Antigone Analysis

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It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong, states Voltaire. According to Voltaire, if the subordinates disagree with the established power, they will be punished for it. The situation described above usually occurs in kingdoms ruled by a king, dictator, or tyrant because the monarchs need to ensure absolute power. Sophocles' Antigone deals with a ruler who disciplines his subject for disobeying his orders even though her opposition is within reason. His unwillingness to listen to reason will lead to his ultimate downfall while her self-wisdom puts her in favor of the gods.

Antigone, the main character of the play, is a bad subject in the eye of her mortal ruler, but not the gods. She acts against the decree of Creon, king of Thebes, by burying her brother, Polyneices. Creon orders the city against giving Polyneices a proper burial because he is a returned exile, who sought to burn with fire from top to bottom his native city…. and lead the rest of us to slavery (17 1). But Antigone has other feelings for her brother. Despite his waging war against against his native city, Antigone still loves him and will not prove false to him (5). By disobeying Creon, she is a good sister and a good human being. Knowing that the god of death demands these [burial] rites for both [Polyneices and Eteocles] (570), she decides that Creon's orders do not weigh as much as the gods' do. Thus, she pleases the immortals first, proclaiming to be a criminal [against Creon] but a religious one… in order to not cast dishonor on what the gods have honored (84 8). After she is caught and put before Creon, she argues her case unsuccessfully by saying, These are the laws whose penalties I would not incur from the gods, through fear of any man's temper (46 50). But she does earn favor from the gods for her actions because they punish Creon for sentencing her to death (116 117). By being a loyal subject of the more powerful ruler, her death is not in vain.

Creon, acting as both subject and sovereign, succeeds in neither of those positions. Although he rules over the citizens of Thebes, he is subordinate to the gods. Creon forbids any opposition, the man … in authority must be obeyed in small things…. There is nothing worse than disobedience to authority (70 77). Without order and obedience, there will be cities destroyed and homes demolished (78 7). He threatens the death of his guards if they do not find out who buried the body of Polyneices. He also tries to bring in all that are suspected of treason, mainly Ismene, the sister of Antigone. In his mind, Ismene must be involved in Antigone's opposition too. Therefore, both of them must suffer his punishment of death. When he has the obedience of all the citizens, he will be confident that he is a good ruler. However, in trying to do what he thinks is the best for the city, he forgets the fundamental laws of the gods about respecting the dead. His obstinacy makes him stick to his decision until it is too late and his pride makes him refuse to give in to the young. Even upon the advice of the chorus, he does not listen to his son, Haemon, saying, should we that are my age learn wisdom from young men such as he is? (784 785). He finally listens to the respected Teiresias, a blind prophet, who prophesies that Creon will not outlive many cycles more of this swift sun before [he] give in exchange one of [his] own loins bred, a corpse for a corpse (11 115). Teiresias goes on to explain that Creon's sentence of Antigone are acts of violence and in requital the avenging Spirits of Death itself and the gods' Furies shall…lie in ambush for [him], and in their hands [he] shall be taken cruelly (1144 1148). But when he finally decides to abdicate Antigone, it is too late.

Creon is wrong in trying to put down oppositions just to ensure power and order. He makes his decision on the fate of Polyneices' body without consulting the people. As a result, Antigone is not alone in her disagreement with Creon. According to her, there are others disagree but keep their mouths shut for the fear of [Creon] (555-556). But since she is the only one who clearly acts against him, Creon feels threatened. The place that women occupies in society is explicit in Ismene's speech to Antigone, we are only women, not meant in nature to fight against men, and that we are ruled, by those who are stronger (70 7). Thus, when a woman acts against her leader when no male dares to, Creon punishes Antigone more severely. The relationship between ruler and the ruled turns to a competition between the female and the male, I swear I am no man and she the man if she can win this and not pay for it, says Creon (58 5). He goes on to add, We cannot give victory to a woman; if we must accept defeat, let it be from a man; we must not let people say that a woman beat us (71 74). From his point of view, the worst kind of disobedience comes from a woman. Even when Haemon expresses the voice of the people, who mourns for this girl; they think she is dying most wrongly and most undeservedly of all womenkind, for the most glorious acts, Creon does not relent (747 74).

The stubborn Creon represents the typical ruler and Antigone represents public opinion. Creon's punishment by the gods acts as a warning to all rulers. Sophocles uses the play to explain the disadvantages of a monarchy and promote the ideas of a democracy. Haemon is right in saying that There is not city possessed by one man only (78 7). In a democracy, the rulers listen to the opinions of the people before making his decisions instead of making the laws and then punishing the people for disobeying them. There are numerous ways to obtain a well-disciplined city, but not in a dictatorial way. Without listening to public opinion, the leader is more likely to make a wrong decision. Therefore, a good government is one that considers the views from all sides and then rules.

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Feminism in Sports

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The MASTERS 00

Burk's Crusade is a Bust

Elizabeth Miller

April , 00

HF5

The Masters is one of the oldest and most prestigious tournaments in modern golf history, dating back to 14. Every year the best players in the world of golf congregate in Augusta, Georgia all with the hopes of wearing the illustrious green jacket. Augusta National is the golf course that is home to the Masters, the green jackets and now national controversy. Late last year, the headlines of magazines, newspapers and websites began to buzz about Martha Burk and her crusade for women's rights. The issue that caused all this commotion is the membership roster at Augusta National; there are no women on it. It is not unusual to find private golf clubs, such as Augusta National, that have all male membership but because the Masters, the tournament, is open to the public there is a lot of grey area as to whether Augusta National is practicing discrimination by not admitting females to their membership register.

