Feminism in Sports

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The MASTERS 00

Burk's Crusade is a Bust

Elizabeth Miller

April , 00

HF5

The Masters is one of the oldest and most prestigious tournaments in modern golf history, dating back to 14. Every year the best players in the world of golf congregate in Augusta, Georgia all with the hopes of wearing the illustrious green jacket. Augusta National is the golf course that is home to the Masters, the green jackets and now national controversy. Late last year, the headlines of magazines, newspapers and websites began to buzz about Martha Burk and her crusade for women's rights. The issue that caused all this commotion is the membership roster at Augusta National; there are no women on it. It is not unusual to find private golf clubs, such as Augusta National, that have all male membership but because the Masters, the tournament, is open to the public there is a lot of grey area as to whether Augusta National is practicing discrimination by not admitting females to their membership register.

The Masters was created in 14 by Bob Jones and Clifford Roberts. Winning a green jacket at Augusta is synonymous with winning the Masters the tournament. Each member of Augusta National is issued a green jacket to wear during the Masters to signify to whom the club belongs. Each professional golfer that wins the Masters is also issued a green jacket and is made an honorary member of Augusta National. Each member of Augusta National is allowed to have guests to play golf, among these guests are women. However, to this day there is not one female member at the Augusta National club. This fact has raised many eyebrows in the golf community but has never caused any formal protest.

However a formal protest did start almost a year ago, on June 1th, 00; when Augusta National President, Hootie Johnson received a letter from Martha Burk, head of the National Council of Women's Organizations. Burk urged Johnson and the membership of Augusta National to admit a female member into their currently all male club, prior to the 00 Masters tournament. Johnson rebutted with a very public, very firm refusal, there may well be a day when women will be invited to join our membership, but that timetable will be ours, and not at the point of a bayonet. When Martha Burk first sent her letter to Hootie Johnson neither party had any idea what they were getting into. Burk trivialized the role of women in combat by stating that women are allowed to fight in Iraq but not golf at Augusta. Her campaign for women members at Augusta National caused two important members of the club to resign. Thomas Wyman, a 5-year member at Augusta National and former CEO of CBS, resigned in protest over the womens issue. He said Johnsons position was pigheaded. Treasury Secretary Nominee John W. Snow also resigned his membership at Augusta National. Hootie Johnson took an unprecedented step when on August 0th; he severed all relations with sponsors so that they could avoid the controversy. These sponsors included Citigroup, IBM Corp. and Coca-Cola Co. Soon after the dispute ensued Burk assured Johnson and the American public that she would be at Augusta National to protest. It was at this point that other organizations followed suit and decided to side with Burk. Charles Farrell a representative for Rainbow Sports a division of Jesse Jackson's Rainbow/PUSH Coalition supports Burk because, We find this morally offensive at a time when Saddam Hussein is gender eligible to be a member of Augusta, yet the woman who is an Iraqi POW is not. The Ku Klux Klan made a public announcement that during the third round of the Masters they too would have representation at Augusta National in favor of Hootie Johnson.

When the day finally came, April 1th, 00, Burk's protest was somewhat under par. Sometime around 11 a.m., a bus pulled up on Washington Road and, as the sound system loudly projected the Helen Reddy song I Am Woman, the protesters stepped off the bus. By best count, there were somewhere between 0 and 0 of them. At that point, police had protesters outnumbered probably four or five to one. It was almost the same ratio for media members to protesters. Several minutes later, Burk stepped out of a car on the other side of the field and, swarmed by the media, walked up to the stage. Sometime during the rally, someone called Augusta a police state and someone else held up a 1-foot placard of a Ku Klux Klansman with the Masters emblem on his white robe. Also during the rally, an anti-Burk protester, maybe 15 feet away from her, directly in front of the stage, held up a hand-lettered orange sign that read Make Me Dinner! on one side and Iron My Shirt! on the other.

For over a year Martha Burk tried to force Hootie Johnson and the membership to admit a female to their exclusive boys club. When it was her turn to protest and show her distaste towards the practices of Augusta National the demonstration was a more of a stunt. On March 8th, 00 almost a month before the planned protests Tiger Woods predicted this outcome for the Masters, It's going to be an absolute joke, just a zoo, I think a lot of us players are really going to get inside the ropes and playing and not having to deal with a lot of this stuff. This was most definitely the case. The most support that Martha Burk received was from the people driving by and staring, other than the protestors she had bused in, no one showed up.

Supporters of Hootie Johnson say the membership at Augusta National is not doing anything wrong. Technically, Augusta National is totally within its Constitutional rights by choosing to assemble as an all male group. This is covered in the Bill of Rights when it states

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

The men of Augusta National are assembling peacefully when they gather to have dinner or play golf in Augusta, Georgia so there is nothing that the US Government or any other governing body can say to make them change their ways. Augusta National always treats females, when visiting, with the greatest respect on the course, range and in the dining room. So women are allowed to visit Augusta National, with a member of course, and while they may be excluded from this boys club, they aren't discriminated against.

John Steinbreder, of Golfweek, is a supporter of Hootie Johnson, the membership and the values practiced at Augusta National. He like most Americans realizes that, Clubs, as a rule, are confined to certain social and economic groups, and what smells like discrimination to the uninitiated is really just a matter of perfectly acceptable exclusivity. The exclusivity found at Augusta National is the same that can be found in many other places including Boston found Healthworks a women-only health club. The members of Augusta National are CEOs, President's and owners of corporate America. They are all wealthy important people in society. Just as easily as Martha Burk is crusading for women's rights a less wealthy person could make the same argument, Augusta National discriminates. The less wealthy, like women, are not allowed to play at Augusta National without the company of a guest, nor can they become members. However, to the less wealthy its not discrimination, it is just a lack of money on their part that prohibits them from joining a club such as Augusta National.

Before the event there was a lot of media hype. There were numerous articles in all of the major newspapers, on most of the major news websites and in every sports publication imaginable. In most of the sports publications [i.e. Sports Illustrated, Golfweek, etc] articles were pretty one-sided, supporting Hootie Johnson and Augusta National. It was the national newspapers that the other side of the story was presented. The New York Times Sports section and The Boston Globe both featured articles pertaining to gender discrimination. The New York Times featured an article about a Pennsylvania golf club that also doesn't permit women as members. The Boston Globe featured article about a women's only health club. In both articles the opposing view was presented to readers. A woman was interviewed about the Pennsylvania golf club and a man was the featured speaker in The Boston Globe article.

During the event, there wasn't an overwhelming of press coverage. It seemed as though the press figured out what the public had prior to the Masters. Martha Burk's attacks on Hootie Johnson were real however not that major. Had Burk's claims been a pressing event she would have made a larger effort to collect supporters for her cause. At the actual rally there were between 0 and 0 women protesting alongside Martha Burk. That is a lot of women but for this event it would have been more effective had Burk arrived to Augusta National before 11 o'clock in the morning and if she had brought more women who supported her cause.

Now that is it post Masters, the media hype has died down and the name Martha Burk will soon be a name forgotten. This controversy, however, will not be forgotten. Any golf club from now on that host a tournament that is known on any level be it local, regional or national it better have its member policies in order. That means no gender discrimination or race discrimination.

In conclusion Martha Burk had a noble crusade and had she made a more noble effort more of the American public would have taken her seriously. What her crusade lacked was a large support base and more vocal supporters. If Martha Burk had taken these points into consideration she may have had a chance when she went up against the members of Augusta National.

National Organization for Women. Asked to Admit Women, Golf Club Goes 'Ballistic'. July 00. http//www.now.org/eNews/july00/070outrage.html

USATODAY.com. Golf Masters Controversy Timeline. April 00. http//www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/masters/00-04-08-augusta-timeline_x.htm.

MSNBC.com. Not Buying into Burk's Latest Rants. 8 March 00. http//www.msnbc.com/news/81755.asp

Sheeley, Glenn. Tiger expecting 'a zoo' at Augusta. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 8 March 00.

U.S National Archives & Records Administration. Charters of Freedom The Bill of Rights. April 00 http//www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/bill_of_rights/amendments_110.html.

Steinbreder, John. Augusta can do whatever it wants. Golfweek 18 January 00.

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NEWS: FACT OR FICTION?

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MEDIA FACT or OPINION?

By Brendan Griffen

Despite the majority feeling that the news is not bias and belongs to a noble and revered institution, the news does embed false ideologies, stereotypes and values that are used to shape societies world views. Living in a consumer driven society, the news does not present the consumer with reality, only a certain perception of it and tells what the reader wishes to hear about the worlds events. In recent events the news has come across as an honest institution that just presents the news. However, a closer look at these stories reveals more than meets the eye.

