Wednesday, April 7, 2021

UNIVERSITY DAYS

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UNIVERSITY DAYS


James Thurber


NOTES PREPARED BY SATHEESH


Thurber's fame as a humourist rests on both his writings and his drawings. His writings are remarkable for their sublime humour, pathos and psychological insight. In his childhood an accidental arrow left him blind in one eye. Eventually, a 'sympathetic opthalmia' took over his other eye. Owing to this, his early life was filled with a certain melancholy and introspection. He unleashes a masterpiece of humor and subtle mockery in 'University Days.' The essay amuses his audience with the follies and foibles of himself and his peers at the university.


1.Thurber could never pass botany. He never once saw a cell through a microscope. The instructor would begin patiently explaining how anyone can see through a microscope. He would adjust the microscope for Thurber. But he would always end up in a fury claiming that Thurber pretended that he couldn't see. The student was supposed to see 'a vivid, restless clockwork of sharply defined plant cells.' What Thurber saw looked like a lot of milk. Thurber used to complain that the microscope took away the beauty of flowers. He was not solely concerned with the mechanics of flowers. He was more interested in the aesthetics of flowers.


.Thurber took a deferred pass and waited a year. The next year the professor came back from vacation brown as a berry and fit as a fiddle. He was determined to make Thurber see cells this time. Students to the right of him and to the left of him were seeing cells, but not Thurber. The professor pulled himself together and began patiently. He declared that he would try every adjustment of the microscope known to man. He swore that he would make Thurber see cells or give up teaching. The professor was working up gradually. When he reached the point of mentioning his career of twenty two years of teaching Botany, he lost control of. The professor shook all over like Lionel Barrymore. Barrymore was a prolific actor who was most effectively cast in character roles of villains, military officers etc. Thurber had taxed the professor too much.


.Thurber went to the Economics class straight from the Botany class. So he used to mix up those two subjects. But Thurber was not as confused as another student who came to the Economics class direct from the Physics laboratory. He had the Polish name of Bolenciecwcz. He was a tackle on the football team. At that time, Ohio State University had one of the best football teams in the country. Bolenciecwcz was the pride of the University team. A student had to qualify himself in his studies in order to be eligible to play. It was very difficult for the dud. Thurber tells us with tongue in cheek that Bolenciecwcz was not less intelligent than an ox. The humour in the irony is that the ox is not famous for its intelligence. The only noteworthy quality in an ox is its smartness. However, Bolenciecwcz was not any smarter than the animal.


4.Gymnasium work was a harrowing experience for Thurber. They made you strip the day you registered. Moreover, they asked a lot of embarrassing questions. They wouldn't let you do the exercises with your glasses on. Owing to his partial blindness, Thurber made a mess of the Gymnasium class. Without his glasses on, he couldn't differentiate between professors and iron-bars. He bumped into virtually everything in the gymnasium. He felt their presence but he could not discern them. He could not tell an agricultural student from an iron ring. The humour is in grouping the animate professors and agricultural students with inanimate objects like the horizontal bars and iron rings.


5.A lot of agriculture students took up Journalism as an additional subject. Apparently, there is nothing in common between Journalism and Agriculture. Farming was a precarious occupation and it was prone to fail. The students hoped to fall back on journalism in case farming went awry. They didn't realize that Journalism was an equally risky job. Falling back on Journalism was very much like falling back full-length on a kit of carpenters' tools. Here Thurber employs a pun on the phrase 'fall back on.' It is a phrasal verb with the extended metaphorical meaning of 'have recourse to in difficulty.' When used in the literal sense it has only the aggregate of the meaning of the three words 'fall' + 'back' + 'on.'


6.Thurber narrates the experience of an agricultural student who chose Journalism as an additional subject. He was a timid student by name Haskins. He was not cut out for journalism. The editor of the college paper generally suggested the cow barns and the horse pavilions as the subject of his assignments. The editor was pretty annoyed because his assignments were very uninteresting. Once the editor asked Haskins to produce some hot news from the horse pavilion. They had a large collection of horses, second only to the Purdue University. The editor hoped to get something readable from Haskins. Haskin plunged into action and produced the 'sensational' news of some obscure horse disease!


7.Two years of military training was compulsory in the university. Thurber was never any good at military drills. Once General Littlefield snapped at Thurber that he was the main trouble with the university. Thurber was at a loss to know whether the General meant him individually or that type of cadets as a whole. Thurber was the only senior still in uniforms. The uniform, when new, had given him the prestigious look of a railway conductor. It has now become faded and tight. He looked awkward and clumsy in the old uniform. It gave him the appearance of a clown. He looked like the Negro comedian Bert Williams in his errand-boy role. The uniform had a bad effect on his morale.


8.One General Littlefield put Thurber's company to task. He tried complicated squad manoeuvres. In three minutes one hundred and nine men were marching in one direction and Thurber was marching in another. The General declared that Thurber was the only man who got it right. He was made a corporal for this achievement. The next day Littlefield summoned Thurber to his office. The General was swatting flies. He was fully immersed in his occupation and did not seem to notice the presence of Thurber. Abruptly the General ordered him to button up his coat as if the General was chiding the fly. Thurber, in his uneasiness, startled the fly the General was chasing. The General was enraged and he dismissed Thurber from the room. Thurber was at a loss to know why the General wanted to see him. Perhaps, the General wanted to apologize for having called him the main trouble with the university. Perhaps, the General wanted to compliment his brilliant marching performance. (114 words)


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E-payment: which is your best choice

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A growing amount of economic activity is taking place on the Internet (Weiner, 1). As a result, electronic payment displays a boom although paper based payment methods dominate the payment systems in the U.S. economy. So what is Electronic Payment? Electronic Payment refers to financial transactions that are made without the use of paper documents such as cheques or notes (A consumer's guide of electronic payments, 001).


Recently, there are many different e-payment methods emerging on the web. Facing a wide variety of options, consumers are confused about which one is the best. I believe that the best e-payment must have a stable and secure environment offering protection to the consumer. After comparing three e-payment systems, I have discovered every system has advantages and disadvantages. But, in general, I think credit/debit card online payment is the best system in E-Business currently.


In this essay, I will introduce three categories of e-payments and their working processes, and also analyse the advantages and disadvantages of each systems. First of all is the credit/debit card on-line payment. The second one is personal on-line payment and the last one is E-money. This essay can help to illustrate why I believe the credit/debit card is the best system in E-Business. This research is based on the America E-Business environment because of its most popular use of the Internet.


First of all, I would like to introduce the first type of e-payment instrument-Credit/Debit card online payment. Their boom has contributed to the huge point of sales (POS) and automatic teller machine (ATM) networks (Feiler, 1.p.4). Because of the nature of electronic information transaction, credit/debit card became the preliminary e-payment tools when web-business emerged on the Internet. In fact, an estimated, 15 billion transactions (8% of volume) worth $1,5 billion (87% of value) were operated on the web in the U.S. in 000 (Sienkiewicz and Bochicchio, 00, p.6). Now let us look how the credit/debit card works on the web.