The Masters was created in 14 by Bob Jones and Clifford Roberts. Winning a green jacket at Augusta is synonymous with winning the Masters the tournament. Each member of Augusta National is issued a green jacket to wear during the Masters to signify to whom the club belongs. Each professional golfer that wins the Masters is also issued a green jacket and is made an honorary member of Augusta National. Each member of Augusta National is allowed to have guests to play golf, among these guests are women. However, to this day there is not one female member at the Augusta National club. This fact has raised many eyebrows in the golf community but has never caused any formal protest.

However a formal protest did start almost a year ago, on June 1th, 00; when Augusta National President, Hootie Johnson received a letter from Martha Burk, head of the National Council of Women's Organizations. Burk urged Johnson and the membership of Augusta National to admit a female member into their currently all male club, prior to the 00 Masters tournament. Johnson rebutted with a very public, very firm refusal, there may well be a day when women will be invited to join our membership, but that timetable will be ours, and not at the point of a bayonet. When Martha Burk first sent her letter to Hootie Johnson neither party had any idea what they were getting into. Burk trivialized the role of women in combat by stating that women are allowed to fight in Iraq but not golf at Augusta. Her campaign for women members at Augusta National caused two important members of the club to resign. Thomas Wyman, a 5-year member at Augusta National and former CEO of CBS, resigned in protest over the womens issue. He said Johnsons position was pigheaded. Treasury Secretary Nominee John W. Snow also resigned his membership at Augusta National. Hootie Johnson took an unprecedented step when on August 0th; he severed all relations with sponsors so that they could avoid the controversy. These sponsors included Citigroup, IBM Corp. and Coca-Cola Co. Soon after the dispute ensued Burk assured Johnson and the American public that she would be at Augusta National to protest. It was at this point that other organizations followed suit and decided to side with Burk. Charles Farrell a representative for Rainbow Sports a division of Jesse Jackson's Rainbow/PUSH Coalition supports Burk because, We find this morally offensive at a time when Saddam Hussein is gender eligible to be a member of Augusta, yet the woman who is an Iraqi POW is not. The Ku Klux Klan made a public announcement that during the third round of the Masters they too would have representation at Augusta National in favor of Hootie Johnson.

When the day finally came, April 1th, 00, Burk's protest was somewhat under par. Sometime around 11 a.m., a bus pulled up on Washington Road and, as the sound system loudly projected the Helen Reddy song I Am Woman, the protesters stepped off the bus. By best count, there were somewhere between 0 and 0 of them. At that point, police had protesters outnumbered probably four or five to one. It was almost the same ratio for media members to protesters. Several minutes later, Burk stepped out of a car on the other side of the field and, swarmed by the media, walked up to the stage. Sometime during the rally, someone called Augusta a police state and someone else held up a 1-foot placard of a Ku Klux Klansman with the Masters emblem on his white robe. Also during the rally, an anti-Burk protester, maybe 15 feet away from her, directly in front of the stage, held up a hand-lettered orange sign that read Make Me Dinner! on one side and Iron My Shirt! on the other.

For over a year Martha Burk tried to force Hootie Johnson and the membership to admit a female to their exclusive boys club. When it was her turn to protest and show her distaste towards the practices of Augusta National the demonstration was a more of a stunt. On March 8th, 00 almost a month before the planned protests Tiger Woods predicted this outcome for the Masters, It's going to be an absolute joke, just a zoo, I think a lot of us players are really going to get inside the ropes and playing and not having to deal with a lot of this stuff. This was most definitely the case. The most support that Martha Burk received was from the people driving by and staring, other than the protestors she had bused in, no one showed up.

Supporters of Hootie Johnson say the membership at Augusta National is not doing anything wrong. Technically, Augusta National is totally within its Constitutional rights by choosing to assemble as an all male group. This is covered in the Bill of Rights when it states

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

The men of Augusta National are assembling peacefully when they gather to have dinner or play golf in Augusta, Georgia so there is nothing that the US Government or any other governing body can say to make them change their ways. Augusta National always treats females, when visiting, with the greatest respect on the course, range and in the dining room. So women are allowed to visit Augusta National, with a member of course, and while they may be excluded from this boys club, they aren't discriminated against.

John Steinbreder, of Golfweek, is a supporter of Hootie Johnson, the membership and the values practiced at Augusta National. He like most Americans realizes that, Clubs, as a rule, are confined to certain social and economic groups, and what smells like discrimination to the uninitiated is really just a matter of perfectly acceptable exclusivity. The exclusivity found at Augusta National is the same that can be found in many other places including Boston found Healthworks a women-only health club. The members of Augusta National are CEOs, President's and owners of corporate America. They are all wealthy important people in society. Just as easily as Martha Burk is crusading for women's rights a less wealthy person could make the same argument, Augusta National discriminates. The less wealthy, like women, are not allowed to play at Augusta National without the company of a guest, nor can they become members. However, to the less wealthy its not discrimination, it is just a lack of money on their part that prohibits them from joining a club such as Augusta National.