Governor-General Crisis

Throughout the last few weeks the media has been focusing on a variety of topics. The most prominent of these is the sexual assault allegations put forward by Miss. Jarmyn against Dr. Peter Hollingworth. There has been substantial coverage in The Courier, News-Mail, Radio National, Hitz FM Radio and many more sources about the rape allegations. Different uses of discourse and factual discrepancies were present in a large number of articles.

The Herald Sun articles headline I DID NOT RAPE HER (Herald Sun, th May, 00) and I did not know her, I did not rape her (Saturday Daily Telegraph, 10th May, 00) both positions the reader to identify and relate to the author because of the use of first person. Also, the use of repetition affects the way the reader will accept or reject the article. From both of these points, the two news articles seem to support Dr.Hollingworth's call for justice.

However, a closer look at the sub-heading of the previous sources reads; Governor General forced to address nation.(Saturday Daily Telegraph, 10th May, 00) clearly positions the reader to believe that the Governor General was pushed into defence of the accusations against him. The photo of him also depicts an old, frail and scared man with a painful expression. (Herald Sun, Friday th May, 00)

The Weekend Australian's stance on the issue was clearly depicted in an obvious but brief cartoon, centred in one of their articles. Showing Dr.Hollingworth hanging from a tree being held there by a group of angry citizens. (Weekend Australian, 0th May, 00) This positions the audience to believe that the Governor General is just waiting to die, analogous to resigning.

Alternatively, The News-Mail presents the case as a form public humiliation with discourse such as G-G attacks called modern crucifixion (News-Mail, th May, 00) and G-G criticised (Guardian Weekly, th May, 00). In doing this, the media presents a sympathetic view of the rape allegations and evokes sympathy from the reader and those supporting the Governor General's cause.

The Channel 7 News story was significantly different to all the other news features. Channel 7 put forward a compassionate point of view at the start of the feature but then moves on to announce apparent successors of the Governor-General without any evidence. The news transcript is as follows for that particular section

The allegation has already sparked speculation about possible successors

You should not be asking me these questions. You should be ashamed of yourselves

Defence Force Chief, Lt. Gen Peter Cosgrove,

Absolutely no-comment on that issue and that is as far was we will read into that

Tim Fischer, Former Deputy Prime Minister,

But in the gulf the prime minister is saying nothing. (Channel 7 News, Friday th May, 00. 6.0pm). This is blatantly a lie or a misleading statement regarding the facts of Dr.Hollingworth's removal.

There is also a major factual discrepancy that is noticed between the News stories. It has been revealed that he was told of the rape claims against Peter Hollingworth 6 months ago. (National Nine News, Friday th May, 00) and It's been revealed that the Prime Minister knew of the accusations 5 months ago. (Channel 7 News, Friday th May, 00). It is clear that the news has fallen into one of two categories, opinion and truth, but it is still unclear for how long the case has been evident.

From the graph above it is clear that the Courier Mail has placed more emphasis on the issue. Even though the Herald Sun and Daily Telegraph had substantial amounts of information on the issue the Courier Mail had by far the most. The reason for this is due to the differing interests that each media sources are aimed at.

Saudi Arabia Bombings

The bombings in Saudi Arabia's capital, Riyadh, has also gained significant coverage through many media sources. It is through this extensive coverage that a wide variety of factual discrepancies and unusual and sometimes unnecessary uses of discourse can be present.

The Hindu's headline killed in suspected Al-Qaeda suicide attacks (www.thehindu.com, May 1, 00) and Riyadh Daily Bombs Rip Western Compounds in Riyadh… (www.riyadhdaily.com, May 1th 00) clearly positions the reader to believe that the recent bombings were clearly terrorist attacks.

However, The Arab News headline states 0 Die in Riyadh Suicide Attack (www.arabnews.com, May 1th 00) and The Channel News Asia headline states how many were killed and how many were wounded. Suicide car bombs in Saudi Capital kill at least three, wound 50

(http//www.channelnewsasia.com, May 1th, 00) tend, to imply that it was a suicide attack rather than a direct attack from a terrorist network

The Indian Express's use of discourse in Osama Bin Laden crew remain active and potent (www.theindiantimes.com, May 1th 00) and The Hindu …Powell said that the attacks bore all the signs of Osama Bin Laden al-Qaeda network (www.thehindu.com, May 1th 00) position the audience to believe that the prime culprit of the attack was Osama Bin Laden and his crew, as the Indian Express demonstrates.

Furthermore, some major factual discrepancies can be noted. The Hindustan Times, states that there were over 40 American's hurt in blast (www.hindustantimes.com, May 1th 00) and the Sydney Morning Herald states at least 50 American's (Sydney Morning Herald, May 1th, 00) adds to the increasing unreliability of the news and also hints at American bias. The irony is that even though Indians were killed in the blast, The Hindu states at least 44 Americans were among those injured in the blast (The Hindu, May 1th, 00) it does say a word about how many Indians were killed so it is clear that both local and international newspapers are susceptible to bias.

Alternatively, many of the news sources in Islamic cultures seem to be religious orientated. These Islamic states put forward a religious view by not just including their nationality but also their religion. Though not necessary, it also positions the reader to take on a stance depending on the individual's nationality and more importantly, religion. The Hindu Times states They seemed to be the latest anti-Western attacks in the kingdom that is the birth place of Islam (Hindu Times, May 1th 00) and the …and a Saudi Islamist group believed to be

May, 00). This does position the reader to become more aware of the rebellion and take into account the human and structural casualties.

Furthermore, a few factual discrepancies were found. As stated earlier the ABC News says that there were around twenty schools and other public buildings have been destroyed (ABC News, 0th May, 00) and Channel 7 describes, …these school buildings were set on fire but it is not certain who was responsible (ABC News, 0th May 00). Channel 7 used only a few pictures of similar buildings being burnt and this does not account for the twenty or so that were supposedly set a light. Depending on the news channel the audience was watching it does indicate that schools were set a light but it does not reveal how many.

Furthermore, during both of those programs they said that they were unclear as to who set the fires. Even though it is a brief sentence it does cover the news for any speculation as to who set them. For all the news knows, it could have accidentally been set a light by the government. The news just doesn't know, but they use it anyway to position the audience, regardless of the truth behind it.

It is clear that by analysing the three previous news articles that it proves that the supposed noble institution known as the news doe use, and more importantly doesn't use, certain aspects about a particular event. They use clever and sometimes unusual discourse to position the audience to take a certain point of view. Also by the use of factual discrepancies that may exaggerate or soften the actual truth.close to bin Laden's network… (Sydney Morning Herald, May 1th 00) indicating not only religious bias but assumptions about actual facts, therefore this news article is not presenting fact, it is more of an opinion.

From the above graph it is clear the ABC News Radio and the Courier Mail has supplied the majority coverage along with the Courier Mail. Each paper is aimed at different target audiences so they will cover certain aspects that would appeal more to their target audience. This story once again would have had a small religious bias that would have influenced the how much or how little the media put in on a story.

Aceh Rebellion

Recently, the Aceh Rebellion has come to life because the Indonesian President Megawani Sukanoputri has declared martial law and launched a shock and awe attack against pro-independence rebels. It has been described as Indonesia's largest military operation since 175. Along with this recent news event it is clear that the news has once again used strong discourse and factual discrepancies that need closer attention to reveal their hidden meanings. These are used to position the audience to view the text in a certain way.

The Courier Mail's headline reads, Rebels say villager burnt alive (Courier-Mail, p5 May 0th 00), clearly indicates the seriousness of the event. It also positions the reader to believe that this did happen because if the honest newspaper said so, despite the fact that Rebels say that this happened is somewhat irrelevant when trying to position the reader. The Jakarta Post headline Civilians Suffer Most in Ache (www.jakartapost.com, 5th May 00) also described the seriousness of the event by relating civilians with civilians (audience) and thus creates a sympathetic mood.

However, the ABC News launches right into the crux of the event by saying The military has arrested 7 rebels and killed 5 others, a claim denied by pro-independent leaders (ABC News, 0th May, 00). It also goes on to say Around twenty schools and other public buildings have been set on fire since the Marshall Law was declared (ABC News, 0th

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Inspector calls

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TASK

An Inspector Calls, by J.B. Priestly, is the story of the visit by an Inspector to an apparently normal family, the Birlings. They are celebrating Sheila Birling's engagement to Gerald Croft, who is also present, when the Inspector arrives telling them of the suicide of a young girl called Eva Smith. At first they deny any knowledge of the girl, but as the play goes on the Inspector manages to show that they all helped kill her.

An Inspector Calls confronts the decay of the British class system and the importance of social responsibility in a changing and uncertain world.

