How did the Pharaohs of this period(akenhaten to rameses II) exercise control over Nubia?

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How did the Pharaohs of this period(akenhaten to rameses II) exercise control over Nubia?

The stage had been set for the start of the New Kingdom rule. The battles had been won and the

treaties had been signed. Just how they kept and consolidated what had already been gained will

be analysed through various primary and secondary sources in order to gain an accurate insight

into how the Pharaohs of this period exercised control over Nubia.

'Amenhotep III ruled Egypt for almost 40 years. During that time Egypt enjoyed greater power

and prestige than it had before or since, prompting modern historians to call the reign of

Amenhotep III the Golden Age of Egyptian history'.

Amenhotep III did not have to struggle to make himself known as a great Pharaoh and the

question of having to go to war was never really needed to be considered. All of his success was

inherited from his father and forefathers before him. Diplomatic status was steady and

consolidation was the only requirement needed to be enforced by Amenhotep III. He had

inherited an extremely wealthy, powerful and stable empire. At the time, Egypt's dominative

power played a key part in its influential role over Nubia. This influence was used to gain

valuable resources such as gold. Amenhotep's 40 year reign was one of peace, including only

one military campaign to Nubia.

Amenhotep's successful rule was based on a clear hierarchal system of government where rulers

were carefully chosen with relations being very thorough and decisive. All people knew where

their place was. Nubia was controlled through the use of Viceroy's. They had titles such as

'overseer of the south land' and 'the King's Son of Kush'. The Viceroy was in charge of the

administration and resource collection that came out of Nubia. Amenhotep came to the throne

with a great advantage, this being the fact that all battles had already been won for him and all

treaties and alliances had been set in place. All he had to do was maintain what he had already

gained. He exercised his control over Nubia through the re-employment of strategies and

policies that were previously used before him by his forefathers. This was backed up by taking

greater responsibility for tasks rather than leaving them up to subordinates.

Successful control over Nubia was enforced through the strict maintenance of a strong army

which was backed up by extensive forts and garrisons that were scattered all throughout the

empire including Nubia. They assisted in the suppression of Nubian revolts and this exercised

control is a good example that proves that the Egyptian army was effective when deployed.

Amenhotep also maintained power over Nubia through the education of rulers and hostages

which increased their loyalty towards Egypt. Communication was a key factor contributing to

the effective control of Nubia. Keeping the Pharaoh informed about conflicting issues was

crucial in order for quick action to be taken. These issues were often the result of a King's death

or the succession of a new King. People revolted and in order for peace to be restored

communication was extremely important. This communication was also carried out between the

rulers. Flattering letters were quite common and gifts known as 'tributes' were an important part

of diplomatic relations. Through 'tributes', Egypt's influence over Nubia can be clearly seen.

Reliefs that show Nubians presenting gold and exotic goods to viceroys gives us evidence that

Nubians respected the Egyptian Pharaoh's quite possibly because of his power and influence

over them which is reflected in their generous offerings. It is not known how much of the

Pharaoh's control was exercised through conflictive situations as it was customary to represent

the Pharaoh in reliefs as a warrior - king. However, there is evidence to support a campaign in

Nubia which was found on a stela at the 1st cataract. It tells of force being exercised by the

Egyptians in order to control Nubia. The stelae records a revolt in Nubia in Amenhotep's 5th

year of reign and says he went and invaded Nubia to defeat rebels.

One came to tell his majesty 'the foe of Kush the wretched has planned rebellion in his heart'.

His Majesty led on unto his victory, he completed it on his first victorious campaign. His majesty

went forth like Horus, like Montu...He knew not this lion which was before him; Nebmare

(Amenhotep III) was a fierce - eyed lion, he seized Kush. All the chiefs were overthrown in their

valleys, cast down in their own blood.

As it was with Amenhotep, Akhenaten inherited this wealthy kingdom - but it was not without

encroaching danger.

Akhenaten continued on with his fathers work in Nubia which included the completion of

temples and some new reforms in the religious structure. The construction of temples in Nubia

was one way Egypt exercised control over them by controlling their worship. In a way, they were

attempting to Egyptianise the Nubian culture.

Akhenaten Kept control of Nubia through the use of a well maintained army just like his father

before him. In the 1th year of his reign there is evidence to support a Nubian campaign led by

Thutmose, the viceroy of Nubia at the time. He recorded this...

There are no rebels in your time, your war cry is like a flame of fire in pursuit of all foreign

lands!

This account gives us evidence to conclude that Akhenaten did indeed continue to exercise

control over Nubia through the use of military conflict like his father.

The reign of Tutankhamen was extremely short and thus not a lot of evidence is recorded to

suggest any campaigns carried out in Nubia. Although in the tomb of Huy who was the viceroy

of Nubia at the time, there are reliefs that depict Nubian's offering tribute which must mean that

Egypt's power and influence was still very much a factor in their control.

After Aye's short lived reign of 4 years, the experienced military commander Horemheb came to

the throne. Horemheb's military campaigns included one to Nubia that is recorded in a rock -

cut temple at Silsileh.

'he triumphs over the princes of every country. His bow is in his hand like the lord of Thebes

(Montu), mighty in strength, who carried away the princes of wretched Kush...He attributes the

victory to Amen who replied to Horemheb I have given you triumph over the south.'

The control over Nubia went into the 1th Dynasty with Ramses I and Seti I continuing to

dominate Nubia through the use of military and building campaigns. In reliefs found at a desert

temple north of Edfu, Seti I is found 'celebrating his dominance of the south by being presented

with a sword by Amen and smiting a group of Nubians'. It can be said that Nubia was very much

under the control of Egypt with mining and trade being fully exploited.

Ramses II - The Great also exercised his control over the Nubians with a campaign in the 14th

year of his rule. Its purpose was to suppress rebellion and it is depicted on reliefs in a small

temple at Beit el Wali in the south of Nubia. He also continued to Egyptianise Nubia through the

construction of temples to promote the worship of Egyptian god's.

In conclusion, it can be said that there is no doubt that the Pharaohs of this period exercised

control over Nubia. Through analysing the source material it is clearly seen that Egypt's

dominative power is most successful due to its strong government structure, the extensive

building programs throughout Nubia and the up to date maintenance of a strong and effective

army supported by forts and garrisons. The power that was available was fully exploited and is

the reason that Egypt was the major force and influence over Nubia in New Kingdom Egypt.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Breasted, JH, Records of Ancient Egypt, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 106.

Breasted, JH, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol , University of Chicago press, Chicago, 106

El Mahdy, C, Tutankhaman The life and death of a boy - king, Headline book publishing,

London, 1.

Kitchen, KA, Pharaoh Triumphant, Aris & Phillips Ltd, England, 18.

Lawless, J, Studies in Ancient Egypt, Second Edition, Nelson Thomson learning, Australia,

000.

Redford, DB, Akhenaten The Heretic King, American University in Cairo Press, 184.

www.members.tripod.com/~ib05/nubia.html, Nubia, website

www.touregypt.net/HistoricalEssays/nubiac1.htm, Egypt Nubia History, website

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