Normally each web merchant has his own credit/debit clearing service agency whose computers connect with every card issued by banks and financial companies. When purchasers place an order, they must offer information of their card such as card number, expiry date and name of cardholder. After formatting the transaction detail appropriately, the agency sends this information to the issuing bank to request transaction authorization. Finally, the issuing bank approves the transfer of money to acquiring bank who in turn, credits the merchants account (How It Works - Credit Card Processing, 00).


The advantages of credit/debit card are obvious. The primary point is that 75.1% American people own a credit card and .8% have a debit card (Stavins, 001, p.). Moreover, the credit/debit card works on a large and stable electronic network which links cardholders, merchants, issuing banks, merchant banks and credit card companies. This network permits payers and payees to deal with the money transfer directly even they have different bank accounts. Also, the usage of a credit card is protected by the Business Law of America. For example, if a credit card holder orders a commodity and the commodity is not delivered, the credit card-issuing bank is required to treat the matter as a billing error and resolve it such as getting the card holder reimbursed or the merchandise/services delivered (Spiotto, 001).


However, credit/debit card online payment is not a financial instrument without any drawbacks. Security is one of the problems. In my experience, I will pay my bill on the POS by credit/debit card without any hesitation but before I place an order and submit my credit card information on the Internet, I will consider carefully. People are afraid of hackers stealing their credit information. Another big problem is higher charges. In the food retailer market, the cost of credit transaction is five times higher than that of cash (Stavins, 001, p.1). Expensive transaction fees also obstruct the growth of small businesses on the web which are experiencing E-Business boom currently. The third problem is the long clearing time which means the payees need to wait several days to confirm the money reception. E-retailers need quick currency cycle in order to sustain a good business operation (Morton, 001, p.1). For this reason, e-retailers do not like to use credit/debit card online payment system.


The second category of e-payment system is Personal online payment, which is an online payment systems that are Internet-based systems for making small retail payments and have recently emerged as an alternative to cash, cheques, and credit cards. All these systems use the web to convey payment information, but they differ in the type of accounts they access. Proprietary Account System (PAS) and Bank Account-Based System (BABS) are two main examples (Kuttner and McAndrews, 001).


In PAS, funds are transferred between special purpose accounts maintained by a non-bank provider. When payers and payees open accounts and save some money in those accounts on a same service provider, payers just need to key in the data about the fund transfer following payment delivery instruction and then the notification and confirmation can be completed by email. The service provider's computer will transfer the money between the two users' accounts immediately.


Using PAS has many benefits. One of the benefits is quick and simple processing. PAS uses the email as a tool. This is easy to be operated and delivered immediately. Moreover, on-line payments are inexpensive compared with credit and debit cards. That is why the PAS is quickly replacing the credit card, paper cheque and cash after it was built on the web for on-line auctions in 1 (Kuttner and McAndrews, 001). Nevertheless, the drawback is if you prefer to do e-business on several websites, you must open several accounts by different non-bank providers and save some money in each account. The money does not transfer between the real accounts directly.


In Bank Account-Based System (BABS), funds are transferred between demand deposit accounts at banks. BABS is operated by Automate Clearing House (ACH) which is a secure, private electronic payment transfer system that connects all U.S. financial institutions and is monitored by the America Federal Reserve Bank. How does it work? A company sends an electronic file to its bank and ACH operator, usually the Federal Reserve Bank. After checking, the ACH then sends a file back to the bank that contains all of the deposits which were made to its clients' accounts. Finally, the bank credits the funds to the receivers (Trombly, 001).


According to Gartner research, 17% of business-to-business payments are now made electronically and ACH occupies % (Trombly, 001). BABS is less expensive than most alternatives. For example the cost of using a credit card is 15-0 cents per transaction compared with a fee of just .5 to 5 cents per ACH transaction. Unlike PAS, the money is transferred to sellers' account directly by ACH. However, ACH faces a big hidden problem in there is a gap in the law which does not provide effective protection to those who use ACH to do business on the web (Spiotto, 001). For instance, consumers may not get their money back if the sellers do not deliver the ordered goods to them once the deal is operated by ACH. Although consumers can claim in the courts, it is a costly process.


The third category of e-payment is called E-money. Most e-moneys are designed for the special purpose of business on the web and it includes digital cash, digital wallet, virtual points, and virtual credit card.


The digital cash and digital wallet work similarly as following Retailers download the software that accepts the currency, and customers download software that offers this currency (Angwin, 000). The advantage is they limit fraud, because they can only be used on appointed websites for a fixed amount of purchases. A big obstacle for them is a chicken-and-egg problem. Retailers dont want to install new software unless they see a lot of customers using them. Customers dont want to download software unless they see a lot of retailers accepting them.


Users earn virtual currency for viewing ads or filling out marketing surveys, that is virtual points. They can spend the currency at retailers that have agreed to accept it (Angwin, 000). Virtual points help retailers lock in customers to their products. The value for customers is that they can get free money if they are willing to part with some personal information. Unfortunately, it meets the same bar as digital cash and wallet.


The last one is virtual credit card. A bank asks its credit-card customers to download some software onto their computers. Whenever they shop, that software generates a one-time credit card number for the purchase (Angwin, 000).You do not need to submit actual card information online so it is very safe. But the possible problem is the finite number of credit-card numbers that can be generated and the difficulty of recycling disposable numbers.


In this essay, I have stated three main categories of e-payment systems including advantages and disadvantages. The most popular e-payment is credit/debit card online payment. Then, personal online payment system is a fast growing e-payment instrument. Lastly, E-money is a newly emerging system in the E-Business world.


In conclusion, I believe that credit/debit card online payment is the best system currently. First of all, any payment tools must link to a bank or financial companies and at the same time most banks or these financial companies are card issuing institutions. Furthermore, credit/debit card payment has a huge community of users, which is unlikely to be exceeded in the short term. Last reason is the most important that America business law offers complete protection on using credit card. Whatever consumers choose, there are three important criteria that must be kept in mind. They are security, convenience and charges (Morton, 001, p.1).