Set in a North Midlands household during the early 100s, Inspector Goole calls at the home of wealthy industrialist, Arthur Birling to investigate the circumstances behind the death of a young woman named Eva Smith. Each member of the family has a secret, and in some way has been responsible for driving her to suicide.

it is a play that attack the social mores of the time. In the time of Priestley people only seemed to look after themselves, their time and attention was not spent on the community, but on themselves. There was hardly any communal spirit or common wealth But the way that some of these cranks talk and writ now, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else as if were all together like bees in a hive, community and all that nonsense

The Inspector in the play is a mysterious man who comes and goes without a trace and seems to have no background. The Inspector is a channel for Priestleys views and criticisms on the social mores of the time. The Inspector is a contrast to the Birlings as he seems to favour community responsibilities rather than individual ones. The Birlings represent the richer people in society that do not care for their fellow people in the nineteen tens, for example Mr Birling sacked the girl Eva Smith for striking for a higher salary, but the demand was minuscule. They are set so far away from the community that they did not even realise that Eva Smith had died, let alone how the helped to kill her, they find this out only when the Inspector brings it to their attention.

Even though An Inspector Calls is a very well-made play Priestley really tries to hit home the importance for care of your neighbour. Priestley was a socialist in his time, unlike most of the people around that time who were only interested in monopolising and individual gain. Priestley believed that everyone should either share their wealth or at least help the needier. He thought that the continuing monopolising of the system would be immorally wrong and selfish.

And I tell you that the time will soon come when men will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish.

Theme 1 - Class System

People were expected to know their place in society and stick to it and moving from one section of the class system to another was frowned upon by those in power.

Workers were beginning to let it be known that they wanted to have a say in what happened to them and did so through strikes and the formation of trade unions to co-ordinate these actions.

This was a strange idea to those who owned the factories and workplaces, who expected to have complete control over all aspects of their workers lives. The bosses wanted things to stay as they always had been, with them in control of the labour, jobs, conditions and pay. The bosses, being of a higher class than the workers, believed that they knew best and should make decisions for the masses. These were mainly based on how much profit they could make and they rarely considered the welfare of the workers.

In the play itself the main family, the Birlings are wealthy middle class landowners and proprietors of a large factory that was built up by the father of Mr. Birling. He has hopes of gaining a Knighthood, due to his service as a magistrate and as Lord Mayor, which he sees as his way to climb the social ladder to the lower rungs of the aristocracy. This is shown in the way in which he compares this to the mother of his daughters fiance, Lady Croft, who is already, part of the aristocracy. Therefore, it can be seen that by marrying Gerald Croft, Sheila is playing a part in the families social climbing.

Is it fair for the wealthy to control the lives of the poor for their own profit?

Should all people have a say in their lives and their conditions of work?

Do you think that the poor could have done anything other than strike?

Theme - Women in the play.

Women at that time were seen as being delicate, fragile and obedient to their husbands or fathers. The ideal was for those pinched at the waist - slim. Women were trying to get rights the same as men, beginning the Suffrage movement.

Under Roman law, which influenced later British law, husband and wife were regarded as one, with the woman the possession of the man. As such, a woman had no legal control over her person, her own land and money, or her children.

Mrs. Birling - middle class woman of considerable influence - involved in good works, considered a suitable occupation for a lady in society. Women of higher classes did not work, but did only charitable work. This was seen as acceptable as it was a caring role that fitted with the idealised Victorian view, still held then, of women as mothers and carers.

Sheila - follows this path by not working, the only occupation mentioned which she does is shopping.

Daisy/Eva - a working class girl, possibly an orphan, who has to work for a living and is seen to be completely at the mercy of men.

Should women be seen as the property of their husbands?

What effects would this have on women?

How have opinions and laws changed/not changed since that time?

Theme - Sex.

Pre-marital sex frowned upon in the middle and upper classes if you were female, but not if you were male (an attitude still held today in many respects?).

This was due to fear of pregnancy outside of marriage as there was little contraception. Also moral code of the time where ladies were supposed to remain chaste and pure until they married.

According to a double standard of morality, respectable women had to be chaste but respectable men did not, but sex was supposed to be only with working class girls, mainly through use of prostitutes and mistresses, as doing so with their own class would have been breaking the moral codes. This shows that lower class women didnt hold the same status. The upper class men could not fall in love and marry the lower class women though, as this was considered unsuitable. You only married within your class, or preferably higher.

Working class girls were at the mercy of rich men and could find it hard to refuse sex to a man as it was these men who held social and economic power. Many of these women became pregnant and had no resources to care for themselves or their children. Unmarried mothers were frowned upon and in some cases treated as if they were mad and locked up.

Is it right for single mothers to be treated and thought of in this way?

What should be the responsibilities of upper class fathers of these children?

Is it right that men used money & influence to buy lower class womens bodies?

What if this situation was a womans only chance of surviving if unemployed?

What should happen if the woman becomes pregnant by the upper class man?

Theme 4 - Family.

Father was head of the family and his word was law within the family.

Mothers had some influence in areas, but were less direct in doing so.

Children, even when older and in adulthood were expected to completely obey parents.

Should children always obey their parents?

What if their parents are acting badly or immorally?

John Boyton Priestly wrote the play in 145, but the actual story is set in 11, two years before the world war. The reason for this is to show the events which has already happened that the audience already have knowledge of, such as the sinking of the titanic, the outbreak of the war, this is dramatic irony.

The historical and social background to this play makes the play ironic and dramatic. J.B Priestley uses irony a lot in an inspector calls. An example of this is 'Why a friend of mine went over on this new liner last week the Titanic she sails next week forty six thousand tons New York in five days and every luxury and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable.' Said by Mr Birling. This ironic sentence lets the audience know when the play was set, back in the year 11, when the Titanic sank on her maiden voyage. It's ironic because the audience knows that the titanic sank on her maiden voyage but the characters don't know. Also Mr Birling talks bout war. He says 'The German's don't want war. Nobody wants war, except some half-civilized folks in the Balkans.' but he does not know what the audience does in that in 114, there is an out break of war with Germany. These kinds of devices make the play meaningful to the audience by realising how you take things for granted. All the characters use irony. Mrs Birling, 'He should be made an example of. If the girls death is due to anybody, then it's due to him.' She blames the death of Eva Smith on the man who made her pregnant, as Eva came to Mrs Birlings when she sent the mother of her grandchild away, but she didn't know it was Eric's child. This part of An Inspector Calls is especially engrossing for the audience as the audience wants to see if Eric does get in any more trouble for being the father of the unborn child.

Here are some questions to help you understand their effects

How long and frequent are questions that the Inspector asks Sheila?

How long are Sheila's answers?

What effect does this have in our understanding of Sheila?

How long and frequent are questions that the Inspector asks Sybil?

How long are Sybil's answers?

What effect does this have on our understanding of Sybil?

Compare Sheila and Sybil, how are they different?

What is the effect of Birling's incorrect predictions?

How do we view Birling as a character after that point?

Why does the Inspector leave Gerald and Sheila alone in Act 1?

What effect does this have on understanding these characters?

What do Sheila's actions tell us about her development?

What is the effect of the characters not all seeing the photos?

In Act , what effect does this have Gerald, Sybil and Birling?

What is the effect of Birling's last lines in Act ?

What is effect of lack of physical description of the Inspector?

How does this contrast to the effect of his, massive presence?

What is the effect of the Inspector's final speech and exit?

What is significant about the endings of all three scenes in building tension?

What is the effect of the stage direction on page 1?

How do you view the Birling's, knowing their house is, not cosy and homelike?

What effects do the stage directions, indicating the character's mood, have in these examples?

e.g. Eric p.10,55 Sheila p.,71 Birling p.6,18

Inspector p.8,55 Sybil p.46,48 Gerald p.5,

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The relationship between mind and body

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A TALE OF TWO REALMS

Once upon a time, on an Island long ago forgotten, there were two tribes of people which had existed together- the Ingenium and the Corporis. The Ingeniumians occupied the knoll of the island around the volcano surrounded by the Coporisian tribe which spanned the rest of this island. Although there appears to be no physical differences between the people of these two tribes, it is often said that the Ingeniumians are always aloof and preoccupied, as if they were elsewhere whereas the earthly people of Corporis are hardy and occupied, labouring all day in the fields without thought.

To outsiders a strange relationship existed between these two tribes. The Coporisians were tithed by the Ingeniumians and in return the Ingeniumians provided leadership and guidance for the Coporisians. To the many Coporisians who laboured in the fields all day, they eventually grew frustrated by this apparently unfair exchange. The Corporisians couldn't see why they can't set up a ruling party themselves since they thought there were no differences between the Ingeniumians and themselves that would warrant their continued tributes towards the tribe of Ingenium.

nd day of Hibernation, 1605

To the respected tribe of Ingenium,

Following much debate and unrest amongst our tribe recently, the grand council of Corporis have decided to end our tributes to the tribe of Ingenious. We think this outdated and unfounded tradition is not in the fair interests of our tribe and we deem ourselves capable of leading our own people to our destiny.