Before the event there was a lot of media hype. There were numerous articles in all of the major newspapers, on most of the major news websites and in every sports publication imaginable. In most of the sports publications [i.e. Sports Illustrated, Golfweek, etc] articles were pretty one-sided, supporting Hootie Johnson and Augusta National. It was the national newspapers that the other side of the story was presented. The New York Times Sports section and The Boston Globe both featured articles pertaining to gender discrimination. The New York Times featured an article about a Pennsylvania golf club that also doesn't permit women as members. The Boston Globe featured article about a women's only health club. In both articles the opposing view was presented to readers. A woman was interviewed about the Pennsylvania golf club and a man was the featured speaker in The Boston Globe article.

During the event, there wasn't an overwhelming of press coverage. It seemed as though the press figured out what the public had prior to the Masters. Martha Burk's attacks on Hootie Johnson were real however not that major. Had Burk's claims been a pressing event she would have made a larger effort to collect supporters for her cause. At the actual rally there were between 0 and 0 women protesting alongside Martha Burk. That is a lot of women but for this event it would have been more effective had Burk arrived to Augusta National before 11 o'clock in the morning and if she had brought more women who supported her cause.

Now that is it post Masters, the media hype has died down and the name Martha Burk will soon be a name forgotten. This controversy, however, will not be forgotten. Any golf club from now on that host a tournament that is known on any level be it local, regional or national it better have its member policies in order. That means no gender discrimination or race discrimination.

In conclusion Martha Burk had a noble crusade and had she made a more noble effort more of the American public would have taken her seriously. What her crusade lacked was a large support base and more vocal supporters. If Martha Burk had taken these points into consideration she may have had a chance when she went up against the members of Augusta National.

National Organization for Women. Asked to Admit Women, Golf Club Goes 'Ballistic'. July 00. http//www.now.org/eNews/july00/070outrage.html

USATODAY.com. Golf Masters Controversy Timeline. April 00. http//www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/masters/00-04-08-augusta-timeline_x.htm.

MSNBC.com. Not Buying into Burk's Latest Rants. 8 March 00. http//www.msnbc.com/news/81755.asp

Sheeley, Glenn. Tiger expecting 'a zoo' at Augusta. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 8 March 00.

U.S National Archives & Records Administration. Charters of Freedom The Bill of Rights. April 00 http//www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/bill_of_rights/amendments_110.html.

Steinbreder, John. Augusta can do whatever it wants. Golfweek 18 January 00.

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NEWS: FACT OR FICTION?

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MEDIA FACT or OPINION?

By Brendan Griffen

Despite the majority feeling that the news is not bias and belongs to a noble and revered institution, the news does embed false ideologies, stereotypes and values that are used to shape societies world views. Living in a consumer driven society, the news does not present the consumer with reality, only a certain perception of it and tells what the reader wishes to hear about the worlds events. In recent events the news has come across as an honest institution that just presents the news. However, a closer look at these stories reveals more than meets the eye.

Governor-General Crisis

Throughout the last few weeks the media has been focusing on a variety of topics. The most prominent of these is the sexual assault allegations put forward by Miss. Jarmyn against Dr. Peter Hollingworth. There has been substantial coverage in The Courier, News-Mail, Radio National, Hitz FM Radio and many more sources about the rape allegations. Different uses of discourse and factual discrepancies were present in a large number of articles.

The Herald Sun articles headline I DID NOT RAPE HER (Herald Sun, th May, 00) and I did not know her, I did not rape her (Saturday Daily Telegraph, 10th May, 00) both positions the reader to identify and relate to the author because of the use of first person. Also, the use of repetition affects the way the reader will accept or reject the article. From both of these points, the two news articles seem to support Dr.Hollingworth's call for justice.

However, a closer look at the sub-heading of the previous sources reads; Governor General forced to address nation.(Saturday Daily Telegraph, 10th May, 00) clearly positions the reader to believe that the Governor General was pushed into defence of the accusations against him. The photo of him also depicts an old, frail and scared man with a painful expression. (Herald Sun, Friday th May, 00)

The Weekend Australian's stance on the issue was clearly depicted in an obvious but brief cartoon, centred in one of their articles. Showing Dr.Hollingworth hanging from a tree being held there by a group of angry citizens. (Weekend Australian, 0th May, 00) This positions the audience to believe that the Governor General is just waiting to die, analogous to resigning.

Alternatively, The News-Mail presents the case as a form public humiliation with discourse such as G-G attacks called modern crucifixion (News-Mail, th May, 00) and G-G criticised (Guardian Weekly, th May, 00). In doing this, the media presents a sympathetic view of the rape allegations and evokes sympathy from the reader and those supporting the Governor General's cause.

The Channel 7 News story was significantly different to all the other news features. Channel 7 put forward a compassionate point of view at the start of the feature but then moves on to announce apparent successors of the Governor-General without any evidence. The news transcript is as follows for that particular section

The allegation has already sparked speculation about possible successors

You should not be asking me these questions. You should be ashamed of yourselves

Defence Force Chief, Lt. Gen Peter Cosgrove,

Absolutely no-comment on that issue and that is as far was we will read into that

Tim Fischer, Former Deputy Prime Minister,

But in the gulf the prime minister is saying nothing. (Channel 7 News, Friday th May, 00. 6.0pm). This is blatantly a lie or a misleading statement regarding the facts of Dr.Hollingworth's removal.

There is also a major factual discrepancy that is noticed between the News stories. It has been revealed that he was told of the rape claims against Peter Hollingworth 6 months ago. (National Nine News, Friday th May, 00) and It's been revealed that the Prime Minister knew of the accusations 5 months ago. (Channel 7 News, Friday th May, 00). It is clear that the news has fallen into one of two categories, opinion and truth, but it is still unclear for how long the case has been evident.

