Harlott by the Side of the Road

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The Harlot by the Side of the Road Forbidden Tales of the Bible, by Jonathan Kirsch, was one of the most interesting and explicit collections of biblical stories that I have ever encountered. I spent much of my earlier years in bible lessons and listening to Sunday sermons, but never was I exposed to the sex and violence that the stories of this book tells.

Obviously, I was charged to write a rather lengthy paper detailing my thoughts about this book, and to find some commonality among the stories and expound upon those commonalties.

Although I am not a very deep thinker, and an even poorer writer, the two themes that seemed to be very obvious throughout these stories were (1) Women always seem to be at the center of or the cause of a major controversy, i.e. war, murder and death and () Women had the innate ability to scheme and connive to get what they wanted or what they felt they were justly entitled too. I will attempt to cohesively address both of these themes in the following pages.

Let me take the latter of these themes first, as I find it to be the most interesting and compelling The art of conniving and scheming.

The stories of Lot and his daughters and Tamar and Judah are two examples of how women of ancient biblical times got what they wanted. In addition, the most interesting of these two stories, in my opinion, is the story of Tamar and Judah.

Obviously, I do not need to retell the story, but for the sake of clarity, let me give my take on the story.

Tamar is in a pre-arranged marriage to the eldest son of a wealthy family. Before producing an heir to the family fortune, he loses favor with God and dies. According to ancient custom and law the next oldest son would then take Tamar as his wife and provide the family with an heir. However, in his greed he fails to do so and falls out of favor with God and dies. This leaves only one son left to perform the duty and provide and heir, but he was too young. So Judah, send Tamar to live with her father until the son becomes of age.

Judah knows completely that he has lied to his daughter-in-law and has no intention in allowing his son to enter into a relationship with this woman, because he has already lost two of his sons. Tamar, eventually learning of her father-in-laws deception, decides to take what is rightfully hers and ultimately, she conceives a child with none other than Judah himself.

Tamar uses a remarkable vindictive ploy, which consist of seducing her father-in-law to regain her status in society and in the house of Judah.

One might ask why Tamar felt the need to concoct such an elaborate scheme. My interpretation provides the following For reasons easy to surmise, Tamar's feelings of utter despair, helplessness and hopelessness are obvious reasons. We have cultural and historical sources that provide us with detailed accounts of the hellish existence of the ancient widow completely at the mercy of social control. She was a body in morning, forbidden, degraded, marginialized, and ultimately forgotten. It is easy to imagine what Tamar's, or any woman in that situation, life might have been like after she was sent back to live at her father's house with a vague promise, which Judah does not honor.

Ultimately, Tamar's scheming allows her to gain control of her life and she finds her place in the house of Judah. This is much the same scenario with the story of Lot and his daughters. Although incest, in today's society, is the most incomprehensible act that anyone can perform, in ancient times, it was not as taboo as never baring children.

Lots daughters, after retreating to the mountains, must look to the future. With the realization that they are the only three people left on earth, the daughters scheme to lay with their fathers so that they could each bare a child and continue the family name.

In this story, as well as the story of Tamar, women seem to have little significance in society, other than baring children. In addition, in the unfortunate circumstance that this task becomes inconceivable, then women take matters into their own hands. Planning and conspiring to do what ever is necessary to fulfill their needs wants and desires.

The second theme of these stories, controversy, has a much more profound statement, but I have little to offer in the way of substantial data. All of the remaining stories of the book, with the exception of the Jephthah and His Daughter and Zipporah and Moses, have women at the center of controversy and ultimately murder and/or war.

I do not feel that women intentionally caused the controversy that centered around them. Women were treated as objects of possession or personal property. Therefore, violation of their rights seemed to happen often in ancient times. Men would offer up their daughters, wives or concubines to anyone that may be causing a disturbance. Then once these women were violated, the men would become anger and rebel against those that violated their property.

This scenario seemed to run in circles. King David sent his daughter to tend to his ailing son, knowing or at least having a hint that he was lusting for her and wanted to lay with her. After she was violated sexually, he seemed to ignore that it happened and her brothers took him into the wilderness and murdered him. No one, including King David, questioned the sudden disappearance of Amnon.

This situation was similar in the Traveler and His Concubine. The mob intended to sodomize the Levite man, and instead his concubine was offered. She was then gang-raped to death. This ultimately caused war. Again, the property of man was violated and this caused controversy.

I could continue to list other examples in the bible, outside of the stories in this book that would lend support to the controversial issues of women and men. Although this argument may seem weak, I would continue to argue that women as objects or property are used by men to get them out of a tight jam and then the men stage their revenge at a later date and usually in the terms of war or individual killings.

The argument of controversy seems weak and I am sure that further examination and study of this topic would provide more evidence to support my claim.

In closing, I thoroughly enjoyed the book. It is interesting that over thousands of years that women have changed very little. The difference in ancient times and modern times is that women are more forthright with their scheming and conniving and the issue of controversy, centered around women, still exist.

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The Body Project

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Joan Jacobs Brumbergs book, The Body Project An Intimate History of American Girls, is an inspiring, eloquent survey of the societal and psychological changes that have effectively molded and shaped young girls during the past hundred years. Her insight into Victorian culture and the succeeding eras citing historical sources, unpublished diaries of adolescent girls and photographs tells of a history thats crucial to us all American girls are in crisis. And its not just a temporary, teenage kind of thing.

The Body Project ventures beyond weight-control issues. Using numerous diaries from the 180s on, Brumberg discusses acne treatments, orthodontia, contact lenses, body piercing, plastic surgery and more. The whole body, including ones bikini line, is now the central personal project of the American girl.

Brumberg sees the body as a kind of message board that girls manipulate fiercely in their attempts to keep current with the demands of popular culture. Slim, bob-haired women of the twenties spelled out liberation from Victorian constraints; pointy-braed sweater girls of the fifties begged for movie star status; todays piercings, according to Brumberg, signify sexual liberalism and erode distinctions between the public and private with the merging of commercialismGautier, Madonna, some super models--and exhibitionism.