With much Sincerity, Corporis

48th day of Hibernation, 1606

To the newly independent people of Corporis,

The Grand council of Ingenium expresses their deepest concern at the separation of our tribes. Since the beginning, our tribes have operated with this tithe, and without it our people can't survive. Furthermore, your tribe is merely an extension of us, and without our direction, you will have no destiny.

We know this because we are blessed with the ability to create miracles. And we make use of this ability everyday. Every time we think and a new and fresh thought springs up- it is a miracle. Every time we feel and experience- it is a miracle. Our curiosity, our hatred, our avarice are all miracles.

You might question our origin and our linage, no one knows how we are blessed with miracles and we are intensely researching this question ourselves, but the answer, we believe, lies beyond this world. Put simply, the people of Ingenium don't fit into this world through the natural course of evolution. Superficially, we might look the same as you, and structurally we are composed of millions of cells and different chemicals just like you, but ingenium, unlike Corporis isn't the result of evolution. Our thought process is unique, different to you. It is recognised that we retain some of your mental properties, such as your primal instincts but overall we are so different, so radical and so alien. A great and wise elder of our council known as the Dalai Lama, once stated that our mind is the product of another plane (Gaffney & Harvey, 1). Just think of all the unique concepts which we possess- wealth and ownership, ego and emotion, all of which no other organism on the world possess. We can hate each other with so much passion that we scheme to subsequently commit genocide, or we can love each other so that we choose to give up our own survival for another. Do you really think you can seek to explain our behaviour with chains of chemical reactions?

Hence we propose that the people of Corporis end this nonsense immediately and resume our traditional tithe so that order maybe restored within our tribes.

With much concern, Ingenium

1st day of Wake, 1606

Note Ingeniumians,

We may be simple people, but we are not stupid. Don't try to intimidate or confuse us with your incredible talks of miracles and aliens. Such talk has only made you seem more foolish as everybody understands the principle of evolution. You are perhaps wiser and more intelligent, but this doesn't make you special, only more evolved. It is clear for all to see that our mind is merely a result of a large network of neurons, and thought is propagated by chemical reactions from outside stimuli. Without connection to the physical world outside, then your minds will never be able to have any basis of thought. Hence our minds are our own self-conscious representations of our brain, and since our brain is physically linked to our body, the mind is merely an extension of our body. This you taught to us yourselves many cycles ago.

We warn you that any further threats directed at our republic we not be tolerated.

Republic of Corporis

rd day of Blossom, 161

Corprisians,

Our supplies are scarce but our minds are strong in our beliefs. The mind is not a tangible substance, not like the air we breathe or the water we drink. It is ethereal. Our bodies on the other hand are physical and tangible. Our minds and our bodies are incongruous due to this disparity. Rather than thinking of the connection between the two entities a physical one, the mind is separate from the body yet undeniably linked. Perhaps a metaphor is easier to understand. Picture the tomato crops in your farms. For it to fruit, you have to support the vine with struts, without the struts the vines would collapse under its own weight and bearing no fruits. However without the plant, the struts would serve no purpose. Just like this example, our minds and bodies are locked in a similar situation- without our bodies our minds can't survive and without our minds our bodies would serve no purpose in existing. The concept of mind and body is complex and intertwined, passing through and ravelled around each other but they not fused or connected.

We hope that you will heed our warning and not meddle with forces we can't begin to understand. By not supplying us you are killing off your mind and hence destroying your purpose.

15th day of Harvest, 16

To all the citizens on the isle of Humanus

The republic of Corporis hath here by declared war upon the councils of Ingenium for subversion and heresy also of bring established principles of science into disrepute. In addition no peace treaty will be signed until the councils of Ingenium return all previously tithed goods dating to the year 1500 and denounces its heretical thinking on the subject of a mind that is separate from the physical body.

We don't accept this notion of a mind that could possibly be so complicated it is alien to this world. Mother Nature-the creator of our minds through evolution, is perfect in everyway, even in ways which we can't comprehend. We see the perfection she has created everyday around us. How can you question nature with your mind? It is as ridiculous as a tomato asking why it is a tomato. We should simply feel blessed that our enhanced ability to think through our vast neural networks has accidentally given us self-representation or self consciousness. Indeed we have networks of neurons organised for basic tasks such as bodily needs, but other networks are able to integrate and operate on these basic networks, effectively yielding meta-representations (Siegfried, 00). These then contribute towards our self awareness.

We are at the forefront of our research and we believe we have leading technical expertise in this area. During a time when technology was primitive, perhaps your explanation was valid; accepted because there was no proof otherwise from scientists.

Pax Republica Corporis

A long and terrible war was waged by the two sides. Armies of stout troops poured out from Corporis towards the mountain peak where the palaces of the council of Ingenium lay enclosed in a solid shell of granite. The people of Ingenium, having long been deprived of supplies from Corporis were frail and weak. However from plans drawn up by grand engineers they built gigantic contraptions which were as imaginative as they were deadly in their application. Some spat huge bouts of slime whilst others would make the earth shake.

Eventually, without the leadership of the Ingeniumians, the Corporis war effort grinded to a halt as their organization collapsed from the inside. The republic was in turmoil due to the lack of a central government and coherent regulation. What started as liberation soon turned into a nightmare as supplies were being misdirected, armies sent to attack the wrong targets and everything descended into chaos.

Things weren't any better for the Ingeniumians as their stockpile gradually dwindled. The massive war machines grinded to a halt and citizens sat within their fortifications watching malnutrition and starvation kill more people than the Coporisian army.

0th day of Harvest, 1658

Corporisians,

Nearly twenty years have passed since your nation declared war upon our innocent Ingenium. Our kingdom is ruined beyond repair and our subjects are nearly all claimed by malnourishment. Long ago have we given up the hope that this terrible war might end in a fair resolution. However we still stand firm by our believe that mind and body is intimately intertwined yet not connected. We have not a scientific explanation that would satisfy your requirements, and in lieu of evidence we can only offer our experiences.

Our minds are much like blank canvas, born onto nothing but ready to absorb all that the world has to offer. We call this to Learn. Overtime as the permeability of the canvas increases and it is able to hold on to more and more paint we can begin to analyse the ingredients which has been absorbed. Hence we gain the ability to Think. Then we are able to break down and recombine these ingredients or create new ingredients similar to those which we have absorbed. This we call to Act. All of these processes are agreed to be chemical reactions void of any magical properties. However, the mind is capable of much more than learning, thinking and acting. Our minds have imagination, creativity, passion, humour, empathy, depravity and many more properties which are not explainable by chemical reactions or synapses of neurons. This is the miracle.

Sincerely, the last of the Ingenium

Around the year 1700

Soon after their last correspondence, the Ingeniums became extinct. The surviving Corporisians became feral and lived the lives of beasts thereafter, hunting and gathering in small groups. What once were their civilisation lie now in ruins and the stronghold of the Ingeniums were never entered, lying in hollow and eerie silence.

Curiously at the grand entrance of the stronghold there stands a massive bronze statue of a tomato vines climbing around supporting struts. And all throughout the stronghold grows tomato plants, their vines limp on the ground and bearing nasty green or yellow fruit. Tomatoes were considered poisonous and cursed by the feral people on the island and were never collected.

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Penelope essay

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Essay Homer's Characterization of Penelope in the Odyssey

The role of women in Homer's Odyssey is very limited, as it concentrates mainly on the significance of male characters. Penelope's character proves to be the most independent female depicted in the poem that is largely dominated by males. Throughout the play Penelope maintains the ultimate mother imagery as she portrays both the mother and father figure for her son Telemachus. Penelope is also portrayed as a woman of her own making, whose intelligence proves that she the perfect partner for Odysseus. Penelope's character proves to be faithful as she continually defends her husband's reputation and resists the suitor's persistence to marry her. Amongst all the struggles and pain that Penelope succumbs to, her physical beauty never fades as she is admired strongly by Odysseus and the male suitors. Penelope was given a considerable role as a woman in the Odyssey, as she used her strong will and intelligence to help her husband maintain his power and authority when he returned home.

