Though he played a significant role in the book, even when looking at a various aspects of his life, it still remains true that Paul is not a hero.

One of the things that Paul played a big role in was the Fremen's jihad. Despite the fact that the jihad does not come before the end of the book, it is foreshadowed in such a way that the reader is able to learn some key facts about it. One thing that can be found is that Paul will be the leader of it, whether or not he wants to. This is very important to Paul's inability to be a hero because, by the end of the book, he doesn't want to have the jihad, yet he created it. Even through his death he could not stop what he started, as, the Fremen needed only the legend he already had become to spread out through the universe killing millions (48). But how can it be said that Paul is the creator of the jihad, when it is said so many times through-out the book that the Bene Gesserit is in fact the true drive behind it? Paul is the Bene Gesserit. He is the perfect Bene Gesserit, the Kwisatz Haderach. He is what they have been working to create for generations, and he will therefore follow the path laid out for him by the Missionaria Protectiva .

In conclusion it becomes obvious that, though they could be called crusaders, not Paul, nor modern idols, can be hailed as a heroes. Though they go through a departure and an initiation, they do not complete Campbell's A Hero's Journey, the most widely used mapping of a hero's life. This shows that they do not have control over their abilities, making them something far from heroic. It is this falsity in what we consider heroes that brings so much depression and anguish to society; people simply don't believe they can heroically end their crusades. Born with a gift to see the future, Paul's life does not conform to that of other heroes' in that he was never normal. Finally, the Bene Gesserit use Paul to start a jihad against the universe, bound to kill millions, and he does this because he is the product of the Bene Gesserit. By the end of the book it becomes clear that Paul isn't a hero, but simply an over praised crusader.

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