A consumer's guide to electronic payments


(http//www.paytips.org/index.htm) [0/06/00]


Angwin, J. (000), The lessons Weve Learned --- E-Money And How Will You Be Paying For That? --- A look at the pros and cons of the various forms of payment springing up on the Web, Wall Street Journal, (A Special Report) p.7


(http//online.wsj.com/public/us)


(http//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?Did=0000000680800&Fmt=&Deli=1&Mtd=1&Idx=4&Sid=1&RQT=0) [/05/00]


Fieler, K. (1), Electronic Money, On Reserve-Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, pp.1-16


(http//www.chicagofed.org/publications/electronicmoney/electronicmoney.pdf)


[04/06/00]


How It Works - Credit Card Processing (http//www.cybersource.com/products_and_services/electronic_payments/credit_card_processing/howitworks.xml) [04/06/00]


Kuttner, N.K. & McAndrews, J.J. (001), Personal on-line payment, Economic Policy Review - Federal Reserve Bank of New York, vol.7, No. , pp. 5-55


(http//www.newyorkfed.org/rmaghome/econ_pol/001/101kutt.html)


[/05/00]


Morton, W. (001), A Consumers Guide --- Payments -- Check It Out The Web is suddenly crowded with online-payment services; Heres how they compare, Wall Street Journal, p.1


(http//online.wsj.com/public/us)


(http//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?Did=0000000416877&Fmt=&Deli=1&Mtd=1&Idx=14&Sid=1&RQT=0) [4/05/00]


Sienkiewicz, J. & Bochicchio, M. (00), The Future of E-Commerce Payments, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, p.6


(http//www.phil.frb.org/pcc/conferences/futurepayments00.pdf) [05/06/00]


Spiotto, H.A. (001), Credit, debit, or ACH Consequences & liabilities, ABA Bank Compliance, vol., No., pp.4-11


(http//www.aba.com/bankcompliance/default.htm)


(http//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?Did=00000008558&Fmt=4&Deli=1&Mtd=1&Idx=18&Sid=&RQT=0) [8/05/00]


Stavins, J. (001) Effect of Consumer Characteristic on the Use of Payment Instruments, New England Economic Review, No., pp. 1-1


(http//www.bos.frb.org/economic/neer/neer001/neer01b.pdf) [06/06/00]


Trombly, M. (001), Automated Clearing House, Computerworld, vol.5, No.15, p.44


http//www.computerworld.com/softwaretopics/software/appdev/story/0,10801,50,00.html [4/05/00]


Weiner, E.S. (1), Electronic payments in the U.S. economy An overview, Economic Review - Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp. 5-65


(http//www.kc.frb.org/Publicat/econrev/PDF/4qwein.pdf) [/05/00]


Please note that this sample paper on E-payment: which is your best choice is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on E-payment: which is your best choice, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on E-payment: which is your best choice will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Friday, April 2, 2021

Television effects

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MEDIA AND FEAR OF CRIME


The mass media constantly surrounds us, frequently informs us and just as well misinforms us and mainstreams us into a common reality (Gerbner, 176). With newspapers and magazines, the mass media entered our homes. With radios and television, the mass media became accessible from cradle to grave. With VCRs, cable, and satellite access, the sheer volume of programming available at any one time exploded. The real world increase in the occurrence of stranger crimes and mass attacks could make the media image even more potent because of the prevalence of random crimes reported by the media. This paper looks at mass media research and it's effects on perception of crime danger, personal fear of crime, and reactions to crime risk. Sections describing the effects of television, newspapers, and the new technologies on fear of crime are all covered.


TELEVISION EFFECTS


From the earliest days of television there has been concern about the depiction of crime and violence in programs. For a long time anxieties centered on whether examples set by television characters shown as using violence to overcome obstacles and achieve personal goals, encouraged the development and display of delinquent and antisocial behaviors among viewers, especially the young and impressionable. More recently, there has been fresh concern that through its repeated portrayal of criminal and violent behavior, TV can cultivate distorted perceptions of the incidence of violence in the real world and produce exaggerated fears for personal safety (Gerbner, 176).


Gerbner suggest that, TV is the central cultural arm of American society. It is an agency of the established order and as such serves primarily to extend and maintain rather than to alter, threaten, or weaken conventional conceptions, beliefs, and behaviors…Its function is, in a word, enculturation. In regard to fear of crime, the fear and heightened perceived risk that television may enculture leads to increased acquiescence to and dependence upon established authority (Gerbner, 176, p. 175).


The TV world contains much more violence than the real world (Gerbner, 176). Measuring television violence can be done through obtain ratings and opinions from viewers about which programs are violent and how seriously so. This can be done by asking individuals to indicate from a list of program titles which are violent and which are not (Gomme, 186). One problem with this kind of measure is that it cannot indicate how much violence there is in specific episodes (Gomme, 186).


There is also failed attempts to find a link between TV viewing and fear of crime after controlling for variables like age, education, and income (Gomme, 186). When looking at ratings of crime seriousness related to amount of television news viewing, suggesting an anchoring effect caused by the more serious crimes usually targeted by TV news (Potter, 186). TV viewing, fear of crime relationship held only for those respondents who expressed a belief in the truth of television drama (Potter, 186). It is termed as magic window dimension, reflecting a belief that TV shows the world as it really is (Potter, 186).


It can be seen that a process of influence in which greater amounts of TV viewing can produce biased or distorted beliefs about the world that are consistent with TV's stereotyped portrayals (Gerbner, 176). Viewers absorb information, often inadvertently, from TV programs, which may influence the way they think about the world around them (Gerbner, 176). Continuous exposure to TV may cultivate public beliefs about various social entities that are consistent with images of these entities portrayed on TV (Gerbner, 176).


Typically, the violence of a program is assessed in terms of the number of incidents it contains that match what the researchers themselves decide is violent. All incidents that match an a priori of violence are given equal weighting for intensity and seriousness, irrespective of the dramatic context in which they occur (Gerbner, 176).


A related study looked at respondents' fear of victimization and then assigned them to view a film about killing and murder (Wakshlag, 18). The relationship between TV viewing and fear of crime was considered complex. Factors such as the type of programming (e.g., drama vs. news), the credulity of the viewer, the extent of justice displayed at the program's end, and the level of apprehension about crime before the viewing all lead to patterns rather then effects (Wakshlag, 18).


Although it may be impossible to define exactly what the audience in general means by violence, there is evidence to suggest that viewers' perceptions do not accord strongly with objective counts of program incidents (Halloran, 17). A British TV output, using a fixed definition of violence, showed that the rate of violent incidents per hour was four times as great for cartoon shows as for any other type of program (Halloran, 17). Meanwhile another study of the audience's perceptions of TV violence indicated that cartoons were not ruled as violent (Halloran, 17).


In a field study conducted by the audience researchers at the British Broadcasting Corporation, viewers were asked to fill out a questionnaire about programs shortly after they were seen on TV. Reactions to violence and other aspects of program content were probed in this study. It was found that perceptions of programs as violent didn't depend on the actual number of violent incidents (B.B.C., 17). There also wasn't a strong relationship between perceiving a program as violent and verbally reported emotional arousal (B.B.C., 17). Most respondents also claimed that realism was an essential element in their perceptions of televised violence, with violent real life events reported on news bulletins or shown in documentaries generally rated as more violent than violence portrayed in fictional settings (B.B.C., 17). This indicates that viewers' personal assessment of TV programs are determined by many different factors, of which violence is the most important.


Adults' perceptions of TV violence


A report of twelve experimental studies in which people were shown scenes from British crime series, American crime series, sci-fi series, and cartoons (Gunter, 185). Viewers were invited to make a variety of personal judgements about each scene along a set of qualitative rating scales. Some factors that came into effect were the types of programs the scenes came from, the types of weapons or instruments of violence used, physical setting, and the degree of observable harm the violence caused to victims in each scene. The results showed that viewers may be influenced in their opinions about TV violence by many different attributes of TV portrayals (Gunter, 185).