Penelope continues to demonstrate her great mother imagery throughout the entire poem, as she continually shows her strong love and emotion for her son and at the same time educates him to act as his father would. Penelope's emotions take over her as she is overcome by emotion due to Telemachus' secret expedition to find news about his father. Penelope was overwhelmed by the anguish that racked her. She could not even bear to sit in one of the many chairs in her apartment, but sank down on the threshold of her lovely room weeping bitterly(Book 4. 715-0). The reaction of Penelope to Telemachus' expedition shows that as a mother, she becomes very emotionally distraught and fears that the worst may happen to her son that she cares for so deeply. Penelope shows that she is a mother that worries heavily about her son and will not be able to concentrate fully until she knows that her son is out of harms way. Penelope not only shows her strong emotions from her son's departure with tears but also denies herself from food and drink as she is longing for the safe homecoming of her son Telemachus. Wise Penelope lay there in her upper room, without touching food or drink, wondering whether her innocent son would escape death or fall victim to her brutal suitors. Doubts and fears chased through her mind as they do a lions when he finds himself surrounded by the beater and stands in terror as they close in (Book 4. 788-). Penelope deprives herself of food and drink because the concern for her son causes her to be so distraught that she cannot even take part in her daily rituals. Although she is filled with painful emotions and sorrow she confronts the suitors out of respect and love for her son, demanding that they put an end to their schemes to kill Telemachus. Odysseus at whose expense you are living free, whose wife you are courting, and whose son you are prepared to kill… You are causing me great anguish… I command you now to put and end to all this and make the rest obey you! (Book 4. 718-1). Penelope demonstrates great strength as a mother, as she can push aside her tears and carry herself strongly in order to confront the suitors and demand that they put an end to their plans to kill her son. Penelope allows herself to be overcome with passion as her son returns home safely from his journey. And now the wise Penelope came our from her room, looking like Artemis or golden Aphrodite, and dissolved in tears as she threw her arms around her sons neck…Your back Telemachus, light of my eyes!(Book.) The return of Telemachus demonstrates the strong connection Penelope has with her son. This is shown when Penelope transforms from a weeping mother occupied to a beautiful goddess crying tears of joy at the sight of her son. The great mother imagery of Penelope goes beyond her emotions and care for her son's well being as she also educates him to follow in the steps of wise and honorable Odysseus. Penelope steps up to her son and belies him for the treatment of the beggar. Telemachus she said, Your sense and judgment aren't what they were. As a boy you used to have much greater shrewdness, but now you have grown up and entered manhood…Look what has just happened in this shall, you allowed this visitor of ours to be shamefully treated (Book 18. 15-). Penelope confronts Telemachus for allowing such inappropriate treatment of the beggar to occur in their home. Penelope acknowledges her sons actions and talks with him to show him that his actions were neither honorable nor acceptable. This shows that Penelope is a mother who cares deeply for her son and is not submissive when he acts unacceptably.

Penelope is also portrayed as a woman of her own making, using her craftiness and intelligence to deal with problems and situations that arise. These qualities show that Penelope is the perfect match for Odysseus who also exudes the same qualities. Intelligence is the most apparent characteristic seen in Penelope's character. The suitors often refer to Penelope as Kerdea, a Greek word that usually refers to cunning intelligence and is associated with a fox or a skilled thief. Meanwhile they are pressing me to name my wedding day and I have to devise tricks to deceive them (Book 1. 14-). Penelope shows that she uses her intelligence and craftiness to avoid having to choose a suitor that allows her husband to maintain his power and authority while he is gone. Penelope devised a trick that kept the suitors at bay for almost four years. So by the day I used to weave a great web but every night I had torches set beside it and undid the work. For three years I took them on by this strategy until my maids caught me(Book 1. 14-55). Penelope fooled the suitors with her intelligence by telling the suitors that she will not wed until she has finished weaving a shroud for Laertes, her father in law. Penelope had undid all her work every night before she went to bed, and it took three years for the suitors to catch on to her scheme. Penelope continues demonstrate her cleverness when she brings upon the challenge of the axes. I shall now place the great bow of godlike Odysseus in front of you. Whoever strings the bow most easily and shoots an arrow through all twelve axes, with that man I will go (Book 1. 7-8). Penelope is in a position where she no longer has a reason to postpone her selection of a suitor, so she devices the challenge of the axes knowing that only Odysseus himself can string the bow and precisely hit all twelve points. This shows that like Odysseus, Penelope uses her intellect and craftiness to solve a situation that arises. The suitors parents themselves recognize Penelope's great intelligence as they talk with Telemachus about sending his mother away to marry. She must be aware of trying our young men's patience much further and counting to much on matchless gifts that she owes to Athene, her skill in handicraft, her excellent brain, and the genius she has for getting her way. In that respect I grant she has no equal, not even in story (Book . 115-0). Antinous talks of Penelope as if she is beyond a goddess, excelling not only as a housewife but has the intelligence of a goddess or nymph, using her craftiness to get her way.

Penelope's character proves to be extremely loyal and faithful to Odysseus as she continually defends her husband's reputation and resists the suitor's persistence in courting her to be their wife. Penelope's faithfulness is well known to all people as her fame has spread throughout Ithaca and the heavens. This is shown by Agamemnon who states, There is no trusting women (Book 11. 455-6). Although his view of women has been misconstrued due to the deceptiveness of his own wife, he still appears to have much respect for the loyal Penelope. Odysseus of many virtues, you won a wife endowed with great virtue. How good what proved that is in blameless Penelope…and how well she remembered Odysseus her wedded husband(Book 4. 1-6). Agamemnon spoke these words after the suitors are led to their position in the underworld. This shows that even a man such as Agamemnon who was deceived by his wife, sees that Penelope has proven herself to be the opposite of Clytaemnestra. Penelope shows her great faithfulness and loyalty to Odysseus by staying away from the suitor's lust to marry her. She seldom shows herself to the suitors in the hall, but keeps away from them and works in her loom in her room upstairs. By doing this Penelope shows that she would rather be alone then be unfaithful to Odysseus. This action also shows that her main concern is Odysseus' return home. Penelope also proves her faithfulness by continually boasting her husband's fame in public, most often in front of the suitors. As dear as he, do I long whenever I am reminded of my husband whose fame goes through Hellas and mid most Argos (Book 1. 4-45). Penelope continues to make comments such as, I lost a husband with a heart of a lion among the Donians surpassed in all virtues(Book 1. 56-7). In this way, Penelope reinforces her husband's authority and keeps his reputation great, proving her loyalty and love of her husband to the suitors.

Although Penelope has a life full of pain and distress, her physical beauty never fades away with that pain as her beauty is admired throughout the land. Throughout Homer's poem Penelope look are often related to those of a goddess, The wise Penelope now came down from her apartment to look like Artemis or a golden Aphrodite(Book 1. 5-4). In the Odyssey Penelope's character is continually described using a goddess such as Artemis and Aphrodite, showing that her beauty is beyond the beauty of an average woman. The suitors are often filled with great feelings of lust when Penelope presents herself to them, The suitors went weak in the knees. Their hearts melted with desire, and every man amongst them voiced a prayer that he might sleep with her (Book 18. 1-15). Penelope's beauty proves to be breathtaking as shown by the suitors who cannot control their desires at the sight of her. Penelope's beauty is also shown by the suitors who comment on their chance to go elsewhere to find a suitable bride. Yet they continue their stay in hopes that they will marry the incomparable Penelope. Meanwhile we stay, instead of each seeking a suitable bride, we feed our hopes from day to day on the thought of the incomparable prize for which we are competing (Book . 05-8). The suitors continue to wait for the chance to marry Penelope because no other bride can be compared to the beauty and wit of Penelope.

Penelope's character proves to be the most independent female in Homer's Odyssey, a poem that is largely concentrated on the significance of male charachters. Penelope's strong bond with Telelmachus gives the reader a strong mother imagery, as she shows great passion for her son. Penelope is also portrayed as a woman with cunning intelligence that exemplifies her strong connection with Odysseus. Penelope's character proves to be loyal and faithful to Odysseus while he is away from home by resisting the suitors who were competing to have her hand in marriage. Throughout all the difficulties and anguish that Penelope experiences, her physical beauty never fades as she is often described as a goddess. Penelope was given a considerable role as a woman in the Odyssey, as she used her strong will and intelligence to help her husband maintain his power and authority when he returned home.

 

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The Tell Tale Heart

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The Tell Tale Heart' is a story about a man who killed an old man just because he didn't like the way his eyes looked like. The main character speaks about madness as being a gift and not a kid of disability for example in paragraph one on page he says ' but why would you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses-not destroyed-not dulled them'. The mad man killed the old man and then cut him up and put him under the floorboards of the house.

'The fruit at the bottom of the bowl' is a story about a man (William Acton) who killed his neighbour (Huxley) because he thought that Huxley was having an affair with his wife. Acton strangles Huxley and then he cleans the Huxley's house so that there aren't any fingerprints in the house left so that the police can trace the murder back to Acton.