Now, with The Body Project, we have a way of viewing the young female body as history in a well-researched, lively study of our century. Envisioning her book as a female body, she outlines a series of biological events beginning with menarche, or first menstruation, and moving through the changing experience of female maturation chapter by chapter. Surprisingly, we learn that girls today become sexually active at about the same time their Victorian sisters first began to menstruate. Young women are now maturing more rapidly than ever before, yet their minds and emotional responses are still essentially childlike.

That new time-table is the increasingly early onset of puberty-- the average age at first menstruation has dropped from 16 in180 to 1 today, mostly because of improvements in health and nutrition.[p. 4] Brumberg believes there are sexual perils in store for adolescents with adult bodies in our sexually brutal and commercially rapacious society. But the usual suspects also figure advertisers and doctors who make huge profits from female insecurity, a media thats relentless in its worship of physical perfection and social changes that have allowed girls more sexual freedom and more independence from their mothers.

Society has come to believe in the perfectibility of the body, and girls are bearing the brunt of this social change, says Brumberg, In this post-virginal world, they are experiencing the pressure of appearance up keep from almost every angle Technology, economics, medicine, advertising, family life, consumerism, all of which are pushing the idea that the body is more important than the mind.[p.8]

Brumberg argues that the process of sexual maturation is more difficult for girls today than it was a century ago because of a set of historical changes that have resulted in a peculiar mismatch between girls biology and todays culture.She identifies a significant development over the course of the last 100 years the age at which girls begin menstruating has dropped dramatically. As Brumberg points out, many girls today may be sexually active before the age at which their great-great-grandmothers began menstruating. However, there has been no commensurate drop in the age of psychological development. Consequently, girls are running a much greater risk of becoming sexually active before they are emotionally prepared for it. [p.6]

This situation is exacerbated by the gradual relaxing of societal safeguards for adolescent

girls. Girls not only mature earlier, but they are granted a greater amount of independence at an earlier age. In the half-decade since the end of World War II, adolescents and teenagers have made significant advances in personal purchasing power. Consequently, many girls receive more guidance from the marketing strategies of major corporations than from family members. The problem, of course, is that these corporations have agendas of their ownspecifically, selling products. Hence, not only advertisements, but even teen-focused magazines that are supported by advertising have a vested interest in focusing girls attention on improving their appearance.[p.48]

Growing up has never been easy for girls, but it is more prolonged and perilous than ever before. Puberty can begin as early as eight; first sexual intercourse commonly occurs between 15 and 17; and women remain single and sexually active into their middle or late twenties. Forty-five percent of women who came of age in the 150s and '60s were still virgins at age 1, and for many of those 1-year-old women, their first sexual intercourse occurred on their wedding night. But only 17 percent of women who came of age in the 170s and '80s were virgins at 1. Since many Generation X women postpone marriage until their late twenties, few, if any are likely to be virgins on their wedding night. As a consequence, girls are exposed to the problems associated with unmarried sex at an earlier age and for a longer period of time than a generation ago.

[www.theamericanenterprise.org - p.]

Young girls are now at greater risk for early and traumatic sexualization. According to Brumberg, there have also been dramatic shifts in the social controls governing the sexuality of adolescent girls. Professional providers of contraceptive and abortion services have replaced mothers as the main source of authority on sexual matters.[p.185] This shift has contributed to the demoralization of female sexuality and the decline in chastity. Brumberg is critical of the medicalization of girls' sexuality, with its emphasis on sexual health and

self-management. This places an unsupportable burden on young girls to protect themselves.[p.10] It also neglects girls' emotional needs for affiliation and affection, as well as their desire to have their sexuality invested with some larger meaning.

A hundred years ago, women were lacing themselves into corsets and teaching their daughters to do the same. The ideal of the day, however, was inner beauty a focus on good deeds and a pure heart. Today American women have more social choices and personal freedom than ever before. But fifty-three percent of our girls are dissatisfied with their bodies by the age of thirteen, and many begin a pattern of weight obsession and dieting as early as eight or nine.Why?

In The Body Project, Brumberg answers this question, drawing on diary excerpts and media images from 180 to the present. Tracing girls attitudes toward topics ranging from breast size and menstruation to hair, clothing, and cosmetics, she exposes the shift from the Victorian concern with inner beauty to our modern focus on outward appearance--in particular, the desire to be model-thin and sexy. She believes that someone who wants to lose weight in order to be a changed and better person outwardly--to fit [her] inner self, has substituted internal controls for the external controls of years past, like corsets and Victorian morality.[p.xxi]

Brumberg meticulously documents the downward slide of girls' aspirations and ambitions over the past century, from improving one's character through good works to improving one's body through grueling workouts. According to one survey, the number-one wish among young women, outranking the desire to end homelessness, poverty, or racism, is to get and stay thin.[http//therapeuticresources.com]

Brumberg's phrase bad body fever refers to the fact that U.S. girls today are facing intensified growing-up problems without the cultural support system that has existed in the past. Brumberg explained her theories on the dangers facing modern American girls, saying the first is what she terms brain drain. A girl who is constantly looking at herself in the mirror is probably not going to develop the kind of creativity, skills and intellect she needs to sustain her, said Brumberg. Another major threat is sexual victimization. Girls who dont like themselves, who feel ugly, are more susceptible to manipulation and abuse, she said. They want to be wanted so badly that they dont make very good choices. The commercialization and exploitation of sexuality are strong contributing factors. There is a deep female beauty imperative here. We are a fat-phobic society, and smart kids pick this up, she said.