From the graph above it is clear that the Courier Mail has placed more emphasis on the issue. Even though the Herald Sun and Daily Telegraph had substantial amounts of information on the issue the Courier Mail had by far the most. The reason for this is due to the differing interests that each media sources are aimed at.

Saudi Arabia Bombings

The bombings in Saudi Arabia's capital, Riyadh, has also gained significant coverage through many media sources. It is through this extensive coverage that a wide variety of factual discrepancies and unusual and sometimes unnecessary uses of discourse can be present.

The Hindu's headline killed in suspected Al-Qaeda suicide attacks (www.thehindu.com, May 1, 00) and Riyadh Daily Bombs Rip Western Compounds in Riyadh… (www.riyadhdaily.com, May 1th 00) clearly positions the reader to believe that the recent bombings were clearly terrorist attacks.

However, The Arab News headline states 0 Die in Riyadh Suicide Attack (www.arabnews.com, May 1th 00) and The Channel News Asia headline states how many were killed and how many were wounded. Suicide car bombs in Saudi Capital kill at least three, wound 50

(http//www.channelnewsasia.com, May 1th, 00) tend, to imply that it was a suicide attack rather than a direct attack from a terrorist network

The Indian Express's use of discourse in Osama Bin Laden crew remain active and potent (www.theindiantimes.com, May 1th 00) and The Hindu …Powell said that the attacks bore all the signs of Osama Bin Laden al-Qaeda network (www.thehindu.com, May 1th 00) position the audience to believe that the prime culprit of the attack was Osama Bin Laden and his crew, as the Indian Express demonstrates.

Furthermore, some major factual discrepancies can be noted. The Hindustan Times, states that there were over 40 American's hurt in blast (www.hindustantimes.com, May 1th 00) and the Sydney Morning Herald states at least 50 American's (Sydney Morning Herald, May 1th, 00) adds to the increasing unreliability of the news and also hints at American bias. The irony is that even though Indians were killed in the blast, The Hindu states at least 44 Americans were among those injured in the blast (The Hindu, May 1th, 00) it does say a word about how many Indians were killed so it is clear that both local and international newspapers are susceptible to bias.

Alternatively, many of the news sources in Islamic cultures seem to be religious orientated. These Islamic states put forward a religious view by not just including their nationality but also their religion. Though not necessary, it also positions the reader to take on a stance depending on the individual's nationality and more importantly, religion. The Hindu Times states They seemed to be the latest anti-Western attacks in the kingdom that is the birth place of Islam (Hindu Times, May 1th 00) and the …and a Saudi Islamist group believed to be

May, 00). This does position the reader to become more aware of the rebellion and take into account the human and structural casualties.

Furthermore, a few factual discrepancies were found. As stated earlier the ABC News says that there were around twenty schools and other public buildings have been destroyed (ABC News, 0th May, 00) and Channel 7 describes, …these school buildings were set on fire but it is not certain who was responsible (ABC News, 0th May 00). Channel 7 used only a few pictures of similar buildings being burnt and this does not account for the twenty or so that were supposedly set a light. Depending on the news channel the audience was watching it does indicate that schools were set a light but it does not reveal how many.

Furthermore, during both of those programs they said that they were unclear as to who set the fires. Even though it is a brief sentence it does cover the news for any speculation as to who set them. For all the news knows, it could have accidentally been set a light by the government. The news just doesn't know, but they use it anyway to position the audience, regardless of the truth behind it.

It is clear that by analysing the three previous news articles that it proves that the supposed noble institution known as the news doe use, and more importantly doesn't use, certain aspects about a particular event. They use clever and sometimes unusual discourse to position the audience to take a certain point of view. Also by the use of factual discrepancies that may exaggerate or soften the actual truth.close to bin Laden's network… (Sydney Morning Herald, May 1th 00) indicating not only religious bias but assumptions about actual facts, therefore this news article is not presenting fact, it is more of an opinion.

From the above graph it is clear the ABC News Radio and the Courier Mail has supplied the majority coverage along with the Courier Mail. Each paper is aimed at different target audiences so they will cover certain aspects that would appeal more to their target audience. This story once again would have had a small religious bias that would have influenced the how much or how little the media put in on a story.

Aceh Rebellion

Recently, the Aceh Rebellion has come to life because the Indonesian President Megawani Sukanoputri has declared martial law and launched a shock and awe attack against pro-independence rebels. It has been described as Indonesia's largest military operation since 175. Along with this recent news event it is clear that the news has once again used strong discourse and factual discrepancies that need closer attention to reveal their hidden meanings. These are used to position the audience to view the text in a certain way.

The Courier Mail's headline reads, Rebels say villager burnt alive (Courier-Mail, p5 May 0th 00), clearly indicates the seriousness of the event. It also positions the reader to believe that this did happen because if the honest newspaper said so, despite the fact that Rebels say that this happened is somewhat irrelevant when trying to position the reader. The Jakarta Post headline Civilians Suffer Most in Ache (www.jakartapost.com, 5th May 00) also described the seriousness of the event by relating civilians with civilians (audience) and thus creates a sympathetic mood.