Familiarity of surroundings is one of the most powerful factors influencing viewers' perception of TV violence (Gunter, 185). The closer to home the violence is portrayed in terms of place and time, the more serious it is judged to be (Gunter, 185). In the British crime series it was rated more violent when compared to the US series. Portrayals of violent behavior in cartoons or sci-fi programs, were seen as essentially nonviolent. Of the different physical forms of violence, shootings were the most often, but stabbings, were perceived as most frightening and disturbing (Gunter, 185).


Children's perceptions of TV violence


Similarly, in Holland 14 children were shown full-length episodes of eight TV scenes (Van der Voot, 186). The episodes varied from realistic crime drama to adventure series and fantasy cartoons. Right after the shooting scenes in each show, a questionnaire was filled out. Some area's questioned were readiness, approval, enjoyment, evaluation, absorption, identification, and comprehension of the content. Results showed that law enforcement programs as well as children's adventure programs were rated as realistic (Van der Voot, 186). Realistic shows were watched with more involvement, more emotion and less detachment (Van der Voot, 186). Although cartoons are seen as being the most violent of TV shows in terms of incidents per hour or per show, such shows tend to be seen by children as having little violence at all (Van der Voot, 186).


NEWSPAPER EFFECTS


Newspaper readers tend, to be better educated, to have higher incomes, and to live in neighborhoods that have less crime, which has been found to be the mirror image of TV viewing (Heath, 184). Research on newspaper reading differs form research on TV effects because newspapers contain only news and not the fictionalized crime drama has on TV (Heath, 184). Newspaper readers select which article to read in detail and which to scan or skip, whereas the selectivity of TV viewing is less clearly established. Newspaper reports of crime are accessible only to people who can read, eliminating concerns about direct effects on children.


Moreover, newspapers show many of the same patterns as TV programming. Sex and violence are staples in newspapers, violent crimes are much more likely to be reported than less violent ones, and with important details, like motive.


Heath(184) content analyzed crime articles form 6 newspapers in 4 us cities. She looked at sensationalism, randomness, and location of the crime. She then used phone interviews of people in those cities concerning their media habits and fear of crime. Results indicate that location of crime interacted significantly with crime sensationalism and randomness (Heath, 184). Which means, reports of local crimes that were sensational or random were associated with higher levels of fear of crime, whereas reports of nonlocal random or sensational crimes were associated with lower levels of fear of crime.


A similar pattern was demonstrated in Great Britain (Williams, 1). They also found a significant relationship between readership and fear of crime (Williams, 1). Reading about bizarre, violent crimes resulted in more fear if the crimes occurred in one's neighborhood than if the crimes occurred elsewhere (Williams, 1). Reading about nonsensational crimes, was less frightening for local crimes than for nonlocal crimes (Williams, 1).


NEW TECHNOLOGY EFFECTS


No longer does the number of local newspapers equal or exceed the number of TV channels in most areas. Newspaper choice is decreasing at the same time TV choice is increasing wildly (Fergson, 14).


A study examined the effects of VCR ownership, cable access, and channel changers on fear of crime (Fergson, 14). He hypothesized that cable subscription would be related to lower fear of crime and less mistrust because cable subscribers have more choice about viewing options, many of which present scenes not related to the high crime diet of regular broadcast TV (Fergson, 14). He also hypothesized that greater viewing of broadcast channels would be related to high fear of crime. Regarding VCR ownership and use, he hypothesized that VR ownership and tape rentals would be negatively related to fear and mistrust. Finally, he hypothesized that ownership and use of remote control devices would be negatively related to fear and mistrust, because of the greater control these devices offer over TV offerings.


The results from this study were mixed. Broadcast viewing was positively related to fear of crime and specialized cable channel viewing was negatively related to fear of crime (Fergson, 14). VCR ownership was negatively related to fear of crime, but the other hypotheses about time shifting and tape rental was not supported. Even thought mixed results happened, this study represents an important step in examining the effects of these new technologies.


CONCLUSION


Media effects are not simple effects but they involve many judges. Researchers trying to understand the relationships between media and fear of crime need to attend to characteristics of the message, and of the audience.


Regarding the characteristics of the message, factors such as sensationalism or randomness of the crime, proportion of the entire newspaper devoted to crime rather then to the raw number of articles about crime, and the drama or news content all affect the relationship with fear of crime.


Regarding the characteristics of the audience, belief in the reality of TV drama and viewer apprehension about crime victimization affect the relationship with fear of crime.


By all means, continuing to count violent incidents in programs to produce TV violence profiles is good, but the definitions of violence or violent acts on screen should be determined or at least guided by audience opinions. It would be wrong to assume that all such incidents have the same meaning for, are perceived in the same way by, or generate the same level of response from viewers. The meaning of the event will be affected by the type of program in which it occurs, characters involved, reason and consequences, and other factor, as well.


Please note that this sample paper on Television effects is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Television effects, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Television effects will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Thursday, April 1, 2021

Drugs, Alcohol and Crime

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Assignment Question


Consult the readings about theories of addiction and discuss your opinion as to which is most relevant. In other words, What do you think are the main causes of addiction? Is the main cause physical, psychological or social? Or are all three dimensions involved?


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Introduction


For centuries, drugs and alcohol consumption have been a part of every day life. The Ancient Chinese would smoke opium in 'Opium Houses' to relax and contemplate, the Ancient Romans would congregate in large numbers and have parties with enormous consumption of wine and alcohol, and even as early as Queen Victorian times, Royalty and the upper class were a little partial to sniffing cocaine from their 'snuff' boxes. All of these types of behavioral patterns were seen not as illegal dealings but rather as a social way of life. It may not have been determined or documented if, those who indulged in such activities became addicted by means of social, physical or psychological means, and if so, did those addictions lead to crime to support those addictions?


During this assignment, the author will outline and discuss the main physical, psychological and social causes of addiction and to determine if these are based on individual problems or if all three dimensions are involved.


Definition of Addiction


physiologic or psychologic dependence on some agent (eg. Alcohol, drug) with a tendency to increase its use. (Miller, B. & Keane, C. 187, p18.)


There are many forms of addiction, such as, a person may be addicted to his/her form of sport, wanting to always improve on ones physical health, appearance and well being. Some may be addicted to social interaction by being around other people, some are addicted to life in general, enjoying what life has to offer. In general terms, these types of addictions are seen to be healthy and socially acceptable.


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However, there are other forms of addiction that can be harmful, not only physical, but mentally on the person directly and upon others around him/her. These addictions may consist of gambling, sexual offences (serial rapists, pedophiles, etc), drugs and alcohol.


Addiction to either alcohol or drugs can be fatal, not only to the user, but can have an devastating impact on those who have any form of relationship such as family, friends, employers and even innocent bystanders. The author believes that no one person sets out in life to become an addict to alcohol or illicit drugs, but rather due to the outside influences or other underlying problem areas, one may find themselves in.