Fashion magazines, which girls begin to read at age nine or ten and continue to consult well into their 0s, provoke body shame. Virtually all these magazines send one clear message Your body is a mess. For example, the cover of the December 17 Jump, a magazine for young teens, features stories entitled, Body Bummers How to go from feeling flawed to fab and Sizing up boobs. Such magazines tell girls to like themselves, whatever their size or shape, but they only feature flat-chested models who are six feet tall and 105 pounds. Girls respond to body shame with rigid technocratic monitoring of their bodies. Again, the strenuous pursuit of feminine virtue has not disappeared but shifted location. The virtue of staying sexually pure has been replaced by the virtue of staying physically fit. [p.1]

Brumberg recommends that we put the emphasis on what female bodies can do, rather than what they look like. Where do we draw the line between healthy and unhealthy attention to appearance? How can we confront and counter the messages girls receive about the importance of good looks? Do we need to explicitly discuss our values about appearance and beauty or is it enough to emphasize other aspects of girls lives, such as athletic, musical, artistic, and intellectual abilities? According to Brumberg, At the close of the twentieth century, the female body poses an enormous problem for American girls. . . because of the culture in which we live [p. xvii]. How did forces outside the family become so influential? How can families regain their central role in educating and advising daughters about puberty and sexuality, while acknowledging the influence of modern medicine, consumer products, and the media?

Brumberg encourages a new era of advocacy for girls, yet some argue that focusing on the special needs of girls puts them at risk for discrimination. Girls need equal rights, some people maintain, not protection. Do girls in our culture need more protection and guidance than boys? What are the risks in protecting girls? What is to be gained? What is the difference between protection and girl advocacy as Brumberg describes it? What forms should advocacy take? [p.08, 10]

Brumberg wants adults to help them forge a new code of sexual ethics. In Girl Advocacy Again, she asserts that girls who hate their bodies do not make good decisions about partners, or about the kind of sexual activity that is in their best interest. This leads to date rape, teenage pregnancy and girls being sexually exploited rather than sexually expressive in a postvirginal age.[p.1]

Brumbergs new moral code would preserve personal freedom and expression. But its a difficult task, because many adults are as steeped in the culture as adolescents. As Brumberg herself says, at least in middle-class America, girls grow up hearing adult women

talk about how much they hate their own thighs. girls are at greater risk of being

exploited or abused by young men who have no sense of gallantry or protectiveness toward women. Young women are freer, but it's not clear they are happier or more secure than previous generations.[p.01] Although, taking a wordly perspective, we, american women, should be grateful.

Resources

The Body Project An Intimate History of American Girl by Joan Jacobs Brumberg

The Nation Digital Edition http//www.thenation.com

Copyright (c) 17, The Nation Company, L.P. All rights reserved.

http//www.therapeuticresources.com/6-8text.html

http//www.salon.com/mothers/mamafesto.html

Museum of menstruation and women's health

http//www.mum.org/poemdir.htm

http//www.theamericanenterprise.org/taejf8i.htm

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Rugby League Profiles

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1 Motu Tony (Warriors) Tests NZ 001-00

Weight 88kg Height 180cm

Injury ruled him out for most of the season but came back with stunning effect in the NRL finals. Usually a standoff or halfback, Daniel Anderson has entrusted the talented ball player the responsibility at fullback. Probably the best option left at the back for the Kiwis, but will likely switch around with Vagana during the game. Left with goal kicking duties.

Henry Fa'afili (Warriors) 7 Tests for NZ 001-00

Weight 8kg Height 175cm

With notable omission Matt Utai ruled out by Anderson for attitude problems, Fa'afili has been prefered on the right wing. Has had a mixed 00 season after a flying start to the season, but has cooled down after the switch of attack to the left hand side. Prone to running sideways from dummy half instead of going forward, however Fa'afili is one of the best jumpers in the game.

Vinnie Anderson (Warriors) Debut

Weight 100kg Height 185cm

Tall, rangy but powerful centre, he was the quiet but consistent performer for the Warriors this year. Anderson rose to the opportunity when Carlaw was injured earlier and has not looked back since. Has played nearly every game of the season and is a hard worker who is aggressive on defence. He is in a different mould to Toopi as he does a lot of the dirty work providing space for the playmakers.

4 Clinton Toopi (Warriors) 5 Tests NZ 001-00

Weight 100kg Height 185cm

After a slow start to the season, he came back from injury in a storm to finally realise his potential. He formed part of the much daunted left hand side for the Warriors. Arguably the best centre in the game, he has eradicated the silly mistakes that once plagued his game. Dazzling footwork, immense upper body strength, pace to burn and almost as unstoppable as his offloads.

5 Francis Meli (Warriors) 7 Tests NZ 001-00

Weight 100kg Height 187cm

The star back this season, Meli deserved to be named the winger of the year. Meli is big, strong, fast and devastating with the ball in hand. The smashing tackles that come out of nowhere are becoming a trademark and opposition wingers are looking for him now or rather looking out for him. He has prospered this season forming a great combination with Toopi and Faumuina.

6 Nigel Vagana (Bulldogs) 18 Tests NZ 18-00

Weight 80kg Height 180cm

Surprise selection at standoff, it leaves the Kiwis short of playmaking options. However he is a world class centre, always troubling the opposition's defence whenever he touches the ball. Consistent performer, rated among the best centres in rugby league.

7 Thomas Leuluai (Warriors) Debut

Weight 1.75m Height 80kg

A lot will be on this 18 year old's shoulders in his rookie NRL season. With injuries to Jones and Hohaia, Anderson has been forced to play Leuluai in what will be his nd game in directing the traffic alone. Following in his dad's footsteps, he will be looking for a solid defensive effort and showing more confidence in his attack.

8 Jason Cayless (Roosters) 1 Test NZ 00

Weight 108kg Height 14cm

Brother of Eels Nathan, he has had a successful season backing up last year's which culminated in him selected for the Kiwis tour. Cayless is a rangy prop who is a no-nonsense performer who gains good yards and has a useful offload. Likely to front up against Villasanti, a first-rate performance is needed to ensure a forward domination.

Monty Betham (Warriors) 6 Tests NZ 001-00

Weight 4kg Height 18cm

Warriors captain, has been playing hooker since the injury to PJ Marsh. Has been average at best in dummy-half, but is a class lock. We seriously lack speed from there and it was disappointed to see Latu wasn't given a go on the bench to provide impact in the latter stages. However Betham is a tireless worker in defence, making up to 0-40 tackles per game.