However, the ABC News launches right into the crux of the event by saying The military has arrested 7 rebels and killed 5 others, a claim denied by pro-independent leaders (ABC News, 0th May, 00). It also goes on to say Around twenty schools and other public buildings have been set on fire since the Marshall Law was declared (ABC News, 0th

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True Loyalty in Shakespeare's King Lear

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Deep in the heart of every man lurks the undoing of his own illusion. What might take an entire lifetime to accomplish can be undone in a matter of moments; and all that is held dear, all that defines one's sense of self-importance, is shown to be the fragile thing it really is. In William Shakespeare's Tragedy of King Lear we discover the delicate balance of one man's station, and all it is dependent upon. The real tragedy of King Lear lies in wisdom gained too late. And here the great playwright illustrates, through one failed intention after another, that one must often lose the thing one holds most dear to learn what is truly valuable.

In the case of King Lear, his understanding of value is ill defined, and through several heart wrenching episodes he is forced to see the folly of misplaced trust. His raging tirades serve to alienate himself from the tentative and false endearment he maintains with his two daughters, Goneril and Regan. They are, of course, despicable in their ambition, but he is almost as outrageous in his tyranny. So, as with any parent, he is made to see what he has really taught his children. And having banished the only daughter who still loves him over some childish demands, he is bereft of any real comfort as his world begins to disintegrate.

Goneril and Regan make every effort to outdo each other for Ungrateful Wretch of the Year award, losing all shreds of decency as they coldly sever their filial bonds, and bolt after the calculating and equally greedy Edmund. But it is through contrast that we appreciate the few individuals who still exhibit higher qualities. We are happily relieved by the noble and redeeming character of the Earl of Kent as he risks his position to speak the words lesser courtiers fear to speak, urging the King to Reverse thy doom, …And, in thy best consideration, check…This hideous rashness, which enrages the King and results in his banishment. And only with such severe consequence could we see just how humble and beautiful Kent's nobility really is, with his role of servant illustrating true loyalty, caring little for the previous position he once held. For the role of silent protector is enough for the Earl, and sets him apart from others whose motives are largely selfishly motivated.

The Fool succeeds in retaining the one position of the court that the King still respects; his blunt chiding and teasing hold great wisdom, and Lear seems to sense his need for the Fool's insight. Warning of the King's fickle court, he sings, That sir which serves and seeks for gain…And follows but for form…will pack when it begins to rain…And leave thee in the storm. He is quite protective of his nuncle, and risks occasional bristling in spite.

Then there is Edgar, whose transformation is the most impressive of all. As Poor Tom, it is his pure heart that ultimately reaches the King, his compassion for the absolute anguish he witnesses that cracks the shell of the King's perceived isolation. Even the King himself recognizes the essential man before him when he declares, Thou art the thing itself; unaccommodated man is no more…but such a poor, bare, forked animal as thou art. Here the character of an insane man is closely examined, and what is revealed is a definition of true freedom. For in the assignment of sanity, it is the sane that are held captive by their judgment, occupying a large part of their fascination, leaving the insane with unhindered perspective. Edgar suffers all levels of pain, abandonment and betrayal, and in the depths of despair he finds a thing worth fighting for. His wisdom reduces the rampant injustice he endures when he realizes the mind much sufferance doth o'erskip…When grief hath mates, and bearing fellowship. Who better to comfort the bereft save the bereft? And who better to comfort the King than the outcast of a father whose lack of judgment is initiated by another jealous son? Here is a poignant irony--the victim comforting the cause of grief, seeing only another in pain. This would seem to be one of Shakespeare's quintessential themes, and truly a teaching from his own wisdom--that the crucible of unspeakable hurt can render a heart softened, so much so that one recognizes the suffering of another and dares to comfort. Lear makes his persona so fearsome that only the insane or outcast are willing to approach him, seeing him for who he really is, being stripped of their own inhibition.

To the worldly perception that takes only the here and now into consideration, the Tragedy of King Lear would seem only that--tragic. But truly a greater tragedy is averted--paralysis of the spirit. Edgar rises to the occasion; the Earl of Kent protects with a selfless love; Cordelia quietly awaits her father's return and gently nurses him back to health; Gloucester sees the truth when blind and, lamenting his wrath, wishes he could see thee [Edgar] in my touch…I'd say I had eyes again! As readers wish for a happier ending, but knowing what humans are capable of, and to what horrors we can stoop, find comfort in the transformation of the few souls who have nothing left to lose. The evildoers suffer the results of their actions when the heartlessness they so willingly dispense returns to them in full force. And even though the loss of good seems unfair, the depths of regret and its inherent wisdom could not be so beautifully represented without it. For through regret a lesson is driven home, and the possibility of repetition is reduced. Examining our faults and our nobility together with the relentless glass of truth, gives us a greater understanding of our shared motivation, leaving the stark and abiding realization that the timeless lesson of loss harbors the greatest power to show us what is most valuable and enduring, and how little it is dependent on the minute rules of men.

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Religion Paper

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Religion Paper

I think that the most important religion is Christianity. That religion alone has played an act it history. Look at our dollar bills, it even has In God We Trust on it and every other coin or bill that the U.S. has. Christianity is known and very popular worldwide. I would have to say that it is the most popular around here. That is just my opinion and everyones opinion may be different and say that the religion they are is the most important. This may be the most important religion to me because that is how I was raised and all I know. I feel that Christianity is discussed a lot at school and everywhere else I go so that me also be why it poses to be important to me.

People have different religions to help them spiritually. Spirituality helps you have faith and hope in your future. People who have hope mean they have plans for goals to come true. People that have faith trust in their higher being. Theyre comfortable with their future and dying.