In 'The Tell Tale Heart' the main character thinks that he has done the right thing by killing the old man and that he got rid of the 'evil eye'. The main character is very confident about what he has done and think that he had a very good reason for killing the old man which was that he didn't like the way his eyes looked like and because he thought that the eyes were evil. We can see evidence of that in the nd paragraph on page where he says 'I think it was his eye! yes, it was this! One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture-very gradually- I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye for ever.' In my opinion I think that this is no good reason for killing a human being the is like me killing someone because they have ginger hair whereas is 'The fruit at the bottom of the bowl' William Acton has a good enough reason about killing Huxley well maybe not a big reason, but at least a normal reason for killing Huxley and the reason is that Acton thought that Huxley was having a affair with his wife. I think Acton maybe feels a little bit guilty and is very paranoid about the whole murder unlike in 'The Tell Tale Heart' where the murder is very confident about what he had done and planned the whole murder whereas Acton didn't really plan to kill Huxley, but Acton in his mind thought that Huxley knew all along that he was going to get murdered. Acton thought that Huxley planned to get murdered and so told Acton to touch a lot of stuff in the house for example on page 8 Huxley said 'There's a bottle of burgundy, Acton. Mind fetching it from that cabinet? essaybank.co.uk wwcb cbw escbcbs aycb cbba ncb kccb cbuk. wweg egw esegegs ayeg egba neg kceg eguk. wwfd fdw esfdfds ayfd fdba nfd kcfd fduk;

Yes, fetch it. Handle it. Touch it. He did.'

Than Acton thought that Huxley was basically setting him up. Once Acton strangled Huxley he had started to clean the house of fingerprints. That was all fine and well but Acton didn't clean only the door knobs, glasses, cup and things like that which he touched he cleaned the whole house the walls, the couch absolutely everything which was a sign of big paranoia from Acton. wwaf afw esafafs ayaf afba naf kcaf afuk.

The character in 'The Tell Tale Heart' had a lot of conversations throughout the story but all the conversations were to himself. The things that the character talked about were very strange. He talked about how every night at midnight for the last week he came to check on the old man to see the 'evil eye' and to look up on the old man. The character talked about how cautiously he opened the door so the old man wouldn't here him. He would open the door 'just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye'-as in paragraph one on page 4 whereas in the 'Fruit at the bottom of the bowl' Acton the main character had conversations with himself using flashbacks like on page 8 in the first paragraph were he looked back just before he killed Huxley and the things that happened. As Acton looked back he realised that Huxley was telling him to touch everything in the room the books, the bottle of burgundy, the burgundy glasses etc. as if Huxley knew that he was going to get murdered. Acton thought that Huxley was setting him up for what he was about to do. Acton now thought that his fingerprints were everywhere in the house and the he was set up by Huxley and in a way he thought that he was outsmarted by Huxley. When Acton went to look for the gloves so that there weren't any more fingerprints in the house he was a bit frustrated that he couldn't find the gloves and so was asking himself even more could Huxley have know that he was going to get murdered? Like on page 86 in the first paragraph Acton said 'Did you guess I was going to kill you?' and on the same page in the same paragraph he said ' Were you that cleaver and that mean?' The other conversations that Acton had were about how he could have done the murder better. Z7HS Visit essaybank ea co ea uk ea for more ea Do not ea redistribute Z7HS wwbb bbw esbbbbs aybb bbba nbb kcbb bbuk; wwgf gfw esgfgfs aygf gfba ngf kcgf gfuk.

In 'The Tell Tale Heart' the main can hear and see a few strange things. The character sees the old mans eye as evil. This maybe is not unusual because the old man could be looking at the character in a strange way and by looking that way at him the character may think that the old man has an 'evil eye'. After he has murdered the old man and when he is sitting down in the room where the old man is dead under the floorboards chatting with the police he all of a sudden starts to hear a heartbeat which is getting louder, louder and louder. This heartbeat may represent the characters guilty conscience and shows us that the character is actually nervous about what he had done. However it's that mad people don't have a conscience so this may support the characters argument about not being mad, but on the other hand hearing a heartbeat that no one else can hear is a little bit strange and points that he might be mad. So the heartbeat is the key point in answering the question is he or is he not mad?

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In 'The Fruit at the bottom of the bowl' Acton can see himself as an artist who has just made a piece of art (the dead body) and clearing all the evidence that points to him. This make Acton look not normal but a bit mad if he looks at a dead body and treats it like a piece of art. As the story goes Acton starts to see fingerprints all over the house. His fingerprints. This is a little bit strange, as you cannot see fingerprints with your naked eye unless you are really close and seeing fingerprints on an object is extremely hard. This is showing that he is a bit mad and a bit paranoid. wwbf bfw esbfbfs aybf bfba nbf kcbf bfuk.

Both characters start to see or hear things after they have committed the crime, which shows I think that they are guilty, but the heartbeat is ambivalent and the fingerprints are not. When the main characters start to see and hear things they start to fall and get very, very nervous which shows again that they are felling guilty. The seeing of the fingerprints was the reason why Acton started to polish the whole house and in my mind the reason why he got caught. wwfd fdw esfdfds ayfd fdba nfd kcfd fduk!

The characters reactions help us tell wheatear they are mad or not. Acton feels very passionate about his murder and treats it like a piece of art and so tries to make absolutely everything perfect. If you look as a piece of art like the Mona Lisa then I think that the person is completely mad. However the main character in 'The Tell Tale Heart' is not as thrilled as the Acton about the crime. The character is just happy the he got rid of the 'evil eye'. He treats it like a job so he is happy that the job was done successfully. Acton's reaction is a bit strange whereas the reaction of the main character in 'The Tell Tale Heart' is very normal it's like ok job done move on whereas Acton is trying to make it better and better as a true artist.

Once the characters have committed the murders they are starting to get rid of the evidence and in this part where they are meant to make everything normal in my mind they make us think that they are even madder then we thought at the beginning of the story. In 'The Tell Tale Heart' the character kills the old man and then he chops him off into pieces and putts the body under the floorboards of the room, which in a way is smart but also very sick and insane. Acton is even madder because he starts to polish the whole house so that he would get rid of the fingerprints he even polishes the walls and even the furniture. This shows that he is insane because he is saying that he is seeing the fingerprints and it is nearly impossible actually I think it is impossible to see your fingerprints with your naked eye on fabric, which shows that he is mad and paranoid. However it is normal to clean fingerprints to get rid of the evidence but the problem is that Acton took it over the edge. We can see that both characters are emphasising madness they are also showing us that they are a bit normal and smart. from www.essaybank.co.uk wwdc dcw esdcdcs aydc dcba ndc kcdc dcuk. wwff ffw esffffs ayff ffba nff kcff ffuk.

The two stories are told in different ways. 'The Tell Tale Heart' is told in the 1st person narrative whereas the 'The Fruit At The Bottom Of The Bowl' is told in the rd person narrative. I think that the story is better told if it's in the 1st person narrative because it lets you see the story from the characters point of view and it lets you engage with the thoughts and filings of the character. wwge gew esgeges ayge geba nge kcge geuk.

In the stories rhetorical questions are used. The use of the rhetorical questions is different in the stories because 'In the Fruit At The Bottom Of The Bowl' the rhetorical questions are used to create confusion whereas in 'The Tell Tale Heart' the rhetorical questions are used to express anger from the main character this is showing that the character isn't happy when people call him mad.

In the stories there was also strange use of punctuation to affect the madness. The character in 'The Tell Tale Heart' being mad to us a lot of repetitions like 'very, very' and louder, louder etc. There also is a lot of dashes so that the sentence is made longer and in a way makes us the readers think that the character is mad. There is a lot of short and long sentences in the stories. The short sentences were mainly used they to create a bigger impact on the reader whereas the long sentences were boring and mostly describing things. The short sentences were used in 'The Tell Tale Heart' when the main character was feeling tense especially when he started to hear the heartbeat of the old man. JSe0tJ from JSe0tJ essay JSe0tJ bank JSe0tJ co JSe0tJ uk

I think that the portrayal of Edgar Allan Poe is better because his technique was better than the one of Ray Bradbury. I think that because he wrote in the 1st person narrative this is because I could engage better with the character and get into his inner thoughts whereas the rd person narrative which was used by Ray Bradbury doesn't give you that kind of insight into the character and the 1st person narrative helps us understand the characters madness. The other good thing that Edgar Allan Poe did was that he made the madness of the character grow more and more as the story went on.

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Fashion

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The Color Purple is the story of a broke African American woman living in the south between World War 1 and World War . At this time, even though slavery had ended, many women, black and white, were still practically in oppression, and had to put up with several conditions that were reminiscent of the days of slavery. The problem was that they had to suffer being treated like an inferior being by their own families sometimes, as well as from the white community that lived there. It was a time that was filled with misery for many African American women, and they felt powerless to do anything about their situations. The novel focuses mainly on an African American woman named Celie, who has lived a hard life already when, at the age of 14 she begins writing notes to God to have someone to confide in, and tell her thoughts and secrets to. In her first note, she says I have always been a good girl. Maybe you can give me a sign letting me know what is happening to me. Already at that young age she has been taking care of her siblings, and has been working very hard at trying to get something of an education. She has been raped by her daddy repetitively because, as he says, You gonna do what your mammy wouldn't. She has had two children by him already, and he's taken both of them away right after they were born. She thinks he might have murdered one, but later finds out that he sold them to a couple in town. Celie doesn't do anything about her situation, because she's used to being treated like that. She's terrified, and she worries for her sister Nettie too, when her Pa starts looking at her the same way.