10 Nathan Cayless (Eels) 18 Tests for New Zealand 18-001

Weight 10kg Height 18cm

An outstanding leader of the Eels, the bigger brother of Jason is one of the hardest working and most reliable forwards in the game. Fine ability to read play, he takes no prisoners up front and his constant enthusiasm for more keeps plenty of pressure on his team mates.

11 Joe Galuvao (Panthers) 1 Test NZ 00

Weight 105kg Height 180cm

Named as one of the second-rowers of the year, along with Penrith teammate Tony Puletua, at The Footy Show awards. Hard hitting, using his brute strength and speed, he has formed a lethal combination with his fellow Kiwi. After coming off the bench last time, Galuavo will be eager to continue his demolition work for the Kiwis.

1 Tony Puletua (Panthers) Tests for New Zealand 18-00

Weight 11kg Height 1cm

Enigmatic back-rower who on his day can terrorise opponents like none other. At his peak, Puletua is a terrifying sight with his combination of speed and raw power. In a injury hampered career, he has remained injury-free this season and blockbusting per

1 Ruben Wiki (c) 7 Tests for New Zealand 14-00

Weight 108kg Height 186cm

Inspirational hardman, who was again Canberras player of the year in 00. A centre in his early days, Wiki is now at home in the forwards. Blockbusting call runner who hits hard, you can rely on him to be fired up for the Test. Kiwi veteran of 7 Tests.

Interchange

14 Jerry Seuseu (Warriors) 8 Tests NZ 001-00

Weight 108kg Height 188cm

Unusually quiet season, Seuseu is a hardworking prop who has a made a name for himself in the NRL. Loves the physical contact and can always be relied on to take that extra hit-up when inspiration is needed.

15 Ali Lauitiiti (Warriors) 10 Tests NZ 000-00

Weight 108kg Height 188cm

Dally M backrower of the year last season, Lauitiiti has been riddled by injuries. Started to show the goods again in the playoffs with his trademark break and offloads. Quick, powerful and with the skills of a five-eighth, he is the sides main forward weapon if they are to stop the Kangaroos.

16 Awen Guttenbeil (Warriors) 6 Tests NZ 00

Weight kg Height 188cm

Player of the year for the Warriors in my opinion, Guttenbeil lead the pack well when senior members were out with injury. Does the hard yards, week and week out with a good offload to boot. He is a tough, durable workhorse who loves getting dirty in the middle.

17 Sione Faumuina (Warriors) Debut

Weight 100kg Height 10cm

With Lauitiiti out for the most of the season, Faumuina took over as the playmaking forward on the left. With his combination power, speed and agility he was the source of the many tries to Meli and Toopi. Wonderful vision to sense where his team mates are, Faumuina's has an amazing ability to offload in the tackle out of nowhere.

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Black death

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The Black Death

The Black Death had profound effects on Medieval Europe. Although most people did not realize it at the time, the Black Death had not only marked the end of one age but it also denoted the beginning of a new one, namely the Renaissance (Effects 1).

Between 1 and 151a.d, a pandemic of plague called the Black Death, traveled from China to Europe affecting the importance of cities, creating economic and demographic crises, as well as political dislocation and realignment, and bringing about powerful new currents in culture and religion.

In the beginning, the Italian town of Genoa was one of the busiest ports in Europe. Ships sailed from there to trade all over the Mediterranean Sea. In October of 147, 1 merchant ships sailed from Caffa to Italy (Arrival 1). A strange disease had infected the crew of these ships. Dying bodies lay aboard the ships. City officials, afraid that the disease might spread, issued an order that no person or piece of merchandise was to leave the ships. They even forbade medical treatment for the sick sailors and passengers. The disease still spread. The officials had not considered that the rats from the ships were able to leave the ships by crawling along the ropes that were tied to the ships. From Italy, the disease spread all over Europe, traveling along the major trade routes. The rats were responsible for carrying the disease, which was transmitted by fleas from infected rats. The fleas drank the rats blood that carried the bacteria. The bacteria multiplied in the fleas gut. While the fleas gut was clogged with bacteria, the flea bit the human and regurgitated blood into the wound (Transmitted ).

The Black Death came in forms the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. Each different from of the plague killed people in a vicious way. All forms were caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis (Forms 1).

The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form of the Black Death. Which had a mortality rate of 0-70%. The symptoms were enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes (around armpits, neck and groin). The term bubonic refers to the characteristic bubo or enlarged lymphatic gland. Victims were subject to headaches, nausea, aching joints, fever of 101-105 degrees, vomiting, and a general feeling of illness. Symptoms took from 1-7 days to appear (Forms ).

The pneumonic plague was the second most commonly seen form of the Black Death. The pneumonic and the septicemic plague were probably seen less than the bubonic plague because the victims often died before they could reach other places (this was caused by the inefficiency of transportation). The mortality rate for the pneumonic plague was 0-5%; (if treated today the mortality rate would be 5-10%). The pneumonic plague infected the lungs. Symptoms include slimy sputum; saliva mixed with mucus exerted from the respiratory system, tinted with blood. As the disease progressed, the sputum became free flowing and bright red. Symptoms took 1-7 days to appear. This disease could only be transmitted through the air, by someones cough (Forms ).

Finally the septicemic plague was the most rare form of all. The mortality was close to 100 %. Symptoms, which took 1-7 days to appear, were high fever and skin turning deep shades of purple (Forms ).

The Black Death struck the European people without warning. Physicians and philosophers harmed rather than helped. They did not understand the causes of infectious diseases nor how they spread. It is no wonder that they looked to priests and storytellers, rather than doctors, for answers. They did not have the ability to understand where this sudden cruel death had come from. And they did not know whether it would never go away (Causes 1).

The most common belief was that God, being a punishment for the sin people had committed sent the plague. Even innocent people, such as infants, had to suffer for the horrible crimes of others. The church was quick to condemn gambling, excessive drinking, the immodesty of women, and the laziness of pheasants. Guilt lay upon every mans heart. Therefore, it was only natural that the first measures taken against the plague were the confession of all sins and prayer for forgiveness (Punishment).

