Yr. 10 Roman HistoryEssay: Julius Caesar Topic: "'Caesar was simply the logical conclusion of developments in the late republic from the Punic Wars onwards.' Why might someone hold this opinion? To what extent do you agree?"

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By the end of the Third Punic War (~146 BCE), Rome had already undergone many significant changes to its political and social structure due to her sudden expansion. There was also unrest in the lower classes, who were struggling because of the constant war, the proliferation of slavery, heavy taxes and the rise of the middle class. As a result, poverty increased drastically in Rome; there was a need for reform, and it was only a matter of time when one man would prove to be so popular as to be voted 'dictator for life', thus making Rome a virtual monarchy. That man was Caesar.

In the post-Punic War period, the Roman peasantry was finding it difficult to prosper. The endless war since 64 BCE had been disastrous. The land itself had deteriorated dramatically, especially during Hannibal's fifteen years of occupation in the Second Punic War, where leaders of both the Roman and Carthaginian armies had deliberately set alight the crops. In addition, peasant Plebeians who were absent from their farms on military service were often away for too long, which led to financial ruin.

It was not long before wealthy Romans especially of the middle 'Equestrian' class began to capitalise on the peasants' misfortune. Using money gained from the wars, the wealthy amassed huge estates by both purchasing many small land holdings from the diminishing peasants, and leasing large areas of ager publicus, or public land from the government.

With the mass acquisition of land by the wealthy came the rise in slavery. As part of the 'spoils of war', the influx of slaves began to render the peasant class obsolete, with slaves replacing the peasants in domestic service, manufacture, mining and agriculture. The wealthy landowners preferred slaves to peasants, as slaves were much cheaper, and many slaves were also previously highly skilled craftsmen.

The capitalist Equestrian class was also charged with the task of collecting tax from those Roman provinces which were exempt from military service. These tax-collectors generated substantial profits from tax-collection, as the company were given the sole right to tax in a particular province could tax as they wished, leaving most peasants destitute.

Faced with such obstacles, the Plebeians of Rome had little choice but to flock to the cities in search for employment; but even there, slaves had become prevalent in society. The poor, who made up the majority of the population, were ready to follow a shining advocate of their cause or to sell their votes to the highest bidder. The gap between the lower and upper classes was extensive, and the people of Rome were clearly crying out for reform.

Attempts at reform began with the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, who, in 1 and 1 BCE, endorsed a bill in a bid to redistribute land from the rich to the poor. Despite gaining the support of the lower classes, both brothers were eventually assassinated by a Senate jealously guarding its power. The Gracchi had challenged the power of the Senate, and their successors were to do the same, until the arrival of Roman general Lucius Sulla, who became dictator in 8 BCE after emerging victorious from Rome's first civil war. Sulla aimed to restore the traditional powers of the Senate through a series of extensive reforms, and showed the Roman people a glimpse of one-man rule, and also revealed that the way to power lay in military muscle. The idea of a single leader was now surfacing.

In the 66 BCE, General Pompey of Rome made himself prominent through his conquest of eastern Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine. However, the Senate, reluctant to accept the rising popularity of any one man, refused to acknowledge his achievements. Pompey, and two other leaders of the time, Julius Caesar and Marcus Crassus, then formed a three-man political alliance known as the 'First Triumvirate' in 60 BCE in an attempt to seize control. However, it was not long before the First Triumvirate began to collapse as a result of the strong personal ambitions of those involved. Crassus died in 5 BCE, leaving only Pompey and Caesar remaining. In 51 BCE, Pompey, both jealous and fearful of Caesar's power after Caesar's conquest of Gaul, then turned back to the conservative Senate and ordered Caesar to relinquish his command. Caesar refused, and invaded Italy in 4 BCE, emerging supreme in 45 BCE. Eventually, the citizens honoured Caesar by voluntarily voting him dictator for life in 45 BCE.

Caesar, having gained absolute power, now used it to implement important reforms he tried to restrict dishonest practices in government; he improved the calendar, he reorganised the government system in Italy and most importantly, he attended to the needs of the poor by establishing colonies, distributing free grain, government services and improving the infrastructure. Although some may accuse Caesar of applying these reforms simply to retain popularity, the end result is that the gap between the lower and upper classes was reduced. Despite this, Caesar was popular with neither the Senate nor the Republicans. The Senate was treated with near-indifference, and the Republicans did not like Caesar's autocratic status. On 15 March, 44 BCE (the Ides of March), Caesar was assassinated by a group of aristocrats as he entered a meeting of the Senate. The people were outraged they had preferred the reforms of one man rather than the empty promises of the Republic. Caesar was honoured by the people after death by an elaborate funeral.

The eventual fall of the Republic, and the rise of a man like Caesar was indeed a logical conclusion following the events after the Third Punic War. A mix of factors after the conflict drove the lower classes into poverty, and, because the cries of the exploited poor fell upon a deaf Senate, the advent of a small group of outstanding reformers was inevitable, and the First Triumvirate was formed. However, with such lust for power in the alliance, an eventual clash resulting in the emergence of the strongest leader, Caesar, was unavoidable. Thus, supported by the vote of the people, Rome eventually came to be ruled by one man, bringing an end to the Republic.

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