Sooner or later, a man referred to as Mr. comes along and wants to marry Nettie, but he's too old for her, and ends up marrying Celie. Mr. takes a couple of months to think it over, but goes ahead and marries her because he needs somebody to watch over his children. It's not so much he wants a relationship, he just wants someone to mind of things for him so he doesn't have to do much, and he wants something else when he wants it. Her father even tells Mr. that She ugly... But she ain't no stranger to hard work. And she clean. And God fixed her. You can do everything just like you want to and she ain't gonna make you feed it or clothe it. As soon as she is married, she is being abused by Mr.. She has to work the fields, raise his children (one of which splits her head open with a rock on the day she gets married), and suffer beatings whenever he gets angry about something and wants to take it out on her. One time when Mr. is asked by his son Harpo why he beats Celie, he tells him Cause she my wife. Plus, she stubborn. All women good for- he don't finish. She tells God about how He beat me like he beat the children.... Cept he don't never hardly beat them. He say, Celie, git the belt. The children be outside the room peeking through the cracks. It all I can do not to cry. I make myself wood. I say to myself, Celie, you a tree. That's how come I know trees fear man.

Life goes on, until she meets a couple of women that change her life around. The first woman she meets is Sophia, who marries Harpo. She isn't afraid to stand up for herself, even to a man. When Mr. asks Harpo if he ever beats her, Harpo is embarrassed, and says that he hasn't. So Mr. tells him he should, because Wives is like children. You have to let 'em know who got the upper hand. Nothing can do that better than a good sound beating. While he may have thought he gave his son some good advice, when Harpo tries it, Sophia knocks him right back into place by beating him up instead. When Celie and Sophia talk about Mr., Sophia tells her You ought to bash Mr. head open., but she knows she would never get away with it. She's just coping with things as they are because that was the way she'd always been raised and treated. It's almost common to her, but at the same time, she admires the way Sophia can take care of herself, and I think she wished she was fearless enough to do the same. Sophia eventually leaves Harpo because of the way she is mistreated, but Celie finds out that she's not so lucky when she shows her attitude to the Mayor and his wife in town one day. When she's asked if she'd like to be a maid, she replies Hell, no. When the mayor asks her what she said, she repeats it, and he slaps her. With that, Sophia hits him back, and ends up getting beaten up herself, and put in jail. She gets out after Mr. and some others come up with a plan, but has to spend the rest of her sentence as a maid, living under the house where she is working off the rest of her time. The lesson for Celie (and others) is that although Sophia got away with standing up to Harpo and other black people, she found out that she couldn't get away with it around everyone. The other person that changes Celie's life and finally gives her some self confidence is Shug Avery, a singer that coincidentally was in love with Mr. years before. They wanted to get married, but couldn't because he was forced to marry another woman that was prearranged for him. In another kind of twist, Shug is very mean to Celie when she first arrives at their house to get over being sick, and it is because she is to some extent jealous of Celie being married to the man she wanted to marry. Also, one of the reasons that Mr. beat Celie sometimes was because he was married to her, and she wasn't Shug. After some time, the two women get to talking and find that they do like each other, eventually ending up being just more than friends. They form a strong friendship, and Celie finally realizes what it is like to be in love with someone else, not like a sister, but more like a companion, even though Shug is not a man. Over the years they get closer and closer, and one night, even though Shug had gotten married to a man named Grady, they talk about Celie's life. She tells Shug that Mr. come git me to take care his rotten children. He never ast me nothing bout myself. He clam on top of me and fuck and fuck, even when my head bandaged. Nobody ever love me. Shug replies, I love you, Miss Celie. And then she haul off and kiss me on the mouth. With Shug on her side, and making her feel that she is worth something besides being a servant for everyone but herself, she finally starts to get some self worth. The last straw was when after years of not having any contact with her sister Nettie (she had run away after her father tried to get her, too, and ended up living with Celie for a short time until Mr. tried the same thing), she discovers all of the letters that Nettie had written her ever since she had left. Mr. had told her that she would never hear from Nettie again, and every time another letter would come for Celie, he would bury it in a strongbox upstairs, and not tell Celie about it. One day, Shug tells her to come with her after she'd gotten the key for the box, and they find ... way down under his tobacco, Nettie's letters. Bunches and bunches of them. Some fat, some thin. Some open, some not. Many years worth of letters, in which Celie finds out that Nettie became a missionary in Africa, and she has been watching over the children that Celie had years before, Adam and Olivia. She is also overjoyed to find out that her children are okay, and that it wasn't her Pa that had raped her when she was 14, but her stepfather, so her children won't be dunces as she's been told that children of incest are. When she knows that Nettie is still living, her attitude changes a little more. She writes one letter to God saying Now I know Nettie alive I begin to strut a little bit. Think, when she comes home us leave here. Her and me and our two children. She finally gets the courage to stand up for herself one day when Shug says that she and Grady are going to leave for Memphis, and then says that Celie is going with them. Mr. starts to protest, saying Over my dead body, but Celie finally tells him off, calling him a lowdown dog and informing him your dead body just the welcome mat I need. She tells him You took my sister Nettie away from me.. and she was the only person love me in the world. Celie ends up going with Shug to Memphis, living in her home with her, and starting her own business, finally finding some gladness. She waits for her sister to come back and be reunited with her, and wants to see her children again, too. While she is creating a life for herself there, she finds out that she has been left a house with a storefront when her stepfather died. It belonged to her real father, and after her mother died, her stepfather didn't say anything and kept it to himself. Now that he was gone, it came back to her and Nettie. She sets up her business there, sewing and selling clothing, and waiting for her sister to come home with her children. Celie has at last gotten her confidence and her independence when Sophia tells her about a change in Mr. after she left him. She says one day that I know you won't believe this, Miss Celie, but Mr. act like he trying to git religion. When Celie talks to him next, he is more civilized to her than he has ever been up to that point. They make some conversation and eventually get to talk about things (especially Shug, who'd run off with someone else to New Orleans for a last fling). After they talk a few times, Celie gets along with him better, and even gets around to using his name, calling him Albert, instead of Mr.. She notices the change in him and his attitude towards women, and one conversation helps her learn why. They are talking about Shug, and Albert tells Celie how she stood up to him one time. She say Albert, you been mistreating somebody I love. So as far as you concern, I'm gone. Albert and Celie have quite a few conversations where they get to know each other better than they probably ever had, talking about religion, kids, and going over things that happened in their past. He seems to be remorseful about the way he had treated her, and apologizes for beating her just because she wasn't Shug. Celie teaches him to sew clothing, and he starts to take pleasure in it. Took me long enough to notice you such good company he tells her, and she says, He ain't Shug, but he begin to be somebody I can talk to. After years of not seeing her sister, and then years of using the letters to God and then to Nettie as a sort of lifeline, Celie's life was finally getting in order. She finds that she can be joyful and satisfied having her own life, without being treated like a doormat by others. She is finally truthfully delighted with her life and the way it is going, apart from for one thing. Her life is absolute when, after years of wondering about her sister, and then years of waiting, Nettie finally comes home, bringing their children, and Adam's wife from Africa. As Celie puts it, I feel a little peculiar around the children. For one thing, they had grown. And I see they think me and Nettie and Shug and Albert and Samuel and Harpo and Sophia and Jack and Odessa real old and don't know much what going on. But I don't think us feel old at all. And us so happy. Matter of fact, I think this the youngest us ever felt. With her long lost sister, and her kids reunited with her after so much time, there really wouldn't be any other way to feel besides young again, except for maybe an urge to make up for lost time. Now that she's being treated like she should be, it should be easier to make up the time to her family, because she can be herself, and be contented about it. That's saying a bunch after all she's been through, and Celie will definitely make the best of her as of this point on.

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Sitar

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on sitar. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality sitar paper right on time.

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The sitar is a musical instrument developed in India. India is isolated in location, bordered by the Himalayas, world's tallest mountains to the north, and to the south by the Indian Ocean. The music in India dates back to very ancient primitive times up to the present. In fact, Prajnanananda, a historian-musicologist of India, believes that there were very civilized people in India that were artistic and played instruments as much as 5000 years ago (). This considerable amount of time created a great deal of advancement and development in the evolution of India's musical concepts. Another Indian music historian, Bandyopadhya, believes that music evolved with the evolution of humanity (1). In fact, the oldest documents of music in India are a collection of Vedic religious hymns, called saman, which were meant to be performed during sacrifices around 4500 B.C. (Nijenhuis 1). Because of this isolation and the thousands of years of its evolution, Indian music developed a very different sound and feel from music of the rest of the world. The sitar, an instrument that when played by someone who has studied Indian music for many years, can beautifully demonstrate this eastern musical art.