Praying seemed to have very little effect. Therefore, many believed there was a necessary for extreme measures. A group of men decided to punish themselves in order to persuade God to forgive them. Each of theses Flagellants would carry a wooden stick with a couple of leather tongs attached to one end. At the end of each tong would be a sharp spike, about an inch in length. The flagellants would walk from town to town. Once they would arrive in a village or city, they would go to a public place where there were a lot of people, such as a market or store. After they found that public place, they would start beating themselves with their wooden sticks, hitting their backs until blood flowed freely. The townspeople would always welcome them and the flagellants would sometimes encourage the townspeople to join their beatings. It was common for people to die in these beatings. The flagellants would then leave the town after a few days, usually taking a few locals to join their group. The groups numbers grew rapidly from 00-00 to 1000. They did more harm rather than help. The only thing they were doing was carrying the disease with them only spreading up the process (Flagellation 1).

Many people believed in a legendary witch called the Plague Maiden. She was very beautiful and carried around her neck a red scarf. It was said that she traveled from town to town passing by each house. When she waved her red scarf in front of a house window, the house would become infected. The legend also told that a man waited all night from the witch to arrive and when she did, he cut off her hand with a sword. It was said that this man was the last to die of the plague in his town (Plague maiden ).

In Europe the Jews were easy targets to blame. It was a common belief that the Jews were poisoning the water supply. In some towns, Jews were rounded up and burned to death. They also were accused of practicing witchcraft consequently also suffering the anger of mob violence. There were massacres, especially in cities along the Rhine River, and many more cases of the Jews being expelled from the town. A few towns actually protected their Jews, but the Jews were being expelled generally from Western Europe during the 14th century, and they were tolerated in Poland and Lithuania. So when the persecutions associated with the Black Death a rose, some Jews simply migrated eastward and did not return (Jews 1).

The effects that the Black Death had on Europe were very profound. The population of Europe lost about one- third of its people. These general numbers disguise the uneven nature of the epidemic. Some areas suffered very little, some suffered far more. Some examples are as follows 45% and 75% of Florence died in a single year. One- third died in the first 6 months. Its entire economic system collapsed for a time. In Venice, 60% died over the course of 18 months, 500-600 a day at the height. Certain professions suffered higher mortality, especially whose duties brought them into contact with the sick, doctors and clergy. In Montpellier, only seven of 140 Dominican friars survived. In Perpignan, only one of physicians survived, and of 18 barber surgeon (Population loss 1).

The death rate of Auignon was 50% and was even higher among the clergy. One- third of the cardinals died. Clement VI had to concentrate the Rhone River so corpses could be sunken it, for there was not time or room to bury them. Long term population loss is also instructive. Urban populations recovered quickly, in some cases within a couple of years, though immigration from the countryside because of increased opportunities in the cities. Hardest hit was special groups, such as friars, who took a couple of generations to recover. In many areas, pre-plague population levels were not reached until the 1500s, in a few not until the 1600. This is one reason why the Black Death marks a dividing line between the central Middle Ages, with medieval culture in full bloom and at its greatest strength, and the later Middle Ages. The later period was one of chronically reduced population (Population loss ).

Prior to its arrival, life was difficult for the ordinary man, who was practically enslaved by his landlord. Additionally, living conditions were very unsanitary. When the plague was brought to Europe, this state of existence promoted the spreading of this new disease and changed the way people, both rich and poor, dealt with their lives. After many years, when this epidemic finally ended, living standards had changes dramatically, Immense effects could be seen in culture, spirituality, and especially economics. Society was never to be the same again; life had changed forever. (Effects )

Eventually, the plague did disappear, but it left Europe with great cultural changes. Art, in other cases, was most effected by the plague. During the pre-plague times, Nobel lords were shown in full health, in their best clothes, and armor, holding their swards. Afterwards, half-decomposed bodies with parts of skeleton clearly visible were shown. The clothes draping the body were old dirty rags and some sculptures showed worms and snails borrowing in rotten flesh (Art 1). After the plague the art was obsessive with cruel aspects of pain and suffering. Painting focused on skeletons mixed in with men in every day life. It was a very cruel sort of art. Literature was also effected by the plague. It became more dark and somber. Now that most of the stony writers and tellers died from the plague all that was talked about were dead bodies and poems of death and stories were told about the plague. In architecture, many of those with the skill to build died from the plague. Many buildings that were started before the plague were never finished. Universities were abandoned. In Europe Education Standards were incredibly low. The whole community of scholars suffered as universities and schools were closed or even abandoned. 16 of 40 Professors at Cambridge died.

French was commonly spoken among the education in England, The death of numerous French teachers, however, helped the English language to gain over French in Britain. (Art1)

Cities were hit had hard by the plague, Financial businesses were disrupted as debtors died and their creditors found themselves without recourse. Not only had the creditor died, his who family had died with him and many of his friends. There was simply no one to collect from (Disruption 1). Construction projects were stopped or even abandoned, guilds lost their craftsmen, without the ability to replace them, important machinery broke, and those with the ability to repair them had died (Effects). The labor shortage was very severe, and consequently, wages rose. Because of the mortality, there was an over supply of goods, and prices dropped. Whole families died, with not heirs, their houses standing empty. The countryside faced a short-term shortage of labor. They tried to get more forced labor from them, as there were fewer peasants to be had. Peasant in many areas began to demand fairer treatment.

Lastly, the change in spirituality was one of the major effects of the plague. The Black Death left survivors mourning, depressed, and fearful of its return (Economy 1)

One of the groups that suffered the most was the Christian Church. It lasts prestige, spiritual authority, and leadership over the people. The church promised cures, treatment, and an explanation for the plague. They said it was Gods will, but the reason for this awful punishment was unknown. People wanted answers, but the priests and bishops didnt have anything to say. The people abandoned their Christian duties and fled. People prayed to God and begged for forgiveness. After the plague ended, angry and frustrated villagers started to revolt against the church, this caused the churches to be abandoned (Effects ).

The Black Death changed European history in many ways. Its fatal symptoms took many human lives, and its influenced carried over into many areas of society. People suffered religiously because the disease brought out the darker side of life and made them question God. Europe would not be the same today without these changes brought on through the devastation of the Black Death.

