Technology

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Signal Input (220V) – It is an alternating current, which is defined as currents that reverse their direction periodically. Electric power is usually supplied in the form of 60-cycle-per-second alternating current. The signal input is responsible for powering up the system.

Transformer (step down) - For alternating currents, the job of changing voltage from one value to another can be done easily and cheaply by a transformer. A step-down transformer, which steps down the voltage supplied by the source, is the type used in household circuits. Meaning, if the supply of voltage is 220 volts, the voltage delivered to the customer's home is 110 volts.

Circuit Breaker – it is a safety device consisting of a strip of metal encased in a container that is inserted in an electric circuit. When the current becomes excessive, the strip will melt and it will break the circuit.

Rectifier – A rectifier is necessary to convert a signal having zero average value to one that has a nonzero average. However, the resulting pulsating dc signal is not pure dc or even a good representation of it.

Filter – A filter is a device that allows certain electrical frequencies to pass and restricts other frequencies that are not needed by the circuit.

IC Voltage Regulator – These units contain the circuitry for reference source, error amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in single IC chip. For a particular IC unit, device specifications list a voltage range over which the input voltage can vary to maintain the regulated output voltage over a range of load current.

A power supply can be built very simply using a transformer connected to the ac supply to step the voltage to a desired level, then rectifying with a half- or full-wave circuit, filtering the voltage using a simple capacitor filter, and finally regulating the dc voltage using an IC voltage regulator.

Decoder (7447) – a most useful operation obtained from MSI units is decoding from one binary code into another. A popular decoder unit is the 7447 IC, which accepts a 4-bit binary-coded-decimal character as input and then outputs the signals to directly operate a seven-segment display as used in meters and clocks.

LM555 (Timer) – Another popular analog/digital IC is the versatile 555timer unit. The IC is made up of a combination of linear comparators and digital flip-flop. The entire circuit is usually housed in an eight-pin DIP package with pin numbers.

IC (Inverter) – a simple but important digital circuit is the inverter. Using voltage levels of 0 and +5V, as an example, the inverter circuit will provide an output of 0V for an input of +5V and an output of +5V for an output of 0V. In logical terms, the inverter, having single-input and single-output terminals, provides the opposite output – a 1 output for 0 input, or vice versa.

LED – The light-emitting diode (LED) is, as the name implies, a diode that will give off visible light when it is energized. The process of giving off light by applying an electrical source of energy is called electroluminescence.

Switch – A switch is a device used to open or close an electric circuit or to transfer current from one conductor to another.

Capacitor – A capacitor is a two terminal device that consists of two conducting bodies that are separated by a non-conducting material. Such a non-conducting material is known as an insulator or a dielectric. Because of the dielectric, charges cannot move from one conducting body to the other within the device. They must therefore be transported between the conducting bodies via external circuitry connected to the terminals of the capacitor.

Making use of the transition capacitance of a reverse-biased p-n junction forms monolithic capacitive elements. At increasing reverse-bias potentials, there is an increasing distance at the junction between the p- and n-type impurities. The region between these oppositely doped layers is called the depletion region due to the absence of free carriers. The necessary elements of a capacitive element are therefore present – the depletion region has insulating characteristics that separate the two oppositely charged layers.

7-Segment Display – The 7-segment device can display numbers only. Note that the digit 8 is displayed by having all seven segments lit. There are four vertical segments and three across. If the middle horizontal segment does not light, the digit 0 is displayed. Lighting appropriate segments can display any digit form 0 to 9. The seven-segment display fits a standard 14-pin IC socket with double in-line pins. This type is a DIP package. The multidigit seven-segment display is often used to show the time on digital clocks.

Potentiometer – The potentiometer is the most common electrical transducer. Potentiometers can be used alone, or they can be attached to a mechanical sensor to convert a mechanical motion into an electrical variation. It consists of a resistive element and a movable contact that can be positioned anywhere along the length of the element. This movable contact is called by various names, including tap, wiper, and slider.

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