There are many legends and myths that claim to portray the origins of Indian Music (Rosenthal ). It is taught that the Hindu holy trinity created music (Shankar 15). A legend that tells how music was learned on Earth is said to have taken place long ago, when the world was in chaos and everyone were, in the western sense, sinners. Seeing the chaos, some gods asked the supreme god, Brahma, to give the people a toy, which could be seen and heard. They also requested Brama to make the toy a distraction for the people, away from their bad ways.(Rosenthal 4) It was decided to give the celestial art of sangeet to mankind. A suitable human had to be found, one who was capable of receiving this gift.

Sangeet is a broader term, including the arts of vocal singing, or gayaki, instrumental music, or vadhya, and dancing, also known as nritya (Prajnanananda 4). The reason the word Sangeet includes these three art forms is because it was customary to perform mythological dramas (Rosenthal 4). These dramas used dancers to mime the story, instrumentalist to play the music, and a singer to tell and sing the story. According to the legend, Sangeet had previously only existed in the realm of the demigods (Rosenthal 4). A human of superior spiritual ability was required to convey this heavenly art to the human world. Narada, a sage, was chosen to be the first mortal recipient of this celestial art (Rosenthal 5). Narada is said to be responsible for the existence of Indian classical music.

Classical Indian music is believed to be more than just entertainment. For the people of India, it is a moral and spiritual redeemer (Bandyopadhya ). Therefore, there are heavenly qualities inborn in the education of the musician. They are guru, vinaya and sadhana (Shankar 11). This means teacher, humility, and discipline. The guru, is the teacher, a necessity in traditional Indian musical education. Music is said to be guru mukha-vidhya, which means wisdom and enlightenment must come from a teacher (Shankar 1). This enlightenment is thought to be the highest form of knowledge. Conventional teaching of this music is based upon the transfer of knowledge from the guru, to the disciple, also known as a shishya. This unbroken tradition is known as parampara (Shankar 14). This guru-shishya-parampara tradition extends back thousands of years.

The second aspect of education of Indian music is vinaya, humility (Shankar 1). This reflects the heavenly origins of the art, because vinaya is a divine quality. Classical music is said to be a worship that involves both the listener and the artist alike (Shankar 15). Humility is important because if you think you already know everything, then there is nothing to learn.

The last requirement for learning the classical music of India is sadhana, discipline and practice (Shankar 1). Sadhana is important for two reasons. In one way, the divine origins of sangeet require that the student must be prepared to receive this knowledge. From an educational standpoint, the music is so complex and elaborate that the student needs to spend many years practicing. Without this control and devotion for practice, the student certainly will not be able to master the music. These Qualities of Indian classical music have been passed on From Teacher to student for many years and has remained, for the most part, unchanged.

The art of the music itself has developed many different aesthetic qualities. Indian music is based on melodies and rhythm, but has no system of harmony or counterpoint (Shankar 17). The form for the melody has developed greatly. The way the melody works is through the concept of raga. The concept of raga was developed from parent scales called jati (Kuppudwami 4-5). The word raga comes from Sanskrit and means to color or passion (Shankar 17). The concept of Ragga, also called rag, may be thought of as a method of coloring the mind of the listener with an emotion (Shankar 0). Raga is the basis for Indian classical music, and can be played very beautifully on the sitar. Raga took the form used today in the seventeenth century (Nijenhuis 5). Raga is quite different from anything musically western. It is not a tune, melody, scale, or mode. It is a combination of different characteristics that form the rag.

The notes of the Indian music scale that make the rag are called saptaka, which means the series of seven (Nijenhuis 1). Therefore there are seven notes in the scale. The different notes have different levels of significance. A note that is strongly emphasized is called vadi (Nijenhuis 5). This note is the most important and shows the rasa, or the emotion of the raga (Shankar 17). Notes that are de-emphasized are referred to as durbal, while notes, which are excluded are called vivadi (Nijenhuis 5). There are also notes in-between the saptaka notes. They are microtones and are called shurits (Prajnanananda 16). The octave, or the distance between one note and the same note at one higher pitch, according to sitarist Ravi Shankar, can be divided into sixty six units (18).

In northern Indian music, where the sitar is played, the modal structure of the seven notes is called that. Generally there are ten accepted thats, twenty in widespread usage, out of a total of thirty-two possible (Prajnanananda 16). The word jati is also used to describe the number of notes used in a mode (Nijenhuis 5). The number of notes in the rag is significant, for not every one uses all seven notes. Normally, a rag will consist of five, six, or a full seven notes. Rags may be mixed jatis; there may be different jatis for the ascending and the descending structures (Shankar 155).

Tradition names certain rags to specific times of the day, seasons, or holidays; this is called samay (Shankar 4). There are some musicians who argue that a rag must be performed at the time of day that it is assigned; on the contrary, other musicians argue that one may play a rag at any time if one wishes to evoke the mood of that time (Shankar 4).

Another characteristic of raga is how it moves. The arohana is the pattern in which a rag ascends the scale, and avarohana is the way that the rag descends the scale (Shankar ). Both the arohana and avarohana may use certain distinguishing twists and turns. These twisting movements are examples of the pakad or swarup, which are defining phrases or a characteristic pattern for a rag (Shankar ). Sometimes the pakad is unique to the rag it is played in, and not implied by arohana or avarohana (Shankar ). Often the pakad includes a specific elaboration and ornamentation (Shankar 4). Not every rag has a clear pakad.

Ornamentation is essential for the correct performance of the rag, and makes notes seem alive (Shankar ). The ornamentation may be part of the pakad, or a performer may improvise them (Shankar ). Some common ornaments that can be played on the sitar are kampita, ahata, and tiripa. Kampita is a shaking sound, ahata is when more than one note is played with a single stroke, and tiripa is the stressing of a note in a phrase (Shankar ). In addition, notes may also be sharpened or flattened. Some rags use lower forms of some notes as part of their definition (Shankar 4). In many cases these ornaments have no theoretical significance and are just used to add to the composition.

The sitar is a very well known Indian instrument. It has a long neck, which is around thirty-five inches long (Cutchey). It has a varying number of strings, usually from seventeen to twenty. It has three to four playing strings and three to four drone strings, which rest on the separate bridges. The main bridge, which is as wide as the neck and approximately one inch high. This bridge is made of antelope horn, is slightly curved, and is responsible for the buzzing sound of the sitar (Cutchey). These strings are plucked with a wire pick, called a mizrad that one would wear over the right index finger (Cutchey). This wire pick is placed on the right index finger. There are also a series of sympathizing strings lying underneath the frets that rest on a smaller bridge. These strings are almost never played, but they make noise any time the identical note on a fretted or drone string is splayed (Cutchey). The frets are metal rods, which have been bent into crescents, and are perpendicular to the strings(Cutchey). These frets are tied on and can be moved to play different tunings. The main resonator is usually made of a gourd and there is usually an additional resonator that is attached to the neck. The right hand rests on the Gourd and balances the instrument (Cutchey). The right hand is used to control the rhythm of a composition, and the left controls the melody (Cutchey). The tuning of the sitar can vary. There is no fixed frequency for the notes, and the tuning, as well as the placement of the frets can vary from raga to raga (Cutchey).

One theory has the sitar evolving from the ancient veenas or vina (Kuppuswamy 14). Another theory is that the inventor of the sitar was Amir Kusrau, who lived in the fourteenth century (Cutchey). There has also been a study that put the date of the invention of the sitar at only the nineteenth century (Cutchey).

Today's sitar is widely used in the northern, hindustaini tradition. It took the place of then prevalent veenas, which are considered the national instrument of India (Shankar 6). The playing style of the hindustaini tradition is greatly influenced by singing and drumming techniques (Cutchey). It is evident that it evolved from the Persian lutes that had been played for thousands of years (Cutchey). Indian artists such as Ravi Shankar, Balram Pathak, Enayat Kan, and Budhaditya Mukherjee have made this instrument popular around the world (Cutchney).

Bandyopadhyaya, S. Indian Music Through the Ages. Delhi B.R. Publishing Corporation, 185.

Cutchey, Peter. About the Sitar. Buckingham Music. March , 00. httpwww.buckinghammusic.com/sitar/aboutsitar.html.

Kuppuswamy, Growry. Indian Music A Perspective. Delhi Sundeep Prakashan, 180.

Nijenhuis, Emmie Te. Indian Music History and Structure. Belgium Tuta Sub Aegide Pallas, 174.

Prajnanananda, Swami. A Historical study of Indian Music. Calcutta Sri Manoranjan Mazumar, 165.

Rosenthal, Ethel. The Story of Indian Music and Instruments. London William Reeves Bookseller Limited, 18.

Shankar, Ravi. My Music, My Life. New York Simon and Schuster, 168.

Please note that this sample paper on sitar is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on sitar, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on sitar will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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