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Northwest Case Analysis

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PorterÕs Five Forces Model

When relating the airline industry, or more specifically Northwest Airlines, to PorterÕs Five Forces Model there are five forces to be examined, hence the name. First off it is good to look at the risk of entry by potential competitors. With respect to this force there is a high barrier to entry due to the high cost of capital. To be a competitor in the airline industry you must first have and airplane. Airplanes are large investments that require high mechanical maintenance, and a high degree of employee competence. If you arenÕt operating efficiently you wonÕt be profiting enough to adequately maintain your aircraft and keep competent employees.

The second force of the five is rivalry among established companies already in the industry. In the airline industry this is always something that is relevant. Seeing that all airlines generally provide the same service of bringing people from one place to another it is important to differentiate. To be a competitive airline you need to offer something that the others donÕt, for instance you may focus on service and neglect low fares or focus on low fares and minimize service. Depending upon the target market for either one of these niches it is important to offer customers something that is appealing, and something they wonÕt be able to get from another airline.

The third force of five is the bargaining power of buyers. The events of /11 promoted negative financial trends that were already evident in the airline industry before this disaster. Buyer bargaining power as of right now is somewhat high. People arenÕt traveling as much as they used to due to widespread fear over terrorism. In general people arenÕt traveling by plane unless they have to. This leads to the dilemma of making it a bargain to fly using an airline and not some other substitute. Perhaps focusing on business travelers is the smart thing to do right now because they are the people who fly out of necessity due to their career.

The fourth force in the model is the bargaining power of suppliers. Since the airline industry is hard to substitute for with other modes of transportation, the bargaining power it has is overall quite strong. Airlines can provide poor service such as delays and overbooking and still have people pay fares that arenÕt very low. This is because when you need to get to a place not accessible by any other way than aircraft, whether it be due to time constraint or physical location, people will put up with the poor service. Obviously bad service is a poor business strategy, but in the airline industry it is far more accepted than in most other industries.

The final and fifth force is substitutes for the industry. Luckily there are not many modes of transportation that can compare to the airplane. Although many modes of transportation are less expensive, none can cover great distances in such a short amount of time. There are substitutes such as personal vehicles, buses, and boats, but all of these can be inconvienent and slow. Another form of substitution could be the wide range of communication technology there is today. With high speed internet access and cell phones at an all time high you can stay in touch with anyone and everyone whenever you please. Although these are very comforting nothing can be substituted for a face to face meeting or visit with a loved one or business associate. To substitute any other form of transportation or communication mode for flying will result in less than desirable results a majority of the time.

Industry Significance

Since /11 the airline industryÕs significance has undoubtedly dropped off to regions of questionable importance to a lot of people. These people are not just the customers, but the airlines themselves. The airline industryÕs profitability has been cyclical over time and negative since /11. Between 10 and 1, major U.S. carriers lost about ten billion dollars. All but one major airline reported losses. Three major carriers Braniff, Eastern, and Pan Am, went out of business. Three others including TWA, Northwest, and Continental entered bankruptcy proceedings. (Walker 001) In 1 Congress had established the National Commission to Promote a Strong and Competitive Airline Industry. This formed a commission that helped with making suggestions for the FAAÕs structure, the airline industryÕs financial health, and foreign ownership limits. Between 1 and 1 almost all of the major U.S. airlines reported positive annual operating profits, and this also held true for 000.

The terrorist attacks on /11 unfortunately sped up the already negative financial trend that the airline industry was beginning to experience. Before /11 the airline industry was already beginning to incur major net operating losses. In order for the industry to maintain itÕs financial health it must be profitable, because without profits cash will not be generated internally. The net income is very important, but for the airline industry to stay viable, or for a specific airline to stay afloat, there needs to be good cash flow.

Market Share

Lately losses have been a part of the game for the airline industry. As quoted from UBS Warburg airline analyst Samuel Buttrick says, the industry will lose $5 billion this year, followed by a $1 billion loss in 00, and profits unlikely in 004. (Buttrick 00) In ButtrickÕs report he cites that there will be a less robust revenue environment amid industry cost cutting.

Finance chiefs with major airlines are looking more closely at competitors wanting to move in on their turf. Just a few years ago Southwest Airlines, that was just a little upstart has had considerable growing market share. Low-cost airlines operate under different cost structures than regular airlines. Some of these airlines have sacrificed service with things such as no seat reservations, no transfer of luggage from one carrier to another, and even the absence of onboard meals. With al this reduced overhead lower fares are able to be set in comparison with most of the other major airlines. Low-cost carriers account for about 0 percent of the U.S. domestic marketplace. Back when they accounted for five or ten percent, they would be in two or three different markets. Because there was such a competitive industry these airlines would set the pricing, and as they grow there is just no way that these markets cannot be addressed.

References

Walker, David M., State of US Commercial Airline Industry. www.gao.gov/cghome/iac118.htm (001)

The Airline Industry, www.adg.stanford.edu/aa41/intro/airlineindustry.html (000)

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UNIVERSITY DAYS

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UNIVERSITY DAYS

James Thurber

NOTES PREPARED BY SATHEESH

Thurber's fame as a humourist rests on both his writings and his drawings. His writings are remarkable for their sublime humour, pathos and psychological insight. In his childhood an accidental arrow left him blind in one eye. Eventually, a 'sympathetic opthalmia' took over his other eye. Owing to this, his early life was filled with a certain melancholy and introspection. He unleashes a masterpiece of humor and subtle mockery in 'University Days.' The essay amuses his audience with the follies and foibles of himself and his peers at the university.

1.Thurber could never pass botany. He never once saw a cell through a microscope. The instructor would begin patiently explaining how anyone can see through a microscope. He would adjust the microscope for Thurber. But he would always end up in a fury claiming that Thurber pretended that he couldn't see. The student was supposed to see 'a vivid, restless clockwork of sharply defined plant cells.' What Thurber saw looked like a lot of milk. Thurber used to complain that the microscope took away the beauty of flowers. He was not solely concerned with the mechanics of flowers. He was more interested in the aesthetics of flowers.