Of all legal and illegal substances, alcohol is the one that most Australians regularly consume and for the majority, it is a normal part of our cultural and social activities. However, alcohol is also a major factor in homicides, domestic violence, and police custodies. Homel and Bull (16), suggest that the experience of alcohol-related disorder in our society is very common. Such disorder has implications for public policy, for not only does disorder contribute to a fear of crime, it contributes to the actual incidence of crime.


There are many reasons why people use alcohol, the most common being the social factor to interact with other people whether in-group functions or individually. Alcohol allows the body to suppress anxiety and allows the person to relax and give them a sense of wellbeing. This also allows them to interact with another person more confidently, for example a young male wishing to have a conversation with a female he is attracted to finds himself not having the courage to approach the female whilst sober.


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However, upon the consumption of a number of alcoholic drinks, his body's central nervous system is suppressed, his brain and thought pattern takes away his apprehension to socialise with a person of the opposite sex. His thought process is now relaxed and he finds within himself that courage that he earlier did not have. Over a period of time, this person may tend to believe that by drinking alcohol is his only way to relax and interact with other people. Slowly the continuos consumption of alcohol may lead him/her to become dependant on it just to cope with his/her day to day life.


Schlaadt & Shannon (14), suggest that whilst young adults congregate at gatherings such as sorority parties and sporting events etc, they will drink to become more socially active towards each other. The introduction of 'soft' drugs, such as marijuana, is introduced to heighten the euphoria of well being and allow both young males and females to communicate on a more open level. The author believes that at this stage, the use of illicit drugs is not due to peer group pressure or other external pressures but as a part of the individual allowing him/herself to become more socially active. The effects of the alcohol or drugs suppressing the body's brain of feeling apprehensive, allows that person to be more self-confident to communicate with others; however, this may not necessarily mean that the person now becomes addicted or dependant to those forms of drugs.


The author believes that some young adults, as a result of being curious, would experiment in the use of drugs in an attempt to see for themselves what effects they have. The most common for any young adult was to consume their first alcoholic drink or cigarette. These experiments could be started as young as 11 or 1 years of age.


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As they become older, experimenting with alcohol or cigarettes may increase to smoking marijuana or taking an ecstasy tablet, then perhaps LSD. At this point in time they may not believe that by conducting these experiments is causing a number of health issues with their bodies and also could be starting a journey down a path to becoming a full time user of heavier forms of illicit drugs.


Various forms of fashion, music and social events, for example, are seen to be a major influence on societies way of life. An example could be recognised in the fashion industry over the past four decades. Where there have been many styles of clothing products that have lead the consumer to purchase and follow such trends, for example in the 160's bright coloured flare pants and multi-coloured shirts were seen to be the accepted form of dress by young adults.


If you were not seen to be in the 'trend' as a young person, you were generally not accepted into the 'in-crowd'. Drug use in this era was also very common, again to be accepted by your peers, one would need to be seen using drugs or drinking alcohol freely as a form of rebellion against those who opposed it. Even today, many of these types of trends have not change for the younger generation.


Schlaadt & Shannon (14), suggest a similar view that one will copy the behavioral patterns and activities of others and peers as a direction of gaining acceptance by those within the group and a way of learning social behavior. The peer group pressure has a huge influence on young adults who just want to be socially accepted by others, a chance to 'fit in'. By being accepted allows young adults to gain more self-confidence but at the risk of indulging in the consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs.


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McAllister, Moore & Makkai (11), suggest that perhaps the physical properties of alcohol or drugs can lead to the addiction of a person of such substances whereupon if that person was to cease his/her use of a drug, pending long term use, places that person at risk of going into withdrawal. Such drugs include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates and other substances also have the properties that contribute to the process of addiction. However, McAllister, Moore & Makkai (11), also suggest that drugs such as marijuana, LSD and cocaine may not be addictive in the physical sense as a result of their properties. However, as a result of the effects endured upon their use may lead a person to become dependant on that particular type of drug because of their psychological addictive properties.


The author believes that if a parent, being that of the mother, was dependent upon a certain drug and was a long-term user during her stage of the pregnancy, may pass on the craving of drug addiction to her unborn child. Thus upon the birth of that child, having shared her mothers addiction whilst in the womb, would now also become dependent on drugs even though he/she is too young to even know what a drug is. As the child grows and becomes a young adult, he/she could more likely become a drug user. In an attempt to stop a child such as this becoming addicted, he/she would need to have medical support at a very early age within a drug re-habilitation clinic to give the child the best chance of having a normal life without the use of drugs.


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Such is the want or desire to use the drug, he/she very quickly becomes dependant on the drug believing that life will become unbearable if they do not have another dose and to then stop using the drug appears to be non existent. McAllister, Moore & Makkai (11), suggest that some of the reasons of drug abuse in the psychological field may be a result of low self-esteem, problems with self image or ego, problems associated with disfunctional families, the feeling of being rejected by society, or perhaps the person has been subjected to a personal tragedy who tries to escape the pain and reality through the use of drugs are just a few. Each person with a drug addiction are all individual cases with individual reasons on why they became drug dependent, even though some may appear to be similar in other ways.


The author believes that from the information presented within the readings, there is no one cause of addiction and that all three have some form of relationship. Each area whether physical, psychological or social all have some form of link between them. Some perhaps more than others, however, it appears that there is a dist0inct relation. For example, the person who uses drugs or alcohol only as a social activity, may become dependent upon them to enable them to communicate with others more easily; therefore, psychologically their mental ability to socialise without alcohol or drugs becomes a problem. Or the fact that the mere properties of a substance such as marijuana also allows a person to relax and converse with others without the fear of apprehension.


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Conclusion


There are many theories on the subject of drug addiction. Drugs and alcohol have been available for centuries all over the world. Today, the drug problem is every increasing amongst the younger generation. It is impossible to police every young adult who indulges in the consumption of alcohol or illicit substances, and at times, such indulges lead to a fatal result. There may not be any real short term answer to this problem; however, by educating those who are able to be educated and assist those who have already become drug users via rehabilitation clinics etc, may lessen the fatalities and allow those who are trying to assist others help understand some of the problems associated with drug abuse.


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References


Homel, R. & Bull, M. (16). Under the Influence. Alcohol, Drugs and Crime. Chapter 7 in Crime and Justice An Australian Textbook in Criminology by K.M. Hazelhurst (ed). Melbourne LBC Information.


Miller, B.F. & Keane, C.B. (187). Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, p 18.


McAllister, I., Moore, R. & Makkai, T. (11). Some Theoretical Perspectives in Drugs in Australian Society by these authors. Sydney Longman Cheshire, 11, Chapter 1.


Schlaadt, R.G. & Shannon, P.T. (14). Theories of Drug Use. Chapter in Drugs Use, Misuse, and Abuse by R.G. Schlaadt & P.T. Shannon. New jersey Prentice Hall, 14.


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Bibliography


Homel, R. & Bull, M. (16). Under the Influence. Alcohol, Drugs and Crime. Chapter 7 in Crime and Justice An Australian Textbook in Criminology by K.M. Hazelhurst (ed). Melbourne LBC Information.


