Diabetes

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a) Define the health problem.

Diabetes is a disease that impairs the body's ability to use food. It is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin.

Insulin is a hormone, which is made in the pancreas that is needed by the body in order to allow glucose to move into our cells and be used as energy.

There are main types of diabetes;

Type 1 diabetes

In type 1 diabetes the body does not produce insulin. The pancreas produces no insulin because the cells which make insulin have been destroyed by the immune system.

Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar. Sugar is the basic fuel for the cells in the body, and insulin takes the sugar from the blood into the cells. Therefore people with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections to control their blood glucose levels. It usually occurs to people under the age of 0.

Type diabetes

Type diabetes is known to be a lifestyle related condition that can run in families and is preventable.

It develops when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin or when the body tissues become resistant to insulin. Insulin lets sugar (glucose) enter body cells, where it is used for energy. It also helps the body store extra sugar in muscle, fat, and liver cells. The stored sugar can be released later and used for energy when needed. Because insulin is not available or is not used properly, the blood sugar level rises above what is safe. In type diabetes, blood sugar levels often rise gradually. If blood sugar levels remain high, blood vessels and nerves throughout the body may be damaged, and you may be at increased risk for eye, heart, and kidney disease.

The majority of people with diabetes have type .

b) What are the signs/symptoms associated with this problem?

Common symptoms of diabetes are increased thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger, unusual weight loss, rapid breathing, high blood pressure, mood swings, slow healing of cuts, extreme fatigue, and irritability. However, in type diabetes, blood sugar levels rise so slowly that a person usually does not have symptoms and likely has had the disease for many years before it is diagnosed.

A person may discover that he or she has type diabetes during a regular medical check up or during an appointment for another illness or condition, such as high blood pressure, a persistent infection, or a slow-healing wound. Some people do not find out that they have type diabetes until they have a complication from the disease, such as vision problems, kidney disease, or heart and blood vessel problems.

Diabetes symptoms begin out of nowhere and can develop over just a few days. If the person doesn't have a family history of the disease, the possibility of diabetes may not even be considered.

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually come on suddenly; in contrast, type diabetes typically develops more gradually and symptoms may be subtle, increasing gradually over months and even years. But the symptoms are basically the same, and they are related to high blood glucose, or hyperglycemia. The classic symptoms people have with diabetes are

[ Frequent urination, particularly at night, can be a symptom of diabetes, but this symptom alone would not necessarily suggest the disease either. This symptom would have to become pretty annoying and recurrent before it would prompt most people to consult a doctor.

Unexplained weight loss is another possible sign of diabetes but again, not a significant indication that the individual necessarily has diabetes. In many cases, people who want to lose weight would consider this an unexpected blessing and might not consult their doctor unless they had lost a considerable amount of weight over a period of time.

Fatigue is a classic symptom of the disease. However, fatigue also accompanies many other conditions, some of which are serious and others of which may be just simple virus bugs. So fatigue alone, unless it become debilitating, is unlikely to send someone to the doctor for a blood test.

Skin infections, wounds that are slow to heal, particularly sores on the feet and ankles, and recurrent vaginal infections (in women), are signs of possible diabetes that are somewhat more likely to draw attention and result in a diagnosis. ]

c) What are the risk factors for this health problem?

TYPE 1

The causes of type 1 diabetes are complex and still not completely understood. Type 1 diabetics are thought to have an inherited, or genetic, predisposition to the disease. It is theorized that this genetic predisposition may remain dormant until it is activated by an environmental trigger such as a virus or a chemical. This starts an attack on the immune system that results in the eventual destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas.

TYPE

Type diabetes is more common in people over the age of 40. However, the number of children being diagnosed with this disease is increasing. People who develop type diabetes often are overweight and not physically active. Other risk factors for type diabetes include

•Obesity. People who are obese (0% or more over their healthy body weight or a body mass index [BMI] of 5 or above) have increased risk for developing diabetes. People who are more overweight in the upper body are more likely to develop insulin resistance, which can lead to type diabetes. People who are not considered obese but have a large percentage of body fat in the abdominal area are also at increased risk for type diabetes.

•Lack of physical exercise. People who get little or no exercise are at risk for developing diabetes, especially if they are over age 40, have a family history of diabetes, and are overweight.

•Being overweight. Putting on extra pounds means that your pancreas has to work overtime to produce sufficient insulin. Obesity, or being 0% over your ideal body weight, is one of the biggest risk factors for type diabetes.

•Having a history of type diabetes in your family. Although the causes of type diabetes are not fully understood yet, heredity is thought to play a part.

•Being African American, Latino, Native American, Asian-American, or a Pacific Islander. These ethnic groups have a higher incidence of diabetes.

•Blood sugar levels that are above normal but below what is needed to diagnose diabetes. This is called impaired glucose tolerance; about one-third of people with impaired glucose tolerance will develop type diabetes at some point in their lives.

•High blood pressure or high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

•Age. The risk for developing type diabetes increases with age. People who are age 45 and older are at a greater risk for developing the disease than younger people. However, the number of children being diagnosed with type diabetes is increasing. Usually children who develop it have a family history of the disease, are overweight, and are physically inactive. In addition, children whose mothers developed gestational diabetes are at increased risk for developing type diabetes later in life.

•Low birth weight. People who weighed less than 5.5 lb (44.76 g) at birth are more likely to develop type diabetes later in life.4body weight.

d) What do Australians need to focus on over the next 10 years to reduce the incidence and prevalence of this diet health related problem? How can this be achieved?

How do you prevent complications?

Complications from diabetes can develop if blood sugar levels are consistently above a safe range. These complications can lead to serious disabilities or early death. Because diabetes is a risk factor for many forms of heart disease, people who are diagnosed early and follow their prescribed treatment can decrease their risk for developing heart disease. In addition, they may be able to prevent or delay damage to their eyes, kidneys, blood vessels, and nerves.

Maintaining blood sugar levels within a safe range is the key to preventing complications from diabetes. People who follow a treatment plan designed to fit their specific needs can live long, healthy lives.

Type II diabetes is considered somewhat preventable with proper diet, exercise, and weight management. Individuals with a family history of diabetes and individuals of African-American, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Island, or Native American heritage are at greater risk for developing Type II diabetes. As a rule, individuals who are over 40 years old and those who weigh 0 percent more than their ideal weight or more are also at higher risk of developing the disease.

Lifestyle changes can prevent or delay the onset of type diabetes among high-risk adults. These studies included people with IGT and other high-risk characteristics for developing diabetes. Lifestyle interventions included diet and moderate-intensity physical activity (such as walking for ½ hours each week). For both sexes and all age and racial and ethnic groups, the development of diabetes was reduced 40 to 60 percent during these studies that lasted to 6 years.

Studies have also shown that medications have been successful in preventing diabetes in some population groups. In the Diabetes Prevention Program, a large prevention study of people at high risk for diabetes, people treated with the drug metformin reduced their risk of developing diabetes by 1 percent. Treatment with metformin was most effective among younger, heavier people (those 5 to 40 years of age who were 50 to 80 pounds overweight) and less effective among older people and people who were not as overweight.

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