.Thurber took a deferred pass and waited a year. The next year the professor came back from vacation brown as a berry and fit as a fiddle. He was determined to make Thurber see cells this time. Students to the right of him and to the left of him were seeing cells, but not Thurber. The professor pulled himself together and began patiently. He declared that he would try every adjustment of the microscope known to man. He swore that he would make Thurber see cells or give up teaching. The professor was working up gradually. When he reached the point of mentioning his career of twenty two years of teaching Botany, he lost control of. The professor shook all over like Lionel Barrymore. Barrymore was a prolific actor who was most effectively cast in character roles of villains, military officers etc. Thurber had taxed the professor too much.

.Thurber went to the Economics class straight from the Botany class. So he used to mix up those two subjects. But Thurber was not as confused as another student who came to the Economics class direct from the Physics laboratory. He had the Polish name of Bolenciecwcz. He was a tackle on the football team. At that time, Ohio State University had one of the best football teams in the country. Bolenciecwcz was the pride of the University team. A student had to qualify himself in his studies in order to be eligible to play. It was very difficult for the dud. Thurber tells us with tongue in cheek that Bolenciecwcz was not less intelligent than an ox. The humour in the irony is that the ox is not famous for its intelligence. The only noteworthy quality in an ox is its smartness. However, Bolenciecwcz was not any smarter than the animal.

4.Gymnasium work was a harrowing experience for Thurber. They made you strip the day you registered. Moreover, they asked a lot of embarrassing questions. They wouldn't let you do the exercises with your glasses on. Owing to his partial blindness, Thurber made a mess of the Gymnasium class. Without his glasses on, he couldn't differentiate between professors and iron-bars. He bumped into virtually everything in the gymnasium. He felt their presence but he could not discern them. He could not tell an agricultural student from an iron ring. The humour is in grouping the animate professors and agricultural students with inanimate objects like the horizontal bars and iron rings.

5.A lot of agriculture students took up Journalism as an additional subject. Apparently, there is nothing in common between Journalism and Agriculture. Farming was a precarious occupation and it was prone to fail. The students hoped to fall back on journalism in case farming went awry. They didn't realize that Journalism was an equally risky job. Falling back on Journalism was very much like falling back full-length on a kit of carpenters' tools. Here Thurber employs a pun on the phrase 'fall back on.' It is a phrasal verb with the extended metaphorical meaning of 'have recourse to in difficulty.' When used in the literal sense it has only the aggregate of the meaning of the three words 'fall' + 'back' + 'on.'

6.Thurber narrates the experience of an agricultural student who chose Journalism as an additional subject. He was a timid student by name Haskins. He was not cut out for journalism. The editor of the college paper generally suggested the cow barns and the horse pavilions as the subject of his assignments. The editor was pretty annoyed because his assignments were very uninteresting. Once the editor asked Haskins to produce some hot news from the horse pavilion. They had a large collection of horses, second only to the Purdue University. The editor hoped to get something readable from Haskins. Haskin plunged into action and produced the 'sensational' news of some obscure horse disease!

7.Two years of military training was compulsory in the university. Thurber was never any good at military drills. Once General Littlefield snapped at Thurber that he was the main trouble with the university. Thurber was at a loss to know whether the General meant him individually or that type of cadets as a whole. Thurber was the only senior still in uniforms. The uniform, when new, had given him the prestigious look of a railway conductor. It has now become faded and tight. He looked awkward and clumsy in the old uniform. It gave him the appearance of a clown. He looked like the Negro comedian Bert Williams in his errand-boy role. The uniform had a bad effect on his morale.

8.One General Littlefield put Thurber's company to task. He tried complicated squad manoeuvres. In three minutes one hundred and nine men were marching in one direction and Thurber was marching in another. The General declared that Thurber was the only man who got it right. He was made a corporal for this achievement. The next day Littlefield summoned Thurber to his office. The General was swatting flies. He was fully immersed in his occupation and did not seem to notice the presence of Thurber. Abruptly the General ordered him to button up his coat as if the General was chiding the fly. Thurber, in his uneasiness, startled the fly the General was chasing. The General was enraged and he dismissed Thurber from the room. Thurber was at a loss to know why the General wanted to see him. Perhaps, the General wanted to apologize for having called him the main trouble with the university. Perhaps, the General wanted to compliment his brilliant marching performance. (114 words)

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E-payment: which is your best choice

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A growing amount of economic activity is taking place on the Internet (Weiner, 1). As a result, electronic payment displays a boom although paper based payment methods dominate the payment systems in the U.S. economy. So what is Electronic Payment? Electronic Payment refers to financial transactions that are made without the use of paper documents such as cheques or notes (A consumer's guide of electronic payments, 001).

Recently, there are many different e-payment methods emerging on the web. Facing a wide variety of options, consumers are confused about which one is the best. I believe that the best e-payment must have a stable and secure environment offering protection to the consumer. After comparing three e-payment systems, I have discovered every system has advantages and disadvantages. But, in general, I think credit/debit card online payment is the best system in E-Business currently.

In this essay, I will introduce three categories of e-payments and their working processes, and also analyse the advantages and disadvantages of each systems. First of all is the credit/debit card on-line payment. The second one is personal on-line payment and the last one is E-money. This essay can help to illustrate why I believe the credit/debit card is the best system in E-Business. This research is based on the America E-Business environment because of its most popular use of the Internet.

First of all, I would like to introduce the first type of e-payment instrument-Credit/Debit card online payment. Their boom has contributed to the huge point of sales (POS) and automatic teller machine (ATM) networks (Feiler, 1.p.4). Because of the nature of electronic information transaction, credit/debit card became the preliminary e-payment tools when web-business emerged on the Internet. In fact, an estimated, 15 billion transactions (8% of volume) worth $1,5 billion (87% of value) were operated on the web in the U.S. in 000 (Sienkiewicz and Bochicchio, 00, p.6). Now let us look how the credit/debit card works on the web.