Mason, G., & Wilson, P.R. (15). Alcohol and Crime. In Issues in Crime, Mortality and Justice. P.Wilson (Ed.). Canberra Australian Institute of Criminology, 15, pp. 145 158.


Miller, B.F. & Keane, C.B. (187). Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, p 18.


McAllister, I., Moore, R. & Makkai, T. (11). Some Theoretical Perspectives in Drugs in Australian Society by these authors. Sydney Longman Cheshire, 11, Chapter 1.


Peele, S. Addiction to an Experience. Chapter 5 in The Meaning of Addiction Compulsive Experience and its Interpretation. Mass Lexington Books.


Schlaadt, R.G. & Shannon, P.T. (14). Theories of Drug Use. Chapter in Drugs Use, Misuse, and Abuse by R.G. Schlaadt & P.T. Shannon. New jersey Prentice Hall, 14.


Witters, W.L., & Venturelli, P.J. (188). Drugs and the Law. Chapter 1 in Drugs and Society by W.L. Witters & P.J. Venturelli, Boston


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Ozone Depletion

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Ozone Depletion


Is out planet in danger? Are we losing our protection from the sun's UV rays? These are a couple of frequently asked questions when people talk about ozone depletion.


The Earth's atmosphere is composed of several layers. We live in the troposphere, where most of the weather occurs; like rain and snow. It extends from the Earth's surface up to about ten kilometers in altitude. The stratosphere is above the troposphere. It extends from around ten to fifty kilometers in altitude. Most airline traffic occurs in the lower stratosphere. There is a little area between the troposphere and the stratosphere. This narrow region is called the tropopause.


Ozone is a molecule that has three oxygen atoms and occurs naturally in the Earth's atmosphere. Out of each ten million air molecules, only three million ozone molecules are present. However, even the small amount of ozone plays a key role in the Earth's atmosphere. Ozone forms a layer in the stratosphere. It is strange that at ground level it is a health hazard and in the stratosphere we could not live without it. Ozone absorbs a portion of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. UV radiation has had many harmful effects on the Earth such as causing different types of skin cancer, cataracts, and harm to crops, certain materials, and sea life. The ozone layer is thinnest around the tropics, and thicker toward the poles. The amount of ozone above a point on the Earth's surface is measured in Dobson units or DU. It is typically measured 60 DU near the tropics and higher other places. There are also large fluctuations between different seasons and sunspots. There have been natural deductions in the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere, but have been followed by recovery. Scientists have records that detail the normal ozone levels during these natural cycles. Then scientists found convincing evidence showing that the ozone shield is being depleted well beyond changes due to natural processes.


For a long time, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were thought of as miracle substances. They are stable, nonflammable, low in toxicity, and inexpensive to produce. CFCs have found many uses as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing agents, and in other smaller applications. All of these are chlorine-containing compounds. Any compounds that release chlorine or bromine when they break down can most likely damage the protective ozone layer. For example, methyl chloroform, a solvent, and carbon tetrachloride, an industrial chemical both contain chlorine. Halons, fire extinguishing agents, and methyl bromide, a soil fumigant, contain bromine. All of these compounds have long enough lifetimes to allow them to be transported to the stratosphere by wind.


CFCs are very stable and do not dissolve in rain, so it is easy for them to reach the stratosphere. Only exposure to strong UV radiation breaks them down. When this happens, the CFC molecule releases atomic chlorine. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules.


Large fires and certain types of marine life produce one stable form of chlorine that reaches the stratosphere. However, numerous experiments have shown that CFCs and other chemicals produce around 85% of the chlorine in the stratosphere, while natural sources only contribute 15%.


An example of ozone depletion is the annual ozone hole over Antarctica. It has occurred during the Antarctic spring since the early 180's. It isn't really a hole in the ozone layer; it is a large area of the stratosphere with extremely low amounts of ozone. Ozone levels fall by over 60% during the worst years. Studies show that the amount of ultraviolet light at the surface can double during the annual ozone hole in the Antarctic. Why the Antarctic? During the winter polar night, sunlight does not reach the South Pole. A circumpolar wind develops in the middle to lower stratosphere. These winds are called the polar vortex. They isolate the air over the polar region. Because there is no sunlight, the air in the polar vortex can get very cold. So cold that extraordinary clouds can form once the air temperature gets to below about 80 degrees Celsius below zero. These clouds are called Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), but they are not like the clouds you normally see. They aren't made of water droplets, they first form as nitric acid trihydrate. As the temperature gets even colder, larger droplets of water ice with nitric acid dissolved in them can form. Their exact composition is still being studied. These PSCs are very crucial for ozone loss to occur.


Thus, ozone depletion is a global issue and not just a problem at the South Pole. Research has also shown that ozone depletion occurs over North America, Europe, Asia, and much of Africa, Australia, and South America. Over the U.S., ozone levels have fell 5 to 10% depending on the season. The reduction of ozone levels means higher levels of UV rays reaching the Earth's surface.


The world's reaction to the concern of the ozone layer in the 170's, led to a ban on the use of CFCs as aerosol propellants in several countries, including the United States. However, the production of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances grew rapidly after new uses were discovered. Throughout the 180's, more uses came for CFCs and the nations became more concerned about the chemicals harming the ozone layer. In 185, the Vienna Convention was adopted to formalize international cooperation on this issue. Other efforts resulted in signing the Montreal Protocol in 187. The original protocol would have reduced the production of CFCs by half in 18. Worse damage started to show in the ozone layer so it was decided to completely end the production of halons by the beginning of 14 and of CFCs by the beginning of 16 in developed countries.


In conclusion, I think that our planet could be in danger because of the depletion of the ozone layer. The ozone concentration in the atmosphere has gone down in the last twenty years. I do think that if our planet is in danger, the actual danger wouldn't come for a long time, especially because we are trying to keep the ozone from vanishing. Obviously we are slowly losing our protection from the sun's UV rays also. I don't think that right now it is a really big deal. However, in the future I think it might be more of a concern because more and more rays will be coming though the ozone if we keep damaging it. To keep the ozone layer from depleting, I think we should not use any substances that release CFC's, if at all possible. Try to find other things we could use in place of them so that we are not damaging our environment. Otherwise I do not see a solution to this environmental problem. There will always be something trying to damage our atmosphere.


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Wednesday, March 31, 2021

Pete Rose

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Pete Rose To Be or Not to Be


Pete Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame along with the other great players from Major League Baseball because of his on field credentials and because there is no concrete evidence that he bet on baseball while managing the Cincinnati Reds. A. Bartlet Giamatti suspended Rose based on circumstantial evidence, which is not fair to Pete Rose or his fans. Current baseball commissioner, Bud Selig, is the only person with the power to reverse the decision laid down by Giamatti but chooses not to do so.