All the religions I know of believe in a higher being or beings. They all have different theories on how the world and mankind was created. The religions all have holidays for important events that have happened in the past to celebrate them. They believe their higher being will take care of them when they are in trouble or die. They all have different beliefs about what happens to you when you die weather they go to heaven, be reincarnated, or anything else. Religions have time they take out of the day to pray or meditate. They all have a building or meeting place to gather at such as a church for example. They also have a simple that they worship such as the Star of David or a Cross. They all have different types or styles of clothes that the pasture or priest wear. They usually meet on certain days of the week or weekend such as Catholics meet on Wednesday, Saturday, and Sundays. They all have a service that they learn about the religion and their higher being. They have books and other stuff about what the higher being has wrote or told someone. They eat and drink only certain things. Such as the Catholics cant eat meat on Fridays through lint.

Religions can be classified into monotheistic and polytheistic.

Monotheistic the belief or doctrine that there is only one God.

Exoteric Monotheism is a particularily persuasive and widespread worldview, possibly because it is easy to anthropomorphise the supreme Reality into an external creator deity, most often male, a projection perhaps of patriarchial chieftains or a parental father into a sort of supernatural father figure

Although literal monotheistic belief may be useful for the spiritual development of those with particular personalities that require such belief, this sort of religious structure is tragically frequently associated with attitudes of intolerance, persecution, and arrogance

It is interesting to consider that materialism and capitalism are in fact natural outgrowths of monotheism - e.g. Lutheran biblical rationalism, the Calvinist work ethic, etc. But still one has to concede that perhaps this was a necessary stage that human consciousness had to go through, for without materialism and capitalism there might not have been the industrial revolution and technological development of the West the last two centuries.

Polytheistic the worship of or belief in more than one god.Polytheistic is a very harsh label to place on any professing Christian religion. One who is polytheistic is one who believes that there are many gods. For example, Jehovahs witnesses believe that Jesus is a mighty god and Jehovah is the almighty God. Any way you slice that it still comes out two gods. Virtually all cults are polytheistic. So one who is in a religion that is polytheistic is in a cult. Now, at this point the good catholic is screaming that I am catholic bashing or I am anti-catholic, but that could not be further from the truth. If what I am saying is true, then every good catholic who loves the Lord should run for the hills with their Bible in their hands. If I am mistaken, it should be very easy to prove.

I think Christianity has had a big impact on America. All the holidays are taken into consideration at schools so we can have them off. They have changed the names of the breaks so it doesnt sound religious but it really is. America is based on Christianity. Look at our money again, it has In God We Trust on all of it. people came there so they could practice the religion they want to. Some American Christians go to third world countries and help them build homes and schools to better their country. They teach them about the Christian religion to spread the word. They will also help them farm and around the house. Many religions have been based on Christianity and or Christ such as Judaism and so on. I think Christianity has affected many things we dont even think about. I wouldnt even want to imagine what the world would be like with out Christianity and if Jesus had not influenced us in so many ways. Criminals would be really bad if we didnt have Jesus.

Many religions fight with each other like just recently, the sacred Golden temple was burned and priceless historical artifacts were destroyed.

With Christian scientists that dont believe in medical treatment, parents are in trouble for not allowing treatment for dying children. The parents are getting sued for child neglect.

Baptists believe that men have more power then women. They are against abortion and homosexuality.

Less and less people are going to church and worshiping their religion and god. They are falling array from the faith. People just get too busy to take time out for church and just dont attend anymore. Its not that they dont care its just they dont have time. It is also harder to get people interested in religion then it used to be and people are becoming more sinful and less disciplined.

Religion has to do with the war right now too because Sadam has different beliefs then Busch so Busch wants to make Sadam believe the way he does and that is how we got into war.

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Hate is Baggage

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HATE IS BAGGAGE

The mind of a bigot is like the pupil of the eye; the more light you pour on it, the more it will contract.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Racism- it's almost impossible to turn on a news program, read a newspaper, magazine article, or engage in a political discussion without that word coming up at one time or another. This rage has many forms, from the hoods of the Ku Klux Klan, to the shaved heads and swastikas of today's skinheads. All these ideas are presented within the movie American History X, when the audience joins the lives of Derrick and Danny Vinyard. Moreover, the movie allows people to see the many sides of racism present in everyday life. As the movie progresses, the viewers begin to learn that racism is passed on from generation to generation, it knows no culture, and that there is no room for racism in society today.

Family traditions and heritage are customarily passed from parent to a child. Not only are favorable traditions passed on, but also the adverse traits of the parents. If racism was not passed on throughout history then we would not witness it on the streets and in our own homes today. We must learn to put racism in our past and begin to mature as a society. We must all learn to set examples and see people for what they have to offer, instead of for their outside appearances. If people begin to believe, just as Derrick and Danny did, that Every problem in this country is race related our whole world will be drastically altered forever. Children can only gain knowledge of such false accusations from the media and those they have learned from throughout their lives. Ideas of such hate cannot just appear in somebody's head, but instead are learned from an outside source. After their father is killed, indirectly, by two black men, Derrick and Danny begin to believe that any race other than the white race is inferior. Certain ideas which are implanted into children's minds early in life can later become part of their own personality and beliefs. Parents must carefully scrutinize what they will express in front of children to protect them later in their development. Because racism is present in everyday life, some people must begin to grow and remove racism from streets and from inside their households. Not until this happens, can society, as a whole, strive for peaceful coexistence.