Normally each web merchant has his own credit/debit clearing service agency whose computers connect with every card issued by banks and financial companies. When purchasers place an order, they must offer information of their card such as card number, expiry date and name of cardholder. After formatting the transaction detail appropriately, the agency sends this information to the issuing bank to request transaction authorization. Finally, the issuing bank approves the transfer of money to acquiring bank who in turn, credits the merchants account (How It Works - Credit Card Processing, 00).

The advantages of credit/debit card are obvious. The primary point is that 75.1% American people own a credit card and .8% have a debit card (Stavins, 001, p.). Moreover, the credit/debit card works on a large and stable electronic network which links cardholders, merchants, issuing banks, merchant banks and credit card companies. This network permits payers and payees to deal with the money transfer directly even they have different bank accounts. Also, the usage of a credit card is protected by the Business Law of America. For example, if a credit card holder orders a commodity and the commodity is not delivered, the credit card-issuing bank is required to treat the matter as a billing error and resolve it such as getting the card holder reimbursed or the merchandise/services delivered (Spiotto, 001).

However, credit/debit card online payment is not a financial instrument without any drawbacks. Security is one of the problems. In my experience, I will pay my bill on the POS by credit/debit card without any hesitation but before I place an order and submit my credit card information on the Internet, I will consider carefully. People are afraid of hackers stealing their credit information. Another big problem is higher charges. In the food retailer market, the cost of credit transaction is five times higher than that of cash (Stavins, 001, p.1). Expensive transaction fees also obstruct the growth of small businesses on the web which are experiencing E-Business boom currently. The third problem is the long clearing time which means the payees need to wait several days to confirm the money reception. E-retailers need quick currency cycle in order to sustain a good business operation (Morton, 001, p.1). For this reason, e-retailers do not like to use credit/debit card online payment system.

The second category of e-payment system is Personal online payment, which is an online payment systems that are Internet-based systems for making small retail payments and have recently emerged as an alternative to cash, cheques, and credit cards. All these systems use the web to convey payment information, but they differ in the type of accounts they access. Proprietary Account System (PAS) and Bank Account-Based System (BABS) are two main examples (Kuttner and McAndrews, 001).

In PAS, funds are transferred between special purpose accounts maintained by a non-bank provider. When payers and payees open accounts and save some money in those accounts on a same service provider, payers just need to key in the data about the fund transfer following payment delivery instruction and then the notification and confirmation can be completed by email. The service provider's computer will transfer the money between the two users' accounts immediately.

Using PAS has many benefits. One of the benefits is quick and simple processing. PAS uses the email as a tool. This is easy to be operated and delivered immediately. Moreover, on-line payments are inexpensive compared with credit and debit cards. That is why the PAS is quickly replacing the credit card, paper cheque and cash after it was built on the web for on-line auctions in 1 (Kuttner and McAndrews, 001). Nevertheless, the drawback is if you prefer to do e-business on several websites, you must open several accounts by different non-bank providers and save some money in each account. The money does not transfer between the real accounts directly.

In Bank Account-Based System (BABS), funds are transferred between demand deposit accounts at banks. BABS is operated by Automate Clearing House (ACH) which is a secure, private electronic payment transfer system that connects all U.S. financial institutions and is monitored by the America Federal Reserve Bank. How does it work? A company sends an electronic file to its bank and ACH operator, usually the Federal Reserve Bank. After checking, the ACH then sends a file back to the bank that contains all of the deposits which were made to its clients' accounts. Finally, the bank credits the funds to the receivers (Trombly, 001).

According to Gartner research, 17% of business-to-business payments are now made electronically and ACH occupies % (Trombly, 001). BABS is less expensive than most alternatives. For example the cost of using a credit card is 15-0 cents per transaction compared with a fee of just .5 to 5 cents per ACH transaction. Unlike PAS, the money is transferred to sellers' account directly by ACH. However, ACH faces a big hidden problem in there is a gap in the law which does not provide effective protection to those who use ACH to do business on the web (Spiotto, 001). For instance, consumers may not get their money back if the sellers do not deliver the ordered goods to them once the deal is operated by ACH. Although consumers can claim in the courts, it is a costly process.

The third category of e-payment is called E-money. Most e-moneys are designed for the special purpose of business on the web and it includes digital cash, digital wallet, virtual points, and virtual credit card.

The digital cash and digital wallet work similarly as following Retailers download the software that accepts the currency, and customers download software that offers this currency (Angwin, 000). The advantage is they limit fraud, because they can only be used on appointed websites for a fixed amount of purchases. A big obstacle for them is a chicken-and-egg problem. Retailers dont want to install new software unless they see a lot of customers using them. Customers dont want to download software unless they see a lot of retailers accepting them.

Users earn virtual currency for viewing ads or filling out marketing surveys, that is virtual points. They can spend the currency at retailers that have agreed to accept it (Angwin, 000). Virtual points help retailers lock in customers to their products. The value for customers is that they can get free money if they are willing to part with some personal information. Unfortunately, it meets the same bar as digital cash and wallet.

The last one is virtual credit card. A bank asks its credit-card customers to download some software onto their computers. Whenever they shop, that software generates a one-time credit card number for the purchase (Angwin, 000).You do not need to submit actual card information online so it is very safe. But the possible problem is the finite number of credit-card numbers that can be generated and the difficulty of recycling disposable numbers.

In this essay, I have stated three main categories of e-payment systems including advantages and disadvantages. The most popular e-payment is credit/debit card online payment. Then, personal online payment system is a fast growing e-payment instrument. Lastly, E-money is a newly emerging system in the E-Business world.

In conclusion, I believe that credit/debit card online payment is the best system currently. First of all, any payment tools must link to a bank or financial companies and at the same time most banks or these financial companies are card issuing institutions. Furthermore, credit/debit card payment has a huge community of users, which is unlikely to be exceeded in the short term. Last reason is the most important that America business law offers complete protection on using credit card. Whatever consumers choose, there are three important criteria that must be kept in mind. They are security, convenience and charges (Morton, 001, p.1).

A consumer's guide to electronic payments

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(http//www.kc.frb.org/Publicat/econrev/PDF/4qwein.pdf) [/05/00]

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