Pete Rose may be one of the greatest players in Major League Baseball history. The records, alone, that Pete Rose holds are enough to justify his entrance into the Hall of Fame. The most astonishing record owned by Rose is his record for hits in his career. Pete Rose compiled 4,56 total hits in his career, making him one of only two people to get more than four thousand hits along with Ty Cobb. In Roses twenty-four seasons he set the Major League Baseball record for games played with ,56. This meant that rose averaged more than one hit per game throughout his career. Pete Rose also holds the record of consecutive seasons with a hundred hits or more and ten times had two hundred hits, another Major League Baseball record. From June fourteenth until July thirty-first in 178 Rose hit safely in 44 straight games, a national league record, and second only to Joe DiMaggio's 56. Another record that rose holds in terms of hitting streaks is that he had consecutive game hit streaks of 0 games or more seven times. Some other records that Rose holds are the record for most at bats in a career, 14,05, most wins in a career with 1,7. And he is the only player in league history to play more than 500 games at each of five positions (Cosmic Baseball Association).


Pete Rose was banished from being inducted into the Hall of Fame in 18 when baseball commissioner A. Bartlet Giamatti concluded that Rose had bet on baseball games, including his own team, the Cincinnati Reds. Hall of Fame rule five designates that inductees should be honest, have integrity, and good character more than his playing ability. Giamatti thought that Rose did not qualify because he did not meet these guidelines. Baseball should be honest with itself and delete the character and integrity requirements of rule five. If rule five is so important than why are players like Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb and Gaylord Perry allowed in the hall of fame, while Pete Rose, who was never proven to have bet on baseball, is kept out of the Hall of Fame?


He played the game the way it was meant to be played. Hard-nosed and hustling all over the field(quoted in Lahman). Says Oakland Athletics' Dave Parker, describing Pete Roses style of play throughout his twenty-four year career. His stunning statistics can be attributed to his incredible work ethic on the field and in games and off the field during spring training and personal workouts. When most hitters settled for singles, Rose would stretch his hits into doubles or even triples. Most of the players in the Major Leagues respected the way he played. He was known to wake up early in the morning to take jogs in the brisk Cincinnati winter during off-seasons so he would not be out of physical shape when spring training arrived in March. He was well aware that he was working harder than his opponents. His love for the sport of baseball gave him the strength to carry out his grueling workouts.


Supporters of Giamatti's suspension of Pete Rose believe that his suspension from Major League Baseball is warranted by his gambling on sports. Rose admitted placing bets on football and basketball games, but denied placing any bets on baseball games(Dowd). John M. Dowd and Giamatti conducted investigations into Roses gambling. Baseball started an investigation in February 18 into allegations that Rose had been betting on sports, including baseball. These allegations came from one of Roses friends, Paul Janszen, and bookie Ron Peters. (Both had been convicted of felony drug charges.) Both offered documentary evidence of Roses betting to support their claims(Lahman). Among the evidence that was found was betting slips that Dowd had received from Janszen(Betting Slips). A Federal Bureau of Investigation expert concluded that the betting slips were in Roses handwriting, but Rose hired handwriting experts to examine the slips and they stated that the evidence is either wrong or inconclusive(Lahman).


Pete Rose was put on the banishment list and the only way that he can be inducted into the Hall of Fame is to get off the list. To do so, Rose had to put in an appeal to be reinstated back into baseball. Bud Selig, however, would not meet with Roses lawerys immediately. Finally he agreed to meet with Roger Makley, one of Roses lawyers, to discuss the possibility of reinstatement. Selig said however that he is unlikely to allow Rose back into the league and will not hear new evidence brought into the case including evidence that Rose did not bet on baseball games. This is unfair to Rose. He has the right to plead his case; to determine his innocence and have his status among baseball's elite recognized. Selig is denying him of these rights. Makley said that he would meet with Bob Dupay, Baseball's executive Vice President for administration, and chief legal council in an effort to have Rose reinstated(Blum). It is unlikely that Rose will receive a fair chance to plead his case because Dupay stated that he agrees completely with Bud Selig(Blum).


Many people are under the impression that Pete Rose is the only baseball player to have been caught or accused of gambling on baseball games. Some all-time greats have been strongly suspected of betting on baseball. In 11 several members teamed with known gangsters in an effort to throw the World Series. Eight players, Eddie Cicotte, Joe Jackson, Swede Rinsberg, Fred McMulin, Bruce Weaver, Happy Flesch, Claude Williams, and Chick Gandil, were accused and convicted of deliberately losing the World Series so that the gangsters would win bets and the players would receive a cut of the money.( Schwalbe). Joe Jackson, one of the suspended players, was most likely not a part of the deed. He played terrifically throughout the series, hitting the series' only homerun and finishing with a .57 batting average over eight games of the series(Schwalbe). (In 11 the World Series was a best of nine series, now it is best of seven.) How can a player achieve such great numbers and be trying to lose at the same time? He was, nonetheless, banned from the Hall of Fame, as is Pete Rose. Leo, The Lip, Durocher, manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was removed from baseball after being suspected of, and later admitting to gambling on games played by the Dodgers. His suspension was put into effect in the 14 season and revoked in the 151 season(Baseball Historian). This man admitted on betting on baseball. Rose never has admitted or was proven to have bet on the Reds' games, and yet, he is still banned from baseball. Other famous players have been known gamblers and they did not have any action taken against them. Ty Cobb was known to bet on games that he played in. The only other man with 4,000 or more hits in his career other than Rose, was a known gambler. He is, however, in the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown and known for his playing ability, not his habit. Rose deserves to be known for his on-the-field brilliance just as Cobb is(Americas Library). Tris Speaker is another Hall of Famer who was known to gamble on games that he played in(Angle Fire). Hal Chase was a master of deception on the field. He was known to pull his glove away from the ball when it was thrown his way to make it appear as if his teammate had made an errant throw(Baseball Historian). This man is also a member of the Hall of Fame. Rose did not commit acts of cheating like these men did and there is not enough evidence to keep him out of the Hall of Fame.