When some people think of racism, they think of the racism focused on blacks, but in today's society racism knows no colors. Racism can occur anytime to anybody, no matter what ethnic background, skin pigment or language they speak. It is a fact that most people will attempt to take the easiest routes in life, and this idea can be applied to racism. Some people and Danny believe that Minorities don't care about their country; they come here to exploit it, not embrace it. Racists do not see the colored doctors and teachers that are contributing to society. But these racists must begin to realize that for society to extend past its primitive dogma, everyone must be equipped with equitable opportunities. Moreover, some people are oblivious to the racism around them throughout their lives. While Derrick is in prison, he is acquainted with a new form of racism which he never knew before. It is directed toward him. The inmates inform him frequently that he is the nigger now because of his different outside appearance compared to those around him. For people to learn from their mistakes, most have to be placed in the position of the accused instead of the accuser. They must be able to see all viewpoints of the issue and they will hopefully decide to change their life. We must begin to grow as a world toward better understanding of each other, and begin to look down our paths and realize that the easiest decisions may have the worst consequences.

Racism is an issue that affects most parts of the globe. It burns inside certain human being and creates hate and devastation. People must see that racism is not an answer to any of our problems, and to flourish as a whole without stereotypes, it must be eliminated. It is proven that racism kills. Within the context of the movie, all scenes portraying murders are seen in black and white, which portrays that this is how those involved would have seen each other, just black and white. People must look past appearances and begin to deeply see what others have to offer, no matter race, ethnicity, or heritage. Not only does racism destroy lives, it also tears apart families. Derrick and Danny's ideas were so radical that their family began to pull apart and become violent because of the difference of opinions. Racism not only attacks those that people resent but also those they love. People must understand that prejudices are what fools use to reason their actions. In the conclusion of the movie, Danny finally realizes that all of which he used to believe is no longer ethical in the way he now views the world. If people can change their lives sooner, then they may not be victims of the same racist shooting that killed Danny. Certain people must realize that they are wrong before their beliefs can recoil. No matter what people say or do they can never justify racism, in the words of Danny hate is baggage; life is too short to be pissed off all the time. It's just not worth it!

American History X is a depiction of what may become of our everyday lives if we allow racism to destroy our world. With our knowledge that racism is passed down generation to generation, knows no ethnic boundaries, and that it is an injustice to ourselves and to those we love we must progress as an entire race toward the glory of life. We all must begin to regard the words of those in our pasts and learn from their mistakes, and find the true message behind their statements. As stated by former president Abraham Lincoln, We are not enemies, but friends, we must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory will swell when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

Please note that this sample paper on Hate is Baggage is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hate is Baggage, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Hate is Baggage will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Inspector calls

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TASK

An Inspector Calls, by J.B. Priestly, is the story of the visit by an Inspector to an apparently normal family, the Birlings. They are celebrating Sheila Birling's engagement to Gerald Croft, who is also present, when the Inspector arrives telling them of the suicide of a young girl called Eva Smith. At first they deny any knowledge of the girl, but as the play goes on the Inspector manages to show that they all helped kill her.

An Inspector Calls confronts the decay of the British class system and the importance of social responsibility in a changing and uncertain world.

Set in a North Midlands household during the early 100s, Inspector Goole calls at the home of wealthy industrialist, Arthur Birling to investigate the circumstances behind the death of a young woman named Eva Smith. Each member of the family has a secret, and in some way has been responsible for driving her to suicide.

it is a play that attack the social mores of the time. In the time of Priestley people only seemed to look after themselves, their time and attention was not spent on the community, but on themselves. There was hardly any communal spirit or common wealth But the way that some of these cranks talk and writ now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else as if were all together like bees in a hive, community and all that nonsense

The Inspector in the play is a mysterious man who comes and goes without a trace and seems to have no background. The Inspector is a channel for Priestleys views and criticisms on the social mores of the time. The Inspector is a contrast to the Birlings as he seems to favour community responsibilities rather than individual ones. The Birlings represent the richer people in society that do not care for their fellow people in the nineteen tens, for example Mr Birling sacked the girl Eva Smith for striking for a higher salary, but the demand was minuscule. They are set so far away from the community that they did not even realise that Eva Smith had died, let alone how the helped to kill her, they find this out only when the Inspector brings it to their attention.

Even though An Inspector Calls is a very well-made play Priestley really tries to hit home the importance for care of your neighbour. Priestley was a socialist in his time, unlike most of the people around that time who were only interested in monopolising and individual gain. Priestley believed that everyone should either share their wealth or at least help the needier. He thought that the continuing monopolising of the system would be immorally wrong and selfish.

And I tell you that the time will soon come when men will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish.

Theme 1 - Class System

People were expected to know their place in society and stick to it and moving from one section of the class system to another was frowned upon by those in power.

Workers were beginning to let it be known that they wanted to have a say in what happened to them and did so through strikes and the formation of trade unions to co-ordinate these actions.

This was a strange idea to those who owned the factories and workplaces, who expected to have complete control over all aspects of their workers lives. The bosses wanted things to stay as they always had been, with them in control of the labour, jobs, conditions and pay. The bosses, being of a higher class than the workers, believed that they knew best and should make decisions for the masses. These were mainly based on how much profit they could make and they rarely considered the welfare of the workers.

In the play itself the main family, the Birlings are wealthy middle class landowners and proprietors of a large factory that was built up by the father of Mr. Birling. He has hopes of gaining a Knighthood, due to his service as a magistrate and as Lord Mayor, which he sees as his way to climb the social ladder to the lower rungs of the aristocracy. This is shown in the way in which he compares this to the mother of his daughters fiance, Lady Croft, who is already, part of the aristocracy. Therefore, it can be seen that by marrying Gerald Croft, Sheila is playing a part in the families social climbing.