The majority of baseball fans feel that Pete Rose should be inducted into the Hall of Fame. He was and still is a tremendously popular player. His selection to baseball's All-Century team this past October backs up the notion that he belongs in the Hall of Fame. In an on-the-field ceremony held at Yankee's Stadium, Rose received the longest ovation from the crowd of any of the players, deceased or living(Kettmann). His selection shows his greatness and popularity among baseball fans. Shortly after the ceremony ESPN and USAToday conducted a poll for its viewing audience on its official website, ESPN.com, to see how fans felt about the status of Rose being kept out of the Hall of Fame. In an overwhelming majority, fifty-six percent said that Rose should be reinstated, while twenty-nine percent said that he should not(ESPN). Bud Selig has stated that he agrees with the suspension and will not reinstate Rose. If Selig does not feel Rose should be reinstated, then the matter can not advance any father or to any other baseball officials. If Rose were ruled to be allowed back into baseball, then he would be eligible for the Hall of Fame. The Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA) would be able to put Rose's name on the ballot and in order to be eligible for the Hall of Fame the following criteria must be met He must apply to the office of the Commissioner for reinstatement to Major League Baseball. He then must be reinstated by the office of the commissioner. Next he would be eligible as a Hall of Fame for the ballot of the BBWAA screening committee. If Rose is placed on the ballot, he will have to receive votes on at least seventy-five percent of the ballots cast in any one election to be inducted(Hall of Fame). Pete Rose has his supporters. Former President Jimmy Carter says, It's time to forgive Pete Rose(Cosmic Baseball Association). This quote was published from Jimmy Carter's article Its Time to Forgive Pete Rose. He believed that the testimony from convicted felons does not come from a credible source and therefore does not deserve to keep Pete Rose out of the Hall of Fame. I absolutely believe that Pete Rose should be in the Hall of Fame. If you exclude Pete Rose you have to exclude many other people beginning with Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb, and others whose behavior would not stand the test of our current moral standards (Ken Burns quoted in Cosmic Baseball Association). Ken Burns is a strong supporter of Pete Rose's crusade to be in the Hall of Fame and he agrees with Jimmy Carter's opinion. If Babe Ruth, who was known to be an alcoholic and a womanizer, is allowed in the Hall of Fame; if Ty Cobb, who was known to gamble on baseball games, is allowed in the Hall of Fame, then why is Pete Rose denied entrance into the Hall of Fame after being only suspected of gambling on baseball? Ken Burns and Jimmy Carter are merely two of Pete Rose's high ranking supporters who have offered help in any way to see that Pete Rose will be inducted into the Hall of Fame.


The ultimate goal to have as a ball player is to be in the Hall of Fame. Now I do not have a chance(Lahman). Pete Rose gave that statement in 17 to USAToday. Anyone who has played the game or followed it as a fan knows that all players have the dream of being inducted into the Hall of Fame. Rose played professional baseball, the game he loved and devoted twenty-four years of his life to, at a level that places him among the best ever to play. Throughout this career, Rose was a generous supporter of the National Baseball of Hall of Fame, donation more that twenty artifacts to the museums collections. Many of them are on display(Hall of Fame). If the Hall of Fame can except gifts from his playing days then he certainly deserves to be enshrined in the Hall of Fame with them. It is not fair to Rose, Major League Baseball, and baseball fans everywhere to keep Pete Rose out of the Hall of Fame. The words of Pete Rose's lawyer, Gary Spicer, sum up the entire situation of Rose's ban It would be good for the fan, good for Pete, good for baseball if they would reinstate him(Lahman). This is exactly how most fans and baseball lovers across the country feel. It is time for action to be taken to get Pete Rose into the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame.


I believe that Pete Rose deserves to be in the Hall of Fame based on his on-the-field accomplishments. Another player will not approach his record of 4,56 career hits in the near future, or maybe ever. I feel that if Pete Rose is ever reinstated into Major League Baseball it will be after his death just so he will never have the satisfaction of knowing that he was inducted into the Hall of Fame. There is no credible evidence that he gambled on baseball. There are only accusations and circumstantial evidence linking Rose to betting on baseball. I think that this quote by Roger Kahn sums up my opinions of Rose's situation I don't know if Pete Rose bet on baseball, but I know that he was rail-roaded out of the game(Cosmic Baseball Association).


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Monday, March 29, 2021

How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society?

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How important is having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society? paper right on time.


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The role of family has had a significant influence on individuals since the beginning of mankind, and still to this very day. The quality of our social relationships in groups such as family members or friends is the standard against which many of us judge the quality and happiness of our lives. Group connections provide individuals a sense of well being and hence form loyalty and responsibility towards others. The family is the most important one of all the groups that we belong. This essay aims to find the importance of having some sort of definition of the family to our understanding of the family's role in society and how definitions of the family can be used to support particular beliefs about what kind of society we should have, and whether we still need families.


Family provides relationships that give an individual a sense of identity and personal history. They also carry out tasks that keep society orderly and stable. The two main functions family perform are primary socialisation and personality stabilisation. Primary socialisation is the process whereby the children learns and internalises the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. The family is especially important throughout their childhood years because this is where their human personality is developed. Personality stabilisation refers to the role that the family plays in assisting adult family members emotionally.


Families can be found in every human society and they all provide societal needs primary socialisation and personality stabilisation. Across cultures however, the way families go about meeting these needs their structure, customs, patterns of authority, and so on differ widely, and hence the ideas about what a family is and how people should behave within it are culturally determined. One cannot speak of 'a family' as if there was only one model of family life that is more or less universal. This is why it is important for sociologists, politicians and the community to understand and use concepts and definitions to help categorise things and consequently make welfare policies targeted to these categories.


Families in societies have seen many shifts in family patterns. Over the past several decades there have been changes that would have been unimaginable in earlier generations. The role of the family has certainly diversified. Each family have their own values, beliefs, norms and attitudes that underpin assumptions about what a family should be like, as evidenced by numerous statistical data on different cultures, such as racial background, lone parent, social class, religion etc. In Britain after World War II, the vision for the British welfare state was predicated on a patriarchal conception of families - the father being the bread winner and the mother being the house wife. Family definitions such as the patriarchal conception of families were important during that time because it helped sociologists, politicians, and policy makers to understand and take necessary action to create welfare programmes designed around this traditional family model. The result was a welfare state that was seen as promoting national solidarity which integrated the nation by providing a common set of services to the entire population. Welfare was a way of strengthening the connection between the state and population. The welfare state managed risks that may occur in life and was like a type of insurance that could be employed against the potential troubles of an unpredictable future. Unemployment, illness and other misfortunes in the country's social and economic life could be managed through the welfare state. Functionalists theorists held that welfare systems helped to integrate society in an orderly way under the conditions of advanced industrialisation. The British welfare system back then not only supported this traditional family model but also provided services for families where the male breadwinner was absent.


In the 180s however, the welfare state was reformed. This was due to the notion of welfare dependency, where people became dependent on the welfare state and were not just materially dependent, but psychologically dependent on the arrival of the welfare payment. and instead of taking an active attitude towards their lives, they tend to adopt a resigned and passive one, looking to the welfare system to support them. The then British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher promoted individual initiatives and self sufficiency as core values. This again stresses the importance of having some sort of definition of the family.


The simple fact that families provide primary socialisation and personality stabilisation shows the need for families. Primary socialisation includes necessary human skills like socially acceptable behaviour, and personality stabilisation where an adult may turn to his family in times of difficulty for emotional support. These days families living in post-industrial societies have become less integrated and connected to each other, due to careers being more mobile and people more readily willing to relocate, and thus more likely to break ties with friends than say, a century ago.


Times have certainly change, the nature of personal relationships, marriage and family patterns have become tumultuous against the backdrop of a rapidly changing world. Families are diverse in structure and have always faced difficulties plays a crucial role in protecting its members from economic hardship, political upheaval and social change. As the world is overwhelming, impersonal, abstract and rapidly changing, love has become increasingly important as Beck and Beck-Gernsheim states, love is the only place where people can truly find themselves and connect with each other. , which is provided by the family.


Giddens, A., Sociology (4th edition), Polity Press, 001


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