Is it fair for the wealthy to control the lives of the poor for their own profit?

Should all people have a say in their lives and their conditions of work?

Do you think that the poor could have done anything other than strike?

Theme - Women in the play.

Women at that time were seen as being delicate, fragile and obedient to their husbands or fathers. The ideal was for those pinched at the waist - slim. Women were trying to get rights the same as men, beginning the Suffrage movement.

Under Roman law, which influenced later British law, husband and wife were regarded as one, with the woman the possession of the man. As such, a woman had no legal control over her person, her own land and money, or her children.

Mrs. Birling - middle class woman of considerable influence - involved in good works, considered a suitable occupation for a lady in society. Women of higher classes did not work, but did only charitable work. This was seen as acceptable as it was a caring role that fitted with the idealised Victorian view, still held then, of women as mothers and carers.

Sheila - follows this path by not working, the only occupation mentioned which she does is shopping.

Daisy/Eva - a working class girl, possibly an orphan, who has to work for a living and is seen to be completely at the mercy of men.

Should women be seen as the property of their husbands?

What effects would this have on women?

How have opinions and laws changed/not changed since that time?

Theme - Sex.

Pre-marital sex frowned upon in the middle and upper classes if you were female, but not if you were male (an attitude still held today in many respects?).

This was due to fear of pregnancy outside of marriage as there was little contraception. Also moral code of the time where ladies were supposed to remain chaste and pure until they married.

According to a double standard of morality, respectable women had to be chaste but respectable men did not, but sex was supposed to be only with working class girls, mainly through use of prostitutes and mistresses, as doing so with their own class would have been breaking the moral codes. This shows that lower class women didnt hold the same status. The upper class men could not fall in love and marry the lower class women though, as this was considered unsuitable. You only married within your class, or preferably higher.

Working class girls were at the mercy of rich men and could find it hard to refuse sex to a man as it was these men who held social and economic power. Many of these women became pregnant and had no resources to care for themselves or their children. Unmarried mothers were frowned upon and in some cases treated as if they were mad and locked up.

Is it right for single mothers to be treated and thought of in this way?

What should be the responsibilities of upper class fathers of these children?

Is it right that men used money & influence to buy lower class womens bodies?

What if this situation was a womans only chance of surviving if unemployed?

What should happen if the woman becomes pregnant by the upper class man?

Theme 4 - Family.

Father was head of the family and his word was law within the family.

Mothers had some influence in areas, but were less direct in doing so.

Children, even when older and in adulthood were expected to completely obey parents.

Should children always obey their parents?

What if their parents are acting badly or immorally?

John Boyton Priestly wrote the play in 145, but the actual story is set in 11, two years before the world war. The reason for this is to show the events which has already happened that the audience already have knowledge of, such as the sinking of the titanic, the outbreak of the war, this is dramatic irony.

The historical and social background to this play makes the play ironic and dramatic. J.B Priestley uses irony a lot in an inspector calls. An example of this is 'Why a friend of mine went over on this new liner last week the Titanic she sails next week forty six thousand tons New York in five days and every luxury and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.' Said by Mr Birling. This ironic sentence lets the audience know when the play was set, back in the year 11, when the Titanic sank on her maiden voyage. It's ironic because the audience knows that the titanic sank on her maiden voyage but the characters don't know. Also Mr Birling talks bout war. He says 'The German's don't want war. Nobody wants war, except some half-civilized folks in the Balkans.' but he does not know what the audience does in that in 114, there is an out break of war with Germany. These kinds of devices make the play meaningful to the audience by realising how you take things for granted. All the characters use irony. Mrs Birling, 'He should be made an example of. If the girls death is due to anybody, then it's due to him.' She blames the death of Eva Smith on the man who made her pregnant, as Eva came to Mrs Birlings when she sent the mother of her grandchild away, but she didn't know it was Eric's child. This part of An Inspector Calls is especially engrossing for the audience as the audience wants to see if Eric does get in any more trouble for being the father of the unborn child.

Here are some questions to help you understand their effects

How long and frequent are questions that the Inspector asks Sheila?

How long are Sheila's answers?

What effect does this have in our understanding of Sheila?

How long and frequent are questions that the Inspector asks Sybil?

How long are Sybil's answers?

What effect does this have on our understanding of Sybil?

Compare Sheila and Sybil, how are they different?

What is the effect of Birling's incorrect predictions?

How do we view Birling as a character after that point?

Why does the Inspector leave Gerald and Sheila alone in Act 1?

What effect does this have on understanding these characters?

What do Sheila's actions tell us about her development?

What is the effect of the characters not all seeing the photos?

In Act , what effect does this have Gerald, Sybil and Birling?

What is the effect of Birling's last lines in Act ?

What is effect of lack of physical description of the Inspector?

How does this contrast to the effect of his, massive presence?

What is the effect of the Inspector's final speech and exit?

What is significant about the endings of all three scenes in building tension?

What is the effect of the stage direction on page 1?

How do you view the Birling's, knowing their house is, not cosy and homelike?

What effects do the stage directions, indicating the character's mood, have in these examples?

e.g. Eric p.10,55 Sheila p.,71 Birling p.6,18

Inspector p.8,55 Sybil p.46,48 Gerald p.5,

Please note that this sample paper on inspector calls is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on inspector calls, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on